CHRONOLOGY, 

OR, 

HISTORIAN'S COMPANION. 



fuMishal hv Thomas Tegrg.f3. CheapsideZt n/lon. 



CHRONOLOGY, 

OR THE 



HISTORIAN'S COMPANION! 

BEING AN AUTHENTIC 

REGISTER OF EVENTS, 

FROM THE 

EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME, 

COMPREHENDING 

AN EPITOME 

OF 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 

WITH 

4 COPIOUS LIST OF THE MOST EMINENT MEN 

IN ALL AGES OF THE WORLD. 

Seventh Edition. 



BY THOMAS TEGG, ir V 

AUTHOR OF THE YOUNG MAN'S BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE, 
BOOK OF UTILITY, &c &c 



LONDON: 

PRINTED FOR THOMAS TEGG, 
73, Cheapside ; 
R. GRIFFIN AND CO. GLASGOW; AND JOHN CUMiMING, 
DUBLIN. , 



1831. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



AS the legitimate object in the publication of ali 
works ought to be their utility, it will readily be ac- 
knowledged that a well arranged Chronology has on 
that score as fair claims to patronage as any book 
that issues from the press. How far the task of the 
Editor of the present volume has been executed with 
judgment, he must leave to a liberal public to decide. 
He has, however to state, that his endeavour has been 
to economise his space, and to crowd a copious body 
of information into these pages, and he trusts that his 
plan will meet with approbation ; but, though he has 
selected his articles from the most authentic sources, 
and arranged them with a view to facility of reference, 
yet he is aware, from the nature of his labours, that 
they must be imperfect ; he therefore respectfully soli- 
cits any information that may render a future edition 
of his volume more worthy of the public attention. 



?3,CHEAPS1DE, 



CONTENTS. 

General Events • «... l 

Battles, Sea Fights, Sieges, &c< * 33 

Laws, Courts of Justice, Oaths, Taxes, &c. .•• 69 

Discovering and Settling of Countries si 

Improvements, Discoveries in Arts, &c 84 

Earthquakes, Famines, Inundations, Storms, Tempests, Acci- 
dental Fires, &c. • • 131 

English Sovereigns • * *••• * 163 

Scotch Sovereigns, &c • l?6 

Kings of Spain, &c. 178 

Kings of Poland, &c. 179 

Kings of Prussia • . ....... iso 

Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, &c. founded 180 

Universities founded 195 

Remarkable Buildings 197 

Academies Instituted on the Continent 210 

Companies, Societies, Offices, &c, Incorporated 211 

Remarkable Events connected with the History of the Old Tes- 
tament •• 215 

Religious Institutions, Councils, Sacred Writings, &c 220 

Religions of European States 227 

Religious Orders, Sects, &c. • » . . . -228 

Military and Religious Knights, and Titles of Honor 230 

Eminent Painters, Engravers, &c. • 234 

Eminent and Remarkable Persons • 24S 

Lords Lieutenant, Heads of Colleges, Lord Mayors of London, 

&c. 298 

Addenda » 304 

Table of Precedence in England • • 305 

Comparative Table of the French and English Calendars • . . 306 

Observations on the Height of Mountains ♦ 306 

Origin of Remarkable Customs, Phrases, &c. 307 

Vulgar Historical Errors, in which there is no truth 311 

Vulgar Errors in Natural History corrected • 311 



INTRODUCTION. 



CHRONOLOGY may be defined to be a scientific method 
of ascertaining or computing time, from the commencement 
of some given event to the completion or fulfilment of another, 
with the doctrine of dates, seras, epochs, &c. coincident there- 
with. Like History, it opens through a great avenue to an 
expanded view of all human affairs, and connects and illu- 
mines the most dark and distant revolutions of the world. 
Yet it is to be lamented, that many and insuperable difficul- 
ties arise in ascertaining the dates and periods of antiquity ; 
concerning which much controversy and difference of opinion 
has arisen. "All nations," says Sir Isaac Newton, "before 
they began to keep exact records of time, seem to have been 
led away by the false pride of heightening their antiquity, 
and of ascribing their origin to some divinity or renowned 
prince, often known only in fable, and handed down by le- 
gendary tradition." On this account Sir Isaac found him- 
self constrained to deviate widely from the beaten paths of 
former writers, in fixing the dates of facts preceding the war 
between the Greeks and Persians : " yet, so affixing them," 
says he, " as to make Chronology suit with the course of na- 
ture, with astronomy, with sacred history, and with itself." 

Sir Isaac Newton has shewn that the Chronology of ancient 
kingdoms is involved in the greatest uncertainty ; and that 
the Europeans had no Chronology before the existence of the 
Persian empire, or 536 years before Christ, when Cyrus con- 
quered Darius; that the antiquities of the Greeks are full of 
fables till this period, and that after this time several Greek 
historians introduced the computation by generations. 

The Chronology of the Latins was still more uncertain; 
their old records having been burnt by the Gauls 129 years 
a 4 



viii 



INTRODUCTION. 



after the expulsion of their kings, and 388 before the birth of 
Christ. The Chronologers of Gaul, Spain, Germany, Scy- 
thia, Sweden, Britain, and Ireland, are of a still later date ; 
for Scythia beyond the Danube had no letters till Ulphilas, 
their bishop, formed them, about the year 370. Germany 
had none till it received them from the western empire of the 
Latins, about the year 400. The Huns had none in the days 
of Procopius, about the year 526 ; and Sweden and Norway 
received them still later. 

Sir Isaac Newton after a general account of the obscurity 
and defects of the ancient Chronology, observes, that though 
many of the ancients computed by successions and genera- 
tions, yet the Egyptians, Greeks, and Latins, reckoned the 
reigns of kings equal to generations of men, and three of them 
to a hundred, and sometimes to 120 years, and this was the 
foundation of their technical chronology. He then proceeds, 
from the ordinary course of nature, and a detail of historical 
facts, to shew the difference between reigns and generations ; 
and that, though a generation from father to son may at an 
average be reckoned about 33 years, or three of them equal 
to 100 years, yet when they are taken by the eldest sons, 
three of them cannot be estimated at more than about 75 or 
80 years; and the reigns of kings are still shorter; so that 
18 or 20 years may be allowed as a just medium. Sir Isaac 
then fixes on four remarkable periods, viz. the return of the 
Heraclidae into the Peloponnesus, — the taking of Troy, — the 
Argonautic expedition, — and the return of Sesostris into 
Egypt, after his wars in Thrace ; and he settles the epoch of 
each by the true value of a generation. To instance only his 
estimate of that of the Argonautic expedition : having fixed 
the return of the Heraclidae to about the 159th year after the 
death of Solomon, and the destruction of Troy to about the 
76th year after that period, he observes, that Hercules the 
Argonaut was the father of Hyllus, the father of Clerdius, the 
father of Andromachus, the father of Aristodemus, who con- 
ducted the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus ; so that reckoning 
by the chiefs of their family, their return was four genera- 
tions later than the Argonautic expedition, which therefore 
happened about 43 years after the death of Solomon. This 
is farther confirmed by another argument : iEsculapius and 
Hercules were Argonauts ; Hippocrates was the 18th inclu- 
sively from the former by the father's side, and the 19th from 
the latter by the mother's side ; now allowing 28 or 30 years 
to each of them, the 17 intervals by the father, and the 18 
intervals by the mother, will on a medium give 50 7 years ; 
and these, reckoning back from the commencement of the Pe- 
lppennesian war, or the 431st year before Christ, when Hip- 
pocrates began to flourish, will place the Argonautic expedi- 
tion in the 43d year after the death of Solomon, or 937 years 
before Christ. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The other kind of reasoning by which sir Isaac Newton 
endeavours to establish this epoch is purely astronomical. 

What is proposed in these introductory pages, is to point 
out, in a more copious manner than was compatible with our 
plan in the body of the work, the chief methods by which the 
several portions of time have been computed, and in which 
they have been employed in ascertaining the connection, and 
determining the dates, of past transactions. 

The divisions of time, which most probably first attracted 
the notice of mankind, as most obvious to their senses, w ere 
those marked by the revolutions-of the heavenly bodies — days, 
lunar months, and years ; and if these had corresponded so 
exactly to each other, that every lunation had consisted uni- 
formly of the same number of days, and each year of a regu- 
lar number of days, and each year of a regular number of 
complete lunations, the business of Chronology would have 
been attended with comparatively little difficulty. In conse- 
quence, however, of variations in the revolutions of the earth, 
which it is not requisite here to explain, it has become ne- 
cessary to adjust these periods to each other by certain artifi- 
cial divisions. 

The most obvious division of time, in a!! ages and coun- 
tries, as has been observed, is to be referred to the apparent 
or real revolutions of the sun and moon. Thus, the appa- 
rent revolution of the sun, or the real rotation of the earth 
on her axis, causing the sun to appear to rise and set, consti- 
tutes the vicissitudes of day and night, which must be evident 
to the most barbarous and ignorant nations. , The moon, by 
her revolution about the earth, and her changes, as naturally 
and obviously forms months ; while the great annual course 
of the sun through the several constellations of the zodiac, 
points out the larger division of the year. 



OF THE COMMON DIVISION OF TIME. 

Time itself is only a succession of phenomena in the uni- 
verse ; or a mode of duration marked by certain periods.-— 
" Our idea of time in general/' says Mr. Locke, " is formed 
by considering any part of infinite duration, as set out by pe- 
riodical measures : the idea of any particular time, or length 
of duration, we acquire first by observing certain appearances 
at regular and seemingly equi-distant periods. Thus, by be- 
ing able to repeat these lengths or measures of time as often 
as we will, we can imagine duration, where nothing really 
endures or exists; and hence we imagine to-morrow, or next 
year," &c. Some philosophers define time to be the duration 
of a thing whose existence is neither without beginning nor 
end ; and, by this, time is distinguished from eternity. The 
a 5 



INTRODUCTION. 



most familiar portions, or measures of time, are its sub-divi- 
sions into hours, days, weeks, months, and years ; but as 
these have varied considerably in different ages and countries, 
it becomes the business of Chronology to investigate and ex- 
plain them. 

An Hour is the aliquot part of a natural day, usually the 
twenty-fourth, but sometimes the twelfth part. With us, it 
is the twenty-fourth part of the earth's diurnal rotation, or 
the time from noon to noon, and therefore it answers to fifteen 
degrees of the whole circle of longitude, or of 360 degrees. 
The hour is divided by sixtieths, viz. first into sixty minutes, 
then each minute into sixty seconds, &c. The division of 
time into hours is very ancient; as is shewn by Kircher, 
(Edip. JEgypt. torn. 2. part 2. The most ancient hour is that 
of the twelfth part of the day. Herodotus observes, that the 
Greeks learnt from the Egyptians, among other things, the 
method of dividing the day into twelve parts ; and the astro- 
nomers of Cathay a still retain this method. The division of 
the day into twenty- four hours was not known to the Romans 
before the Punic war ; till that time they only regulated their 
days by the rising and setting of the sun. They divided the 
twelve hours of their day into four; viz. prime, which com- 
menced at six o'clock — third at nine — sixth at twelve — and 
none at three. They also divided the night into four watches, 
each containing three hours. 

Sometimes hours are divided into equal and unequal. — 
Equal hours are the twenty-fourth parts of a day and night 
precisely ; that is, the time in which the fifteen degrees of 
the equator pass the meridian. These are also called equi- 
noctial hours, because measured on the equinoctial ; and as- 
tronomical, because used by astronomers. Astronomical 
hours are equal hours, reckoned from noon to noon, in a con- 
tinued series of twenty-four. — European hours, used in civil 
computation, are equal hours, reckoned from midnight; 
twelve from thence till noon, and twelve more from noon till 
midnight. — Jewish, or planetary, or ancient hours, are twelfth 
parts of the artificial day and night. They are called ancient 
or Jewish hours, because used by the ancients, and still 
among the Jews. They are called planetary hours, because 
the astrologers pretend that a new planet comes to predomi- 
nate every hour ; and that the day takes its denomination 
from that which predominates the first hour of it ; as Monday 
from the moon, &c. — Italian hours are equal hours, reckoned 
from sun-set, in a continued series of twenty-four. — Unequal 
or tempoiary hours are twelfth parts of the artificial day and 
night. The obliquity of the sphere renders these more or less 
unequal at different times, so that they only agree with the 
equal hours at the times of the equinoxes. 

The next measure of time, above or superior to the hour, is 



INTRODUCTION. 



that of the Day. In common speech, a day means that period 
of time which is included between the first appearance of 
light in the morning, and the return of darkness in the even- 
ing, or during which the sun is visible above the horizon. But 
the word is used, in a more comprehensive sense, to denote 
the time of a complete revolution of the earth round its axis. 
The former has been denominated a natural, the latter a civ il, 
and sometimes a solar day. The beginning of the day has 
been variously reckoned by different nations. The Chaldeans, 
Syrians, Persians, and Indians, reckoned the day to com- 
mence at sun-rise. The Jews also used this method for their 
civil, but began the sacred day at sun-set ; this latter mode 
was used likewise by the Athenians, the Arabs, the ancient 
Gauls, and some other European nations. The Egyptians 
appear to have had several methods of reckoning their day ; 
probably the mode varied in different parts of the country, 
and in the same place at different periods. The ancient in- 
habitants of Italy computed the day from midnight, and in 
this they have been followed by the English, French, Dutch, 
Germans, Spaniards, and Portuguese ; modern astronomers, 
after the Arabians, count the day from noon. 

The day was sub-divided by the Jews and Romans into four 
parts, which they denominated watches or vigils : the first 
commenced at six in the morning, the second at nine, the third 
at twelve, and the fourth at three in the afternoon. The be- 
ginning of the first watch was, by the Jews, called the third 
hour, and so on in succession to the fourth watch, which was 
reckoned the twelfth hour. The night was divided in a si- 
milar manner. Other modes of dividing the day have been 
in use among different nations ; but that which is now most 
general in civilized countries, is into twenty-four equal parts 
or hours. 

The Week is a division of time, of which it may be proper 
to take some notice before we proceed to the month. Various 
divisions, which might be included under tbia denomination, 
have obtained in different countries. The earlier Greeks di- 
vided their month into three portions of ten days each : the 
Northern Chinese had a week of fifteen days, and the Mexi- 
cans one of thirteen. But the Chaldaeans, and most other 
Oriental nations, have, from time immemorial, used the Jew- 
ish week of seven days, which has been adopted by the Ma- 
hommedans, and introduced, with Christianity, to most of the 
civilized nations of the world. In the Old Testament the 
term week is occasionally applied to a period of seven years, 
* as well as of seven days ; and to this it is necessary to at- 
tend, in order to understand the passages wherein the word 
is used in that sense. 

The Month. There can be little doubt but that this divi- 
sion of time was at first suggested by the phases, or the pe- 
a 6 



xii 



INTRODUCTION, 



riodical changes in the appearances of the moon, and conse- 
quently, that in ancient computations the months were inva- 
riably lunar. The difficulty, however, of adjusting this month 
to the annual revolution of the earth, led, with the improve- 
ment of astronomy, to the invention of other divisions under 
this name. Months are now divided into astronomical and 
civil. The astronomical months with which Chronology is 
concerned, are measured by the revolutions of the moon, and 
are either periodical or synodical. The periodical lunar 
month is composed of the time which elapses between the de- 
parture of the moon from any part of her orbit, and her return 
to the same point, which is 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. 
The synodical lunar month is reckoned from one conjunction 
of the sun v* ith the moon to another. This period is not al- 
ways the same, being subject to the variation occasioned by 
the motion of the sun eastward on the ecliptic ; a mean luna- 
tion consists of 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 minutes. This was 
the lunar month mostly in use in ancient times. The civil 
month is that artificial space of time, by means of which the 
solar year is divided into twelve parts; these months, which 
were first ordained, by Julius Caesar, consist of thirty, or 
thirty-one days each, with the exception of February, which 
commonly contains twenty-eight, and in every fourth year 
twenty-nine days. 

Years. The year may be termed the largest natural divi- 
sion of time. As the diurnal revolution of the earth would 
naturally lead to the division into days, and the phases of 
the moon, with a little attention, to that into months, so the 
annual motion of the earth round the sun, which would be 
marked by the periodical return of certain appearances, sea- 
sons, &c. would in due course lead to the adoption of this 
larger division. At what time this took place is uncertain, 
but probably not before considerable advances had been made 
in astronomical science. It was long, however, after its first 
adoption, before it attained to any thing like an accurate 
form. The most ancient measure of the year of which we 
know, consisted of twelve lunar months, which, for the faci- 
lity of computation, being all considered as equal in length, 
and to contain thirty days each, amounted to 360 days. It 
is conjectured that this gave rise to the division of the ecliptic, 
which still obtains, into 360 equal parts or degrees. 

This luni-solar year probably had its rise in Chaldaea, or 
Egypt ; we learn, at least, from the testimony of Herodotus, 
that it was used in the latter country. Hence, with the dif- 
fusion of science, it was carried into other regions, and very 
generally adopted. It was early in use among the Indians, the 
Chinese, the Medes, and Persians, and the ancient Greeks. 
Its measure being, however, inaccurate, containing five days 
and a quarter more than the lunar, and as much less than the 



INTRODUCTION, 



xiii 



true solar year, and this defect becoming every year more 
perceptible from the retrocession of the seasons, &c. it was 
soon considered necessary to subject it to some revision. The 
Thebans are supposed to have been the first who undertook 
its correction, by making an annual addition of five days to 
the luni-solar year. Thales introduced this improvement into 
the ancient Grecian year, and it was adopted, with some 
trifling variations in particular instances, into the Indian, the 
Chinese, and the Jewish year. 

The Roman year, as regulated by Romulus, and afterwards 
reformed by his successor Numa, was reckoned by lunar 
months, and adjusted to the seasons by a number of intercal- 
ary days. It consisted of ten lunar months, of which Decem- 
ber was the last, and to these two whole intercalary months 
were added, but not inserted in the calendar. This year be- 
gan at first in March ; but the Decemviri, who undertook its 
reformation, changed the order of the months into that in which 
they now stand, introduced the two intercalary months, Ja- 
nuary and February, into the calendar, and made January 
the first month of the year. 

Owing to the ignorance or the carelessness of the Pontifices 
Maximi, to whose care the regulation of the intercalary days 
was committed, the year was reduced to such disorder in the 
time of Julius Caesar, that the winter months had fallen back 
to the autumn. To restore them to their proper season, 
Caesar formed a year of 445 days, which has been styled the 
year of confusion. With the assistance of Sosigenes, a ma- 
thematician of Alexandria, he afterwards, in the year B. C. 45, 
instituted a solar year of 365 days, 6 hours, which is now 
known under the name of the Julian year. To adjust this 
year to the annual revolution of the earth, which is six hours 
and some minutes more than 365 days, the length of the or- 
dinary year, a day was appointed to be intercalated every 
fourth year in the month of February ; this day, from its po- 
sition in the Roman calendar, was called bissextile, a name 
which has also been given to the year in which the intercala- 
tion takes place. 

The Julian year, although it approaches very near the truth, 
is not, however, perfectly correct. The true time of the an- 
nual revolution of the sun in the ecliptic is 365 days, 5 hours, 
and nearly 49 minutes, which falls short by a few minutes of 
the time assumed in the Julian year. How trifling soever 
this difference might at first appear, it amounted in a hundred 
and thirty-one years to a whole day. In consequence of this, 
the vernal equinox, which Sosigenes, in the first year of the 
Julian correction, observed to fall on the 25th of March, had 
gone back in A. D, 325, at the time of the council of Nice, to 
the 21st, and in A.D. 1582 to the 11th of March. To remedy 
this growing defect, Pope Gregory XIII. caused the calendar 



xlv 



INTRODUCTION. 



to undergo another correction. In A.D. 1589, he ordered 
ten days to be cut out of the month of October, so that the 
fourth was reckoned the fifteenth day ; and, to prevent such 
retrocession in future, in addition 10 the Julian regulation 
with respect to the bissextile year, he ordained that the years 
1600, 2000, 2400, and every fourth century in succession, 
should have an intercalation of a day, but that in the other 
centuries 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, &c. the day should he omit- 
ted, and those years remain common years. This regulation 
comes so near the truth, that the only correction it will re- 
quire will be the suppression of a day and a half in five thou- 
sand years. 

The Gregorian year, or as it is vulgarly called, the new 
style, was immediately adopted in Spain, Portugal, and part 
of Italy. It was introduced into France in October of the 
same year, the tenth of which month was, by an ordinance of 
Henry III. reckoned the twentieth day. In Germany it was 
adopted by the Catholic States in 1583, but the Protestant 
States adhered to the old calendar until the year 1700. Den- 
mark also adopted it about this period, and Sweden in 1753. 
It was not used in England before 1752, when, by act of 
parliament, the style was changed, and the third of Septem- 
ber was reckoned the fourteenth, the difference having by this 
time increased to eleven days. Russia is the only country 
in Europe in which the old mode of reckoning is still in use. 

The want of some specific standard, which could be re- 
garded as common to all nations, has occasioned great diver- 
sity in different countries in fixing the beginning of the year. 
The Chaldaeans and Egyptians reckoned their years from the 
autumnal equinox. The Jews also reckoned their civil year 
from this period, but began their ecclesiastical year in the 
spring. Gemschid, the king of Persia, ordered the year in 
that country to commence at the vernal equinox. In Sweden 
the year formerly commenced at the winter solstice. The 
Greeks used different methods, some of the states beginning 
the year at the vernal, others at the autumnal equinox, and 
some at the summer solstice. The Roman year at one time 
began in March, but was afterwards made to commence in 
January. The new year's day of the church of Rome is fixed 
on the Sunday nearest the full moon of the vernal equinox. 
In England the year began in March until A. D. 1752, when 
the act of parliament which altered the style ordained it to 
commence on the first of January. 

Having thus given a short account of the lunar and solar 
years, which have been mostly in use, and an acquaintance 
with which is of most consequence in chronology, it will be 
proper just to notice some combinations of years which are 
mentioned in ancient history, and therefore proper to be 
known. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Lustra. The Romans sometimes reckoned by lustra, a pe- 
riod of five years, which derived its name from a census in- 
stituted by Servius Tullius, which was to be paid by the Ro- 
man people every fifth year. 

The Olympiads were, however, the most remarkable of these 
combinations. They consisted of four Grecian years, and de- 
rived their names from the public games celebrated every 
fourth year at Olympia, in Peloponnesus. These games 
were instituted in honour of Jupiter, but at what time, or by 
whom, is not known. After they had been neglected and 
discontinued for some time, they were restored by Iphitus, 
king of Elis, in the year B.C. 77G; and it is from this date 
that the olympiads are reckoned in chronology. 

Cycles are fixed intervals of time composed of the successive 
revolutions of a certain number of years. The lustra and the 
olympiads may perhaps be included under this name, but the 
term is more commonly appropriated to larger intervals, con- 
nected with the periodical return of certain circumstances 
and appearances. The great use made of cycles in chrono- 
logy requires that they be particularly noticed. 

From the defective nature of the Greek calendar, the Olym- 
pic year, as it has been called, was subject to considerable 
variation ; and, from the retrocession of the months, which it 
occasioned, producing a gradual change of the seasons when 
the games were to be celebrated, led to much inconvenience. 
Cleostrates, a mathematician of Tenedos, endeavoured to 
give it a more perfect form by /n venting a cycle of eight 
years ; this, however, being com puted by lunar years, still 
left the calendar subject to great inaccuracies. To rectify 
these, Meton, a mathematician of great celebrity, invented — 

The Lunar Cycle, a period of nineteen solar years, at the end 
of which interval the sun and moon return to very nearly the 
same part of the heavens. This improvement was at the time 
received with universal approbation, but not being perfectly 
accurate, was afterwards corrected by Eudoxus, and subse- 
quently by Calippus, whose improvements modern astrono- 
mers have adopted. 

The use of this cycle was discontinued when the games, 
for the regulation of which it was composed, ceased to be ce- 
lebrated. The council of Nice, however, wishing to establish 
some method for adjusting the new and full moons to the 
course of the sun, with the view of determining the time of 
Easter, adopted it as the best adapted to answer the purpose ; 
and, from its great utility, they caused the numbers of it to be 
written on the calendar in golden letters, which has obtained 
for it the name of the golden number. The golden number 
for any year is found as follows : — The first year of the Chris- 
tian asra corresponds to the second of this cycle ; if then to a 



xvi 



INTRODUCTION. 



given year of this aera one be added, and the sum be divided 
by 19, the quotient will denote the number of cycles which 
have revolved since the commencement of the Christian aera, 
and the remainder will be the golden number for the given 
year. e. g*. If the golden number of the year 1808 be re- 
quired, one being added, the sum will be 1S09 ; this being 
divided by 19, will give 95 for the quotient, and 4 for the re- 
mainder, or golden number sought. 

The Solar Cycle is another of those periods, the inventor of 
which is at present, however, unknown. It consists of 2S 
years, at the expiration of which, the sun returns to the sign 
and degree of the ecliptic which he had occupied at the con- 
clusion of the preceding period, and the days of the week 
correspond to the same days of the month as at that time. 
It is used to determine the Sunday, or dominical letter, which 
we shall briefly explain. 

In our present calendars the days of the week are distin- 
guished by the first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, 
E, F, G ; and the rule for applying these letters is invariably 
to put A for the first day of the year whatever it be ; B for 
the second, and so in succession to the seventh. Should the 
first of January be Sunday, the dominical or Sunday letter for 
that year will be A, the Monday letter B, &c. and as the num- 
ber of letters is the same as that of the days of the week, A 
will fall on every Sunday, B on every Monday, &c. through- 
out the year. Had the year consisted of 364 days, making 
an exact number of weeks, it is obvious that A would always 
have stood for the dominical letter ; the year containing, how- 
ever, one day more, it follows that the dominical letter of the 
succeeding year will be G. For Sunday being the first day of 
the preceding year will be also the last, and the first Sunday 
in the next will fall on the seventh day, and will be marked 
by the seventh letter, or G. This retrocession of the letters 
will, from the same cause, continue every year, so as to make 
F the dominical letter of the third, &c. If every year were 
common, the process would continue regularly, and a cycle 
of seven years would suffice to restore the same letters to the 
same days as before. But the intercalation of a day every 
bissextile or fourth year, has occasioned a variation in this 
respect. The bissextile year containing 366, instead of 365 
days, will throw the dominical letter of the following year 
back two letters ; so that, as in the year 1808, if the domini- 
cal letter at the beginning of the year be C, the dominical let- 
ter of the next year will be, not B, but A. This alteration is 
not effected by dropping a letter altogether, but by changing 
the dominical letter at the end of February, where the inter- 
calation of a day takes place. Thus, in the year 1S08, C is 
the dominical letter in January and February, but B is sub- 
stituted for it in March, and continues to be the dominica 



INTRODUCTION, 



letter through the remainder of the year. In consequence of 
this change every fourth year, twenty-eight years must elapse 
before a complete revolution can take place in the dominical 
letter, and it is on this circumstance that the period of the 
solar cycle is founded. A table constructed to shew the do- 
minical letters for any given years of one of these cycles, will 
answer for the corresponding years in every successive cycle. 
The first year of the Christian aera corresponds to the ninth 
of this cycle : if, therefore, to any given year of the Christian 
aera nine be added, and the sum be divided by 28, the quo- 
tient will denote the number of the revolutions of the cycle 
since the ninth year B. C. and the remainder will be the year 
of the cycle. If there be no remainder, the year of the cycle 
will be the last, or twenty -eight, e. g. Nine being added to 
1808, makes 1817 ; this sum being divided by 28, gives a 
quotient of 64 for the revolutions of the cycle, and a remain- 
der of 25 for the year of the cycle. There is another cycle in 
use, called 

The Cycle of Indiction. It consists of fifteen years, and is 
derived from the Romans. Learned men are not agreed as to 
the origin of it, but the most probable opinion is, that the re- 
turn of this period was appointed for the payment of some 
public taxes or tributes. The first year of this cycle is made 
to correspond to the year 3 B. C. If therefore to any given 
year of the Christian aera three be added, and the sum be di- 
vided by fifteen, the remainder will be the year of this cycle. 
There is, however, another mode of calculating it. This cycle 
was established by Constantine, A. D. 312; if therefore from 
the given year of the Christian aera 312 be subtracted, and 
the remainder be divided by 15, the year of this cycle will be 
obtained. In either of these ways, if there be no remainder, 
the indiction will be 15. 

The Julian Period, some acquaintance with which is indis- 
pensable in the study of chronology, will be easily under- 
stood from the preceding account of the cycles. It is formed 
by the combination of the three, by multiplying the numbers 
28, 19, and 15, of the cycles of the sun, moon, and indiction, 
into each other. The total of years thus produced is 7980, of 
which the Julian period consists, at the expiration of which, 
and not sooner, the first years of each of those cycles will 
again come together. This period was invented by Joseph 
Scaliger, as one by which all aeras, epochs, and computations 
of time, might readily be adjusted. The first year of the 
Christian aera corresponds to the 4714th of the Julian period, 
and it extends as far back as 705 years beyond the common 
date of the creation 4004. The year of the Julian period cor- 
responding with any given year before or since the commence- 
ment of the Christian aera, may be easily found by the follow- 



kviii 



INTRODUCTION. 



ing rule. If the year required be of the latter kind, add to it 
4713, the number of years of the Julian period elapsed before 
the Christian aera, and the sum will be the year required. If 
it be of the former, subtract the year B. C. from 4714, and the 
difference will give it. 

This period has been esteemed by many to be of the high- 
est importance in chronology, as affording a eommon stand- 
ard for the adjustment of different epochs. Modern chrono- 
logers are not, however, so warm in their admiration of it as 
their predecessors have been. A common standard is un- 
questionably of the highest consequence in the comparison of 
dates and aeras, and in the general arrangement and division 
of time, and from its great utility, and the necessity of its 
frequent application, it is of importance that it should be as 
simple as possible in its nature and construction. The Julian 
period is liable to objection on the latter score, as being ra- 
ther complicated in its formation ; and its necessity is now 
altogether superceded by the very general adoption of the 
Christian aera as the standard of time. Any events or aeras, 
prior or subsequent to its commencement, may easily be com- 
puted by it, and the date of them be impressed on the me- 
mory with very little exertion or difficulty. 

It remains that we give some account of 

Epochs and Mras, terms which constantly recur in history, 
and the elucidation of which belongs to the province of chro- 
nology. An epoch is a certain point, generally determined 
by some remarkable event, from which time is reckoned ; and 
the years computed from that period are denominated an aera. 
The birth of Christ is considered as an epoch — the years 
reckoned from that event are called the Christian aera. 

In sacred chronology the first and most remarkable epoch 
is that of the creation of the world. As learned men could 
not agree as to the precise time when this took place, the 
folly of reckoning from it as a standard soon became appa- 
rent, and the practice was in consequence abandoned. Arch- 
bishop Usher, whose scripture chronology is adopted in our 
English Bibles, fixes this event in the year 4004 before Christ ; 
Playfair places it iu 4007. 

The universal deluge forms another epoch ; this is placed 
by Usher in the year B. C. 2349. A third sacred epoch is 
the call of Abraham, which happened according to the same 
learned authority B. C. 1921. The next epoch is the depar- 
ture of the Israelites from Egypt, which Usher places B, C. 
1491. 

In profane history we shall first notice the epoch of the Ar- 
gonautic expedition, an event much celebrated in ancient 
history, and of some importance in chronological discussion. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Irom being adopted by sir Isaac Newton as the foundation of 
his system of chronology. The date of this transaction has 
been placed in the year 1225 B. C. but in this chronologers 
are not agreed. The destruction of Troy forms another re- 
markable epoch. Considerable uncertainty prevails as to the 
exact time when this event, as well as the preceding, took 
place. Playfair fixes it in the year B. C. 1184. 

The sera of the Olympiads we have noticed above, and it 
will be unnecessary to give any further account of it here. 
The epoch of the building of Rome is ttie next that claims 
our attention. From the total want of early records, and 
other necessary documents for deciding the question, the date 
of this event is involved in the obscurity common to many 
other remote occurrences. The Roman writers themselves, 
and all who have followed them on the subject, differ widely 
respecting it. Polybius fixes it in the year B. C. 751. Cato, 
and others, one year earlier. Terentius Varro places it in 
753 B. C. Fabius Pictor, who is followed by Diodorus Si- 
culus, assigns it to 747 B. C. Sir Isaac Newton adopts the 
year 627 B. C. and Playfair after Varro, whose computation 
was used by the Roman emperors in their public instruments, 
places it in the year B. C. 753. Great use is made of this 
epoch in the histories of ancient Rome, and the historical 
student will do well to ascertain, if possible, what opinion 
the author he may be perusing adopts, and to what year of 
the Christian aera the first year of Rome, according to his au- 
thor, corresponds. The dates of the events will by this me- 
thod be accurately ascertained as he proceeds. The Ro- 
mans sometimes reckoned the year from the establishment of 
the consular dignity, and afterwards from the years of the 
emperors. 

The a?ra of Nabonassar is another of those standards by 
which the dates of events in some histories are regulated. 
Nabonassar was the founder of the Babylonish monarchy. 
This aera is reckoned from the commencement of his reign, 
which is placed in the year B. C. 747, of the Julian period 
S967, and extends as far down as the death of Alexander. 
The Nabonassarean year consists of 12 months of 30 days 
each, and five intercalary days, making in all 365 days. 

The aera of the Seleucidae, or, as it is sometimes called, th e 
year of the contracts, is reckoned from the establishment of 
Seleucus, one of Alexander's generals, after that conqueror's 
death, in the empire of Babylon, and is reckoned from the 
year B.C. 312. It is generally supposed to have begun in 
the spring. It. was used in a large district of Asia, and 
adopted by the Jews. 

The Spanish aera, founded on a division of the Roman pro- 



XX 



INTRODUCTION. 



vinces among the Triumviri, was long in use in Spain and 
Africa, and was adopted in the dates of the principal councils 
and synods held in those countries. It is reckoned from the 
1st of January B. C. 38. This was afterwards superceded by 

The Christian aera. Learned men have differed in opinion 
with respect to the exact time of the birth of Christ, some 
placing it four, others seven years earlier than the first year 
of the Christian aera. The uncertainty which exists upon 
this point arises from the aera not having been used until so 
many centuries had elapsed, that it was impossible to fix the 
date with accuracy. This is, however, of very little conse- 
quence in the application of this aera to chronological pur- 
poses, for all are agreed as to the numerical date of every * 
year, the year 1810 for instance being universally received as 
the year 1810 of the Christian aera, although probably not the 
exact measure of the time which has elapsed from the birth of 
Christ. This aera was invented about the year 527, by Dio- 
nysius, a Koman abbot, who reckoned the first year of it to 
correspond with the 4714th of the Julian period. It may be 
useful to give the reader a view of the years of the other 
principal aeras which correspond to the first of this : according 
to Play fair, (who, it is to be observed, differs in many re- 
spects from other chronologers, but is nevertheless a most re- 
spectable authority) these are the 4008th year of the world, 
the first year of the 195th Olympiad, and the 754th year of 
Rome, the 749th of the Nabonassarean aera, the 313th of the 
Seleucidae, the 46th Julian year, and the 39th of the Spanish 
aera. 

The aera of Dioclesian was used pretty generally by the 
Christians previous to the invention of the Christian aera. It 
is dated from the year A. D. 284, and probably took its rise 
from the persecution under that emperor, although its date 
is computed from the first year of his reign. 

The Hegira, which may be called the Mohammedan aera, 
is founded upon the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Me- 
dina, to escape the persecution of his enemies, and is com- 
puted by his followers from A. D. 622. The beginning of 
their year is however made to correspond with the 16th day 
of July. In comparing any year of this aera, therefore, with 
the corresponding year of the Christian aera, it will be neces- 
sary to bear this in mind before it can be done with accuracy. 
The same may also be observed with regard to some of the 
other aeras, the beginnings of the years of which do not ex- 
actly correspond with that of the Julian year. 

The Persian aera, or the aera of Yezdejerd is the last we 
shall notice. Yezdejerd was the last of the Persian monarchs 
who was subdued by the Saracens. According to the opinion 



INTRODUCTION. 



xxi 



of the most reputable modern chronologers,this asra commen- 
ced in June A. D. 632, corresponding with the beginning of 
the eleventh year of the Hegira, and with the first year of the 
reign of Yezdejerd. The years of this aera, like the Nabo- 
nassarean, consist of twelve months of thirty days, with an 
addition of five intercalary days at the end, making in all 
365 days. 

The limits of our plan will not allow us to enter more mi- 
nutely into the details of this important science. For these 
we must refer to separate treatises on the subject. The ab- 
stract which is here given will, however, be found sufficient 
for all the general purposes of the historical student. 



PROBLEMS IN CHRONOLOGY. 

1. To find whether any given year be leap-year. 

Rule. — Divide the given year by 4 ; if 0 remains, it is leap- 
year ; but if 1, 2, 3, remains, it is so many years after. 

Every fourth year is leap-year, so called from leaping or 
advancing a day more that year than any other ; that year 
has then 366 days in it, and February 29. 

2. To find the dominical letter before the year 1800. 

Rule. — To the given year add its fourth part, omitting 
fractions ; divide that sum by 7 ; the remainder taken from 7 
leaves the index of the letter in the common year's reckoning. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
A B C D E F G 
But in leap-years this letter and its preceding one, (in the 
retrograde order which these letters take) are the dominical 
etters. 



xxii introduction; 

The dominical letter is that letter of the alphabet which 
points out in the calendar the Sundays throughout the year ; 
thence also called the Sunday letter. Of these letters there 
are consequently seven before mentioned, beginning with the 
first letter of the alphabet ; and as in leap year there is an in- 
tercalary day, there are then two ; one serving January and 
February, and its following letter the remaining part of the 
year. 

3. To know on what day in the week any proposed day of 
the month will fall. 

Rule, — First find the dominical letter, then the day of the 
week the first of the proposed month falls on, which is known 
by the two following lines : 

At Dover Dwell George Brown, Esquire, 
Good Christopher Finch, And David Frier : 

where the first letter of each word answers to the letter be- 
longing to the first day of the months in order, from January 
to December. If I would know on what day of the week the 
24th of June will be, supposing the year 1806 ; I find the do- 
minical letter is E, and by the lines just read, E is the first of 
June, which is, of course, Sunday ; the 22d also is Sunday, 
therefore the 24th will be a Tuesday. 

4. To find the year of the solar, lunar, or golden number, 
and indiction cycles. 

Rule.— To the given year add 9 for the solar, 1 for the 
lunar, 3 for the indiction : divide the sums in order by 28, 19, 
and 15, the remainder in each shows the years of its respec- 
tive cycle. 

b> Hie solar cycle, or the cycle of the sun, is a period of 28 
years ; in which time all the varieties of the dominical letters 
will have happened, and the 29th year the cycle begins again, 
when the same order of the letters will return as were 28 
years before. 



INTRODUCTION. XXUl 

At the birth of Christ, nine years had passed in this cycle. 

The lunar cycle, or cycle of the moon, or golden number, 
is a period of 19 years ; containing all the variations of the 
days on which the new and full moons happen, after which 
time they fall on the same days they did 19 years before, and 
she begins again with the sun. 

But when a centesimal, or hundredth year, falls in the 
cycle, the new and full moon, according to the new style, 
will fall a day later than otherwise. The birth of Christ hap- 
pened in the second year of this cycle. 

The Roman indiction is a cycle of 15 years, which first be- 
gan the third year before Christ. 

5. To find the epact till the year 1900. 

Rule,— Multiply the golden number for the given year by 
11 ; divide that product by 30, and from the remainder take 
11, leaves the epact. If the remainder is less than 11, add 
19 to it, and the sum will be the epact. 

6. To find the moon's age. 

Rule. To the epact add the number and day of the month ; 
their sum, if undex 30, is the moon's age. But if that sum is 
above 30, the excess in months of 31 days, or the excess 
above, 29 in a month of 30 days, shows the age or days since 
the last conjunction. 

The moon's age taken from 30, leaves the day of the next 
new moon. 

When the solar and lunar cycles begin together, the moon's 
age on the first of eaeh month, or the monthly epacts, are cal- 
led the numbers of the month ; and are as follows, viz. 



For 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April 


May 


June 


These 


0 


2 


1 


2 


3 


4 


For 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


These 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 



XXh' INTRODUCTION, 

7. To find when Easter-day will happen. 

Rule. — Find on what day of March the new moon falls 
nearest to the 21st in common years, or nearest the 20th in 
leap-years ; then the Sunday next after the full, or 15th day 
of that new moon, will be Easter-day. 

If the 15th day falls on a Sunday, the next Sunday is 
Easter-day. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



SECT. I. 



GENERAL EVENTS AND OCCURRENCES. 

ABBEYS and monasteries pillaged of their plate and jewels by 
William the Conqueror, 1069; obliged by the same king- to change 
their tenures, 1070; 100 suppressed by order of Council, 1414; en- 
tirely dissolved by Henry VIII. 1540; suppressed in Germany, 1785; 
in France, 1790. At the dissolution, there were suppressed, in Eng- 
land and Wales, 643 monasteries, 90 colleges, 2374 churches and free 
chapels, and 110 hospitals. 
Abbots of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. John's, Colchester, hanged 
and quartered for denying the king's supremacy, and not surren- 
dering their abbies, 1539. 
Abingdon, the earl of, (a peer) committed to the king's bench prison 
for having uttered and published a libel on Mr. Sermon, an attor- 
ney, Feb. 9, 1795. 
Abstinence, remarkable instance of, in Ann Moor, of Tutbury, Staf- 
fordshire, who had lived 20 months without food, Nov. 1S0S. 
Accession of George IV. Jan 29, 1820. 
Alien priories seized by the king, 1337. 

Ale invented, 1404, B.C.,* ale-booths set up in England, 728, A.C. and 

laws passed for their regulation. 
Almanac first printed at Constantinople, 1806. 

Ambassador, the first sent by the Czar of Russia to England, 1556; 
the first sent to Turkey from England, 1606 ; the Portuguese, ar- 
rested for debt, 1653; the Russian, arrested by a lace merchant, 
when a law passed for their protection, 1709 — the first that arrived 
in Europe from India was from Tippoo Saib to France, 1778, — the 
first from the Ottoman Emperor arrived in London, Dee. 1793. 

Amelia, daughter of George III. died, Nov. 2, 1810. 

America declared an Independent State by Congress, July 4, 1776; 
allowed by France, Feb. 6, 1778; by Holland, Oct. S, 1782; by Eng- 
land, Jan, 20, 1783. 

American Congress first met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1775; removed 
to the federal city of Washington, 1801. 

Anglo Saxons first landed in Britain, 449. 

Animal Magnetism made its appearance in France, where it was 
soon exploded, in 1783 ; was introduced into England in 1789, with 
little success. 

Antigallican prize detained at Cadiz, 1757' 

Arms of England and France were first quartered by Edward III, 
1358 : the French arms discontinued by the English Kings, Jan. 1 , 
1801. 

Army, the first standing one in modern times, established in France 
in 1445, by Charles VII. 

Arundelian tables, containing the chronology of ancient history, from 
1582 to 355 before Christ, said to have been sculptured 264 before 
Christ; found in the Isle of Paros, about 1610 ; purchased by Lord 
Arundel, and given to the university of Oxford, 1627, The charac- 
ters are Greek, of which there are two translations, 
A 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Artois, Count, brother to Louis XVI. of France, landed at Leith, in 

Scotland, Jan. 6, 1796; visited London. May 27, 1799. 
Assassination of the Duke de Berry in Paris, Feb. 13, 1820. 
Assassination Plot discovered, Feb. 1695. 

Atkinson, Mr. Christopher, an expelled member of Parliament, stood 

in the pillory for perjury, Oct. 25, 1785. 
Attorney -General opens his charge against the queen, Aug-. 19. 1820. 
Austria granted toleration of religious faith, and abolished torture, 

1776. 

Auction, the first in Britain, was about 1700, by Elisha Yale, a gover- 
nor of Fort George, in the East Indies, of the goods he brought home 
with him. 

Baliol, king of Scotland, appeared to a summons, and pleaded his 

cause in Westminster-hall, Oct. 14, 1293. 
Ballast of the river Thames monopolized by Charles I. 1636. 
Bangor, monks of, killed by the Danes, 5S0. 
Bankrupts at different periods, from the year 1700 to 1822: — in 



1700 38 1783 528 

1701 38 1784 517 

1702 38 1791 604 

1713 200 1792 62S 

1714 173 1793 1304 

1726 416 1S0S 1058 

1727 446 1809 1670 

1744 197 1810 2000 

1745 200 1S11 1616 

1746 159 1812 1599 

1762 205 1813 1066 

1763 233 1814 • 1285 

1772 525 1815 2029 

1773 562 1816 2030 

1774 360 1817 1580 

1778 675 1818 — 1050 

17 79 M4 1819 1499 

1780 449 1S20 1353 

1781 438 1821 1286 

1782 537 1S22 1094 



Banks first began in Italy, by Lombard Jews, 808 ; of whom, some 
settled in Lombard-street, where bankers still reside. The name 
Bank is derived from Banco, a bench, which was erected in the 
market for the exchange of money, &c. ; the bank of Venice esta- 
blished, 1157; of Genoa, 1345; of Amsterdam, 1609; of Hamburgh, 
1710; of Rotterdam, 1635; of England, 1694; Old Scotch bank, 1695; 
Royal ditto, 1727; in the East Indies, 1787 ; America, 1791. 

Bank of England was originally projected by a merchant of the name 
of Patterson, and established A.D. 1694. The following year it was 
incorporated by King William and the parliament, in consideration 
of 1,200,0001. lent to government, which, was then its capital. This 
capital has, however, gone on gradually increasing to the present 
period, when it amounts to 11,686,8001. sterling. The mint in the 
Tower of London was anciently the deposit for merchant's cash, till 
Charles I. in the year 1640, laid his hands upon the money, and de- 
stroyed the credit of the mint. This circumstance drove the traders 
to some other place of security for their gold, which their appren- 
tices did not fail to rob them of when at home, and to run off with it 
to the army. In 1645, therefore, they consented to lodge it with the 
goldsmiths in Lombard-street, who were otherwise obliged to pre- 
pare strong chests for the deposit of their own valuable wares, and 
this became the origin of banking in England. In 1727 the interest 
of money was reduced by parliament, and the Bank of England 
instead of six per cent, paid a dividend of five. The capital of the 
Bank had been previously increased in 1697 for the first time, and 
this augmentation has been allowed from one period to another as 
the wisdom of parliament thought fit; the same authority also at 
different intervals prolonging their privileges and renewing their 
contract. The style of their firm is, " The Governors and Company 
of the Bank of England." Discontinued paying in cash Feb. 25, 
J797. Issued 20^. notes, March 9, 1797 Issued 5*. tokens, 1798. 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



Raised the value of these tokens to 5*. 6d. 1811. Discontinuance of 
its payment in cash restricted by parliament in 1816, not to extend 
beyond April 5, 1818. Cash payment renewed in 1821. The five per 
cents, reduced to four, March 1822. 
Bantam, eight ambassadors from, arrived in England, 1682. 
Barbers, the first profession brought from Sicily to Rome, 299 before 
Cbrist. Incorporated with the Surgeons in London, 1540; separated 
again, 1744. 

Bartholomew Fair restrained, owing to the falling of a booth, which 

killed and wounded several persons, 1750; toll abolished, 1755. 
Bastile at Paris destroyed July 14, 1789. 

Beards were worn by the Greeks till 349, by the Romans till 299 be- 
fore Christ; were not fashionable in England after the conquest till 
the 13th century; discontinued at the restoration. 

Beer first introduced into England, 1492 ; in Scotland, as early as 
1482. By the statue of James I. one full quart of the best beer or 
ale was to be sold for one penny, and two quarts of small beer for 
one penny. The duties on beer for the years 1783, 84, 85, and 86, 
produced 7,308,6552. On malt for the same years yielded 6,156,0202. 
In 1788 the duties on beer were 1,666,1522. From Jan. 5, 1816, to 
Jan. 5, 1817, the duties on beer were 9,881,7722. 

Bell of the church of Notre Dame, baptized and received the names 
of the Duke and Duchess of Angouleme ; the prince de Foix, and 
duchess de Damas being proxies, Nov. 15, 1816. 

Bilston, Staffordshire, waggon from, with coals, drawn by distressed 
colliers, was stopped on Maidenhead thicket by the magistrates, 
and a compensation having been made to the persons drawing it 
for the coals, they proceeded with it quietly on their way home, 
July 6, 1816. Another waggon was stopped at St. Alban's and 
quietly returned, having been similarly treated. 

Billingsgate made a free fishmarket, 1699 

Bills of mortality for London began, 1533. 

The general bill of all the christenings and burials within the bills of 
mortality from Dec. 15, 1807, to Dec. 13, 1308:— 

f Males 10,189 > 

I Females 9,717$ 

| Males ----- 10,228 > 

\ Females 9,726 > 

From Dec. 12, 1815, to Dec. 10, 1816. 

Christened 5 Males " ' " " 12,132 > 
unnstenea } Females 11,449$ 

C Males 10,105 ) 

\ Females 10,211$ 

From Dec. 11, 1821, to Dec. 10, 1822. 

f Males 11,968) 

I Females 11,405$ 

i Males 9,483 > 

( Females ----- 9,382 $ 
From Dec. 10, 1822, to Dec, 17, 1823. 
Christened in the 97 parishes within the walls, 1059. — Buried, 1162. 
Christened in the 17 parishes without the walls, 5443. — Buried, 3990. 

Christened in the 23 out-parishes in Middlesex and Surrey, 17,092. 

Buried, 10,727. 

Christened in the 10 parishes in the city and liberties of Westmin- 
ster, 4095.— Buried, 4708. 
Diseases this year, 20,279. 

CASUALTIES. 



Christened 
Buried 



Buried 



Christened 
Buried 



19,906 
19,954. 

23,5S1. 
20,316. 



23,373. 
18,865. 



Biten by a mad dog - 1 

Broken limbs 1 

Burnt 39 

Drowned - - 118 

Excessive drinking - 6 

Executed li 

Found dead 12 

Fractured - - - 1 
Killed by falls, and several 

other accidents 61 

Killed by fighting - 2 



Murdered 
Overlaid 
Poisoned - 
Scalded - 
Smothered 
Starved 
Suffocated 
Suicide 



2 
I 

6 
9 

3 
1 

7 
24 



Total of Casualties, 308 



4 



CHRONOLOGY. 



CHRISTENED. 



BURIED e 



Males 



13,945 



Males 



I0-45& 



Females - - - 13,734 Females - - - 10,132 



In all, 27,679 In all, 20,587 

Whereof have died — Under two years of age, 5905 — between two 
and five, 193? — five and ten, 757- -ten and twenty, 757— twenty and 
thirty, 1375— thirty and forty, 1764 — forty and fifty, 1902— fifty and 
sixty, 1932— sixty and seventy, 1S74— seventy and eighty, li92 — 
eighty and ninety, 6S0— ninety and a hundred, 105 — a hundred, 4: — 
a hundred and two, 1— a hundred and seven, 1— and a hundred and 
nine, 1. 

Bilson, boy of, amused the public, 1620. 

Bird, Mr. and his servant murdered at Greenwich, Feb. 12, ISIS. 
Blandford assizes fatal to the judge, sheriff, &c. who died of the jail 
distemper, 1730. 

Bog- of Castleguard or Poulenard, in the county of Louth, in Irelaud, 
Dec. 20, 1793, moved in a body from its original situation to the dis- 
tance of some miles, crossing the high road towards Doon, covering 
every thing in its way, at least twenty feet in many parts, and 
throwing down several bridges, houses, &c. 

Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, the birth place of king Henry IV. 
the last standing remains of, fell down, May 1815. 

Bohemia, Queen of, visited England, May 17, 1661, and died there, 
February, 1662. 

Books, to the number of 200,000, burnt at Constantinople, by the order 
of Leo I. 476. Above 4,194,412 volumes were in the suppressed mo- 
nasteries of France, in 1790; 2,000,000 were on theology, the manu- 
scripts were 26,000 ; in the city of Paris alone were 808,120 volumes. 

Boston proscribed, and the port shut by the English Parliament, April 
4, 1774, as a punishment for a riot. 

Bottle conjuror imposed on the credulous at the Haymarket theatre, 
Jan. 16, 1748-9. 

Bottle, that held two hogsheads, blown at Leith, in Scotland, Jan. 7, 
1747-8. 

Bourbon Family Compact took place, 1761 ; Bourbons expelled France, 
1791. Restored, 1814. Re-expelled and again restored, 1S15. 

Bread — In the year 1754, the quartern loaf was sold for fourpence; in 
the year 1757, it rose to lOd. and in March 1S00 to 17d. when new 
bread was forbid under the penalty of 5s. per loaf, if the baker sold 
it until 24 hours old. In January 1801, the quartern loaf sold for Is. 
lid ; in July 1810, it sold for Is. 5d. : and in July, 1823, for lOd. 

Bremen greatly damaged by an explosion of gunpowder ; 1000 houses 
were destroyed, and 40 persons killed, Sept. 10, 1739. 

Brescia, in Italy, nearly destroyed by an explosion, Aug. S, 1779. 

Brothels were allowed in London as necessary evils, 1162; suppressed, 
1545; tolerated in France, 1280; Pope Sixtus IV. licensed one at 
Rome, and the prostitutes paid him a weekly tax, which amounted 
to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471. 

Brunswick, duchess of, sister to George III. died March 23, 1S13. 

Bryant, Thomas, shot by the military that escorted Sir Francis Bur- 
den to the Tower, April 9, 1810. 

Buckingham tower fell down and destroyed the church, March 26, 
1776. 

Buckingham-house settled on the queen, in lieu of Somerset-house, 
May 19. 1775, 

Bulkeley, a hill at, near Chester, which had trees on it of a consider- 
able height, sunk down, on July 8, 1657, into a pit of water so very 
deep, that the tops of the trees were not to be seen. 

Buonaparte, the Corsican Usurper, attempted to be destroyed by an 
explosion of combustibles, Dec. 24, 1800; offers terms to Louis 
XV HI- if he will relinquish the crown of Frauce in his favour, Feb. 
26 1803; crowned emperor of the French, Dec. 2, 1S04. Divorced 
from the empress Josephine, Dec, 17, 1S09. Married to Maria Louisa 
of Austria, April 1, 1810. Son born the fruit of this marriage, having 
the title of king of Rome, April 20, 1811. Made overtures of peace 
to England, which were rejected, April 17, 1S12. Quitted his army 
in Russia on the 5th, and arrived in Paris .Dec. 18, 1812. Quitted 



GENERAL EVENTS. 5 

j?aris on the 15th and joined his army at Mentz, April 20, 1813. 
Quitted his army at Dresden to return to Paris, Oct. 7,1813. Quitted 
Paris to rejoin the army, Jan. 25, 1814. Renounced for himself and 
heirs the thrones of France and Italy, and accepted the Isle of 
Elba for his retreat, April 5, 1814. Embarked at Frejus for Elba, 
April 28, 1814. Arrived at Elba May 3rd following. All artists for- 
bidden by the mayor of Lyons, to engrave or paint his likeness, 
Dec. 3, 1814. Quitted Elba and landed at Cannes, March 1, 1815. 
Arrived at Fontainebleau, March 20, 1815. Joined by the army and 
arrived at Paris, March 22, 1815. Allied sovereigns sign a new 
treaty for his extermination, March 25, 1815. Abolished the slave 
trade, March 29, 1815. Left Paris to join the army at Laon, June 
12, 1815. Defeated at Waterloo, returned to Paris June 20, and ab- 
dicated on the 23d, in favour of his son. Arrived at Rochefort, with 
the view of sailing- to America, July 3, 1815. Failing in this project, 
surrendered himself and suite of 40 persons, to captain Maitland, 
of the Bellerophon, July 15, 1815. Transferred at Torbay from the 
Bellerophon to the Northumberland, which sailed with him for the 
island of St. Helena, decreed by the allied sovereigns to be his place 
of residence for life, Aug. 8, 1815. Arrived at St. Helena, Oct. 16, 
1815. His relatives of every description excluded for ever from 
France, by the law of amnesty, Jan. 12, 1816. Died, May 5, 1821. 

Calcutta, 123 persons perished in the black-hole at, June 20, 1756. 

Celebration, xmblic, of his late majesty's entrance into the 50th year 
of his reign, Oct. 25, 1809, 

Canterbury Palace robbed, Oct. 11, 1778. 

Revenues seized by the king, 1096. 

Cannon-ball weighing 96lbs. and measuring 30 inches in circumfer- 
ence, dug out of the ruins of the castle of Berwick, April, 1811. 

Carlton-house, fete given at, many persons were much hurt by the 
immense throng that attended, June 20, 1811. Fete given at, to the 
duke of Wellington, to which 2500 persons were invited, July 21, 
1814. 

Carlisle convicted of publishing Paine's Age of Reason, Oct. 15, 1819, 
and on 16th Nov. following, received sentence of three years im- 
prisonment in Dorchester jail, and pay a fine of 15001. 

Cato-street conspirators arrested Feb. 23, 1820. 

Cashman, John, a sailor, one of the Spa-field rioters, convicted of 
stealing fire-arms from the shop of Mr . Beckwith, and executed 
March 12, 1817. 

Castles in England taken from the Barons, 1153. 

Cautionary towns of the Dutch pawned to queen Elizabeth, 1585; re- 
stored, 1616. 

Cavendish's first voyage to circumnavigate the globe, 1586. 

Ceylon nearly destroyed to revenge the Dutch cruelties, 1761. 

Charles the First, the sword, buckles, and straps fell from the eques- 
trian statue of, at Charing Cross, April 14, 1810. 

Chaiieton, South Carolina, infested with worms, June, 1751 ; greatly 
damaged by an explosion, Aug. 11, 1762. 

Charity-schools first began in England, March 25, 1688 ; 6000 children 
met at St. Paul's, May 2, 1782; 160 schools within London, West- 
minster, and the bills of mortality, established between 1688 and 
17 6T, inclusive. 

Chateaubriand struck out of the list of ministers of state, by Louis 
XVIII. , for writing a pamphlet against the diminution of the cham- 
ber of deputies, Sept. 21, 1816. 

Christophe founded at St. Domingo an archbishopric and several bi- 
shoprics, April 5, 1811 Crowned at Cape Francois, as king of Hayti, 
June 2, 1811. Shot himself, in consequence of his subjects revolting, 
Oct. 6 1820. 

Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, visited by George III. and the royal 

family, July 12, 1788. 
Cherokee Nation, seven chiefs of the, arrive in England, 1730 ; three 

more in 1762 ; three more in 1766; and three more in 1791. 
Clarke's murder, by Housman and Eugene Aram, discovered after a 

lapse of 13 years, Aug. 1759. 
Civita Vecchia nearly destroyed by an explosion, Sept. 1779. 

A 3 



6 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Clergy of France renounced their privileges, May 20, 1809; had all 
their property seized upon by the National Assembly, 1790. 

Cock-lane ghost, imposition of the, practised and detected, March, 
1762. 

Coin in circulation in 1799 was 44,000,0001. 
Coldingham Nunnery ravaged by the Danes, 869. 

Colossus of Rhodes, which had been thrown down by an earthquake, 

and weighed 720,000lbs. sold to a Jew, 652. 
Comets, the principal, have appeared in England, in 1680, 1632, 1758, 

1808, 1811. 

Conciliatory terms offered the Americans, and rejected, April 13, 
1778. 

Congress abolished the authority of Great Britain over her American 

colonies, May 5, 1776. 
Conjunction of the sun, moon, and all the planets, 1186; of Saturn and 

Jupiter, 1394. 

Conspiracies and Insurrections, the most remarkable, in ancient or 
modern history. — A conspiracy was formed against the infant re- 
public of Rome, to restore the banished Sextus Tarquin and the 
regal government; the two sons of Junius Brutus, the first Consul, 
being concerned in it, were publicly condemned and put to death 
by their father, 507 B. C. — Another, by the Tarquin faction against 
the Roman Senators ; Publius and Marcus discover it ; the other 
conspirators are put to death, 496. — Of Catiline and his associates, 
to murder the consuls and senate, and to burn the city of Rome, dis- 
covered by Cicero, consul for the year, 63. — An insurrection in 
Spain, which cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, and double that 
number of Moors, A. D. 1560. — At Malta, to destroy the whole order, 
for which 125 slaves suffered death, June 26, 1749. — At Lisbon, by 
several of the nobility, who shot the King, 1758. — At Algiers, on ac- 
count of tribute, 1761. — At Madrid, when they obliged the king to 
banish the marquis Squillace, 1769. — At the Brazils, 1772. — At Pa- 
lermo, Oct. 26, 1773.— At St. Domingo, and the other French West 
India islands, where near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 whites, 
and 550 plantations destroyed, 1794. — In Dublin, 1803. — Of the prince 
of Asturias against his father, 1807. — Of the inhabitants of Madrid 
against the French, in which many persons were killed, 1808, — At 
Algiers, 1808. 

Conspiracies and Insurrections in England. — A conspiracy of the Nor- 
man barons against William I. 1074. — Against William II. 1088 and 
1093. — Against Henry II. by his queen and children, 1173. — Insurrec- 
tion of Foulk de Brent against Henry III. 1224. — A conspiracy against 
the same king for cancelling Magna Charta, 1227. — Of the Barons 
against Henry III. 1258.— Of the Duke of Exeter, and others, against 
the life of Henry IV. discovered by dropping a paper accidentally, 
1400, — Against Henry V by the earl of Cambridge and others, 1415. 
— Of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, against his nephews Edward V. 
and his brother, whom he caused to be murdered, 1483. — Of the earl 
of Suffolk and others against Henry VII. 1506.— Insurrection of the 
London apprentices, 7 Henry VIII. 1517. — Against queen Elizabeth 
by Dr. Story, 1571; by Anthony Babington and others, 1586; by 
Lopez, a Jew, and others, 1593; by Patrick York, an Irish fencing- 
master, employed by the Spaniards to kill the queen, 1594; of Wal- 
pole, a Jesuit, who engaged one Squire to poison the queen's sad- 
dle, 1598; all these conspirators were executed. — Against James I. 
by the marchioness de Verneuil, his mistress, and others, 1604.— Of 
Sindercomb and others to assassinate Oliver Cromwell, discovered 
by his associates; Sindercomb was condemned, and poisoned him- 
self before he was to have been executed, 1656.— An insurrection of 
the Puritans, 1657.— Of the fifth monarchy men agaiust Charles II. 
1660. — A conspiracy of Blood and his associates, who seized and 
wounded the Duke of Ormond, and would have hanged him, if he 
had not escaped, 1670; they stole the crown, 1671.— Of the French, 
Spanish, and English Jesuits, countenanced by the Pope to assassi- 
nate Charles II. discovered by Dr. Young and Titus Oates, 1668 ; 
another to assassinate him at the Rye-house farm, near Hoddesdon, 
Hertfordshire, in his way from Newmarket, called the Rye-house 
Plot, 1683.— Of Lord Preston, the bishop of Ely, and others, to re- 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



7 



store King" James, 1691.— Of Granvil, a French chevalier, and his 
associates, to assassinate King- William in Flanders, 1692. — A con- 
spiracy by the earl of Aylesbury, and others, to kill the king- near 
Richmond, as he came from hunting-, discovered by Pendergrass, 
called the Assassination Plot, 1696.— Of Simon Frazer, Lord Lovai, 
in favour of the Pretender, against queen Anne, 1703. — Of the Mar- 
quis Guiscard, 1710.— To assassinate George I. by James Shephard, 
an enthusiastic youth, who had been educated to consider the king 
as an usurper, 1718. — Of counsellor Layer, and others, to bring in the 
Pretender, 1722. — Of Col. Despard, and his associates, to assassinate 
George III. and to overturn the existing Government, 1803.— Of 
Thistiewood and others, 1820.— See Riots. 

Contributions, voluntary, for the support of Government against 
French measures, amounted to two millions and a half, 1798, and 
200,0001. were transmitted to England from India, in 1799. 

Contributions to relieve the widows and orphans of those that fell at 
the victory of the Nile, amounted to 35,2601. 8s. 6d. 

Corn permitted to be exported from Britain, 1437. The exportation 
of corn in 1765, yielded 681,0001. In 1800 were imported 2,611,661 qrs. 
corn, and 1,039,079 cwt. oatmeal. 

Coronation of George IV. in Westminster Abbey, July 19, 1821. 

Coronation chair and stone brought from Scotland, 1296, 

Crimp-houses in London destroyed by mobs, Sept. 1794 and 1795. 

Cross, the sign of, first used by Christians as a mark of distinction, 110. 
That of our Saviour found on Mount Calvary, 326. 

Crosses first set on steeples, 568. 

Croyland, the monk, murdered at Peterborough, 863. 

Cumberland, duke of, attempt made to assassinate him by one of his 
valets, who cut his own throat in consequence of not succeeding in 
his purpose, May 31, 1810. Married at New Strelitz to the dowager 
princess of Salm, Aug. 1814; remarried at Carlton-house, Aug. 29, 
T815. Motion for settling 60001. per annum, additional income, on 
the duke, and a jointure to the same amount on the duchess, nega- 
tived in the House of Commons by a majority of one, July 3, 1815. 

Custom-house, London, the new one opened, May 12, 1817. 

Damien attempted to assassinate the French king, Jan. 5, 1757. 

Dauphin of France murdered the Duke of Burgundy, and was disin- 
herited the crown, 1419. 

Death of His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, Jan. 23, 1820. 

Death ofHis Majesty King George III. at Windsor Castle, Jan. 29, 1820. 

Decameron of Boccacio, a volume in small folio, printed in 1471, was 
knocked down to the Marquis of Blandford, at the sale of the duke 
of Roxburgh's library, for 2,260i. June 17, 1812. 

Dey of Algiers assassinated by a soldier, Dec. 11, 1754. 

Dragoons first raised in England, 16S1 ; sent to Oxford to awe the 
people, Oct. 7, 1715. 

Druids destroyed by command of Nero, 60. 

Drury-lane and St. Giles's first paved by Act of Parliament, 1605. 
Duchess of Cambridge delivered of a son, March 26, 1819. 
Duchess of Cumberland delivered of a son, June 5, 1819. 
Dumourier, the French general, seized the Commissioners from the 

National Convention, and quitted the army, April 2, 1793. 
Dunkirk sold to France, 1662, for 200,0001. 

Duke of York, charges preferred against, in the House of Commons, 
by Mr. Wardle, member for Oakhampton, Jan. 28, 1809; resigned 
his situation as Commander in Chief, March 18, 1809. 

Duke of Clarence married to the Princess of Saxe Meiningen ; and the 
Duke of Kent to a Princess of Saxe Coburg, July 13, 1818. 

Eclipses most remarkable) of the sun, observed at Sardis. predicted 
by Thales, 585 B. C— At Athens, 424 B. C— At Rome, caused a total 
darkness at noon-day, A. D . 291.— At Constantinople, 968. — In France, 
1033, June 29, dark at noon-day. — Tn England, 5 Stephen, March 21, 
1140, occasioned a total darkness. — Another on the 22d of June, 
2 Richard I. 1191, entire darkness, and the stars very visible at ten 
in the morning. — In the same year, the true sun, and the appear- 
ance of another, so that astronomers alone could distinguish the dif- 
ference by their glasses. — Another 1331. — A total eclipse of the sun 
in England, when the darkness was so great that the stars faintly 



8 



CHRONOLOGY. 



appeared, and the birds went to roost in the morning about tea, 
April 22, S Geo. I. 1715. 

Eclipses of the moon, total, observed bv the Chaldeans, at Babylon. 
721 B. C. At Syracuse, 413 B. C. In Asia Minor, 219 B.C. At 
Rome, predicted by Q. Sulpitius Gallus, 16S B. C. Another, which 
terrified the Roman troops, and prevented their revolt, A. D. 14. 

Eel, of the silver kind, measuring six feet in length, from 25 to SO 
inches in circumference, and weighing 34lbs. was taken on the 
shores of the Medway, Aug. 1810. 

Egyptian goose shot near Stamford, in Lincolnshire, Feb. 1S06. 

Ellen Ellis, at Beaumaris, in Anglesey, aged 72, was brought to bed, 
May 10, 1776; she had been married 46 years, and hereldest was 
45 years old. She had not had a child for 25 years before. 

Emigrations, from England and Ireland to America, extremely nu- 
merous, from the distressed nature of the times, in 1S15. In 1S16, 
1,192 American and foreign vessels arrived at New York, bringing 
to that port alone 7122 passengers. 

Era, that of Nabonassar, was 747 before Christ; Philippic, or death of 
Alexander^ 324 before Christ ; of Contracts or Seleucidae, 312 before 
Christ; the Christians make their era the birth of Christ, which was 
A. M. 3962, but did not use this reckoning till the year 600, using in 
the mean time the civil account of the empire ; the Mahometans 
began their hegira (for so they term their computation) from the 
flight of their prophet from Mecca, when he was driven thence by 
the Philarchae, A. D. 617; the Grecians reckon by Olympiads, the 
first of which is placed in the year of the world 3187; but this ac- 
count perishing under the Constantiuopolitan emperors, they 
reckoned by inductions, every indiction containing 15 years, and the 
first beginning A. D. 313, which among chronologers are still used; 
the Romans reckoned firstfrom the building of their city, which was 
A. M. 3113, and afterwards from the 16th year of the Emperor Au- 
gustus, A. M. 3936, which reckoning was used among the Spaniards 
till the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic ; the J ews had divers epocha ; 
as 1. from the creation of the world in the beginning of time; 2, 
from the universal deluge, ann. 2656; 3. from the confusion of 
tongues, ann. 2786; 4. from Abraham's journey out of Chaldea into 
Canaan, ann. 2021 ; 5. from the departure of the children of Israel 
out of Egypt, ann. 1451; 6. from the year of the jubilee, ann. 2499; 
7. from the building of Solomon's Temple, ann. 2932; and S. from 
the eaptivity of Babylon, A.M. 3357; but in historical computation 
of time, are used only the two most ordinary epochs, the world's 
creation, and Christ's appearance in the flesh; the Christian era 
began to be used in Italy, &c. in 525, and in England in 816. 

Exchequer office robbed, 1303. 

Ficaria, shower of, at Landshut, in Silesia, 1S05. 

Fire-works for the peace played off in the Green-park, April27. 1748-9. 
First parliament of George IV. opened by the king in person, April 27, 
1S20. 

Fish, the increase of, is said to be in the following proportion: — A 
flounder of two ounces contains 133,407 eggs or spawn ; one of 24 
ounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, weighing from four ounces to 5f, from 
21,285 to 36.960. Lobsters, from 14 to 36 ounces, contain 21,699. 
Mackarel, 20 ounces, 454,061. Prawn, about 3,806. Shrimps, from 
2,849 to 6,807. Smelts, from 14,411 to 3S.27S. Soal of 5 ounces, 38,772 ; 
one of 14 ounces and a half contains 100,362. To which may be added 
the cod, which produces 3,686,760, and a ling 19,248-635. 

Fog, so remarkable, in London, that several chairmen mistook their 
way in St. James's park, and fell with their fares into the canal; 
many persons fell into Fleet-ditch, and considerable damage was 
done on the Thames, Jan. 1, 1729, in the evening. Another, almost 
equally remarkable, Jan. 10, 1812. Another, Dec. 20— 27, 1S13. 

Forfeited estates in Scotland of 29,6941. 6s. Sd. annual value, and in 
England to the annual value of 47,6261. ISs. 5d. were seized by Go- 
vernment, 1716; those in Scotland restored by Parliament in Aug. 
17S4. 

Fox, Right Hon. C. J. public funeral of, Oct. 10, 1S06. 
France allowed the American Independency, Feb. 6. 177S. The Na- 
tional Revolution commenced July 14, 17S9; commemorated July 14, 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



9 



1790. The title of citizen only allowed in France, 1792. Declared 
itself a republic, 1792. Abolished the vulgar aera, and established 
a new division, 1793. The king-, queen, and royal family, attempted 
to escape out of the kingdom, but were detained by force, June 21, 

1791, and were brought back prisoners to Paris. The king sanctioned 
the National Constitution on Sept. 15, 1791. Attended on the Na- 
tional Assembly, andrenounced the sovereignty, Aug. 10, 1792, when 
he was compelled to claim their protection, and they sent him to 
the Temple, where he was confined as a prisoner, distinct from the 
queen, &c. Brought to trial Jan. 19, and condemned on Jan. 20, 
1T93; put to death Jan. 21 following. His queen was beheaded 
Oct. 16, 1793; Louis XVII. their only son, died in prison, June 8,1795, 
and the princess Maria Theresa Charlotte, their daughter, was de- 
livered up in exchange for deputies, Dec. 26, 1795. France was 
formed into an empire May 5, 1804, and Bonaparte, a Corsican of 
mean extraction, crowned emperor the 2d of December following. 

Franking letters by Members of Parliament began 1661, abridged in 

1764 and 1775. 
French Protestants expelled their country, 1685. 

Friars and nuns, 10,000 turned out of the monasteries in England, 1535. 
Funeral of George III. at Windsor, Feb. 16, 1820. 
Genoa Bank failed, 1750. 

George III. had the glass of his chair broken by a mad woman as he 
was conveying to the opera-house, June 25, 1777; was thrown from 
his horse in Windsor- park, Oct. 8, 1785 ; attempted to be assassinated 
by Margaret Nicholson, a mad woman, Aug. 2, 1786 ; had a stone 
thrown at his state coach when going to the House of Peers, by John 
Frith, a maniac, on Jan. 21, 1790; visited Cheltenham in 1788, and 
became deranged in his mind from Oct. 1788 to March 1789, when he 
visited St. Paul's in procession, to return public thanks to the Al- 
mighty for his recovery. Assaulted by a mob in his way to and 
from the House of Lords, Oct. 30, 1795, when his state-coach was 
nearly destroyed ; had a stone thrown at his coach, the glasses broke, 
and the queen received a blow in the face, Feb. 1, 1796; made a 
grand procession to St. Paul's, to return thanks for the victories ob- 
tained by his fleets, Dec. 19, 1797; shot at in the play-house by a 
maniac of the name of Hatfield, May 16, 1S0O. Died, Jan. 29, 1820. 

George IV. proclaimed in the metropolis, Jan. 30, 1820. 

Gin-shops in London amounted to 7000, in 1735. 

Gipsies, or Egyptians, quitted Egypt when attacked by the Turks in 
1515, and wandered over almost all Europe; in England an act was 
made against their itinerancy, in 1530 ; they were expelled France 
1560, and most countries of Europe soon after. 

Globe of fire passed over the island of Funen, in Denmark, in open 
day, Sept. 1807. A similar phenomenon was observed at the same 
time in Jutland. 

Goose, at Posbrook cottage, near Titchfield, died at the advanced age 
of 64 years, Jan. 4, 1815. 

Goree nearly destroyed by the magazine of powder taking fire, Oc- 
tober 15, 1662. 

Government's annual expence was 62,0001. in 1652 ; 1,300,0001. in 1658; 

2,200,5001. in 1659; 1,200,0001. in 1660; 6,000,0001. in 1694; 7,000,0001. 

in 1776 ; 75,670,6411. Ss. 2d. in 1808. 
Great Seal stolen from the Lord Chancellor, and destroyed, March 24, 

1784. 

Grosvenor-square, the centre house in, raffled for, by guinea tickets, 
valued at 10,0001, June 10, 1739. 

Ground, a spot of, at Caplow wood, in the parish of Fawnhope, near 
Hereford, removed for the extent of four acres, filling up the ad- 
joining road 12 feet high : and a yew tree was removed 40 yards 
without being thrown from the upright, or receiving any injury, 
though several large apertures were made near it, April 4, 1793. 

Guildford tower fell down, April, 24, 1740. 

Guildhall, a grand dinner at, given by the corporation to the duke of 
Wellington, July 9, 1814; civic banquet at, given by the corporation 
to the allied sovereigns of Russia and Prussia, and other illustrious 
foreigners, June 18, 1814. 

Gunpowder-plot discovered, Nov. 5, 1605 
A 5 



10 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Gustavus Iir. King of Sweden, shot at his levee by Count Ankerstroem , 
March 16, 1792. 

Hackney, Alice, who had been buried 175 years, was accidentally dug 
up in the church of St. Mary Hill, London; the skin was whole, and 
the joints of the arms pliable, 1494. 

Halo, a remarkable, round the moon, Aug 1 . 16, 1S07. 

Hammersmith ghost, affair of, 1804. 

Kammet, Sir Benj. fined 10001. by the Court of Common Council, for 
refusing- to serve the office of Lord Mayor of London, Oct. 13, 1797. 

Handel, grand commemoration of. at Westminster-abbey, 17S4 ; there 
were 600 performers, and the receipts were 12,7461. 

Hanoverian troops first arrived in Eugland, 1756. 

Hastings, Warren, Governor-general of India, tried by the Peers of 
Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors ; the trial lasted 
seven years and three months; he was acquitted on April 23, 1795. 

Henrj r II. held the stirrup for Pope Alexander to mount his horse, 1161, 
and the same to Becket, 1170. 

Hereford cathedral nearly destroyed by the fall of its tower, Sept. lo, 
1786. 

Heretics, thirty, came from Germany to England, to propagate their 
opinions, and were branded in the forehead, whipped, and thrust 
naked into the streets in the midst of winter, where, none daring to 
relieve them, they died of hunger and cold, 1160. 

Heritable jurisdictions in Scotland abolished, 1747, valued at 164,2321. 16s. 

Hollanders made money of pasteboard, 1574. 

Holland allowed the American independency, Oct. 8, 17S2 ; and lost 
its own in 1795 ; Louis Bonaparte appointed king, 1806. 

Holstein delivered by Russia to the Danes, Nov. 16, 1775. 

Holy league, convention so called, between the emperor of Russia, the 
emperor of Austria, and the king of Prussia, by which they bound 
themselves to be governed by Christian principles in their political 
transactions, signed at Paris, Sept. 26, 1816. King of the Nether- 
lands agreed to the convention, June 21, 1816. 

Horse-shoe found in the heart of an elm-tree, at Conisbrough, with a 
nail in it, in excellent preservation, 1810. 

Hottentots, upwards of 600, vaccinated by the Missionaries in Africa, 
1808. 

Houghton collection of paintings sold to the Empress of Russia, 1779. 

Jeffery, Robert, put on shore on the desert island of Sombrero, Dec. 
13, 1807, by captain W. Lake, who was tried for the cruelty by a 
court-martial, and dismissed his majesty's service, Feb. 1810. 

Jericho, walls of, fell, 1454 before Christ. 

Jewels pawned by Charles I. to Holland, and redeemed by the sale of 
iron ordnance, 1629. Those of France were seized by the National 
Convention in 1792. 

Jews, the first arrival of the, in England, 1079. Thinking to invoke 
the Divine clemency at the solemnization of the Passover, they sa- 
crificed a young lad of twelve years old, the son of a rich tradesman 
at Paris, by first, whipping- his flesh from his bones, and then cruci- 
fying him; the criminals were executed, and all the Jews banished 
France, 1180. Seven were condemned to pay the king 20,000 marks, 
or suffer perpetual imprisonment, for circumcising a Christian child 
at Norwich, and attempting to crucify him, 1235 ; 200 and upwards 
were apprehended for crucifying- a child at Lincoln, IS of whom 
were hanged, and the rest heavily fined, 1255; in London, the popu- 
lace rose upon them, for the usury of one man, and murdered 700, 
1262 ; every Jew, who lent money on usury, was commanded to/wear 
a plate upon his breast, signifying that he was an usurer, or to quit 
the realm, 1274; 267 were hanged and quartered for clipping, 1277; 
the same year the Jews crucified a child at Northampton, for which 
50 were drawn at the tails of horses, and hanged ; all the synagogues 
were ordered to be destroyed, 1282; all the Jews in England were 
apprehended in one day, their goods and chattels confiscated to the 
king, and they, to the number of 15,660, banished the realm, having 
only sustenance money allowed, 1287; they were restored by Oliver 
Cromwell ; an act passed, that no Jew should enjoy a freehold, 1296 ; 
driven out of France, 1394; driven out of Spain, to the number of 
150,000, 1492; they retired to Africa, Portugal, and France. It was 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



11 



against them that the Inquisition was there first established. There 
was not a Jew in this island from 1610 to 1624. Four executed for 
murdering- Mrs. Hutchins and servant, Dec. 9, 1771. 
Joan of Arc unjustly condemned for a witch, and burnt at Orleans, 
May 30, 1431. 

Johnstone, Cochrane, having been convicted of a conspiracy to raise 
the funds, was expelled the House of Commons, July 5, 1814. 

Jones, John Gale, president of a debating club, called the British Fo- 
rum, committed to Newgate by the House of Commons, for a breach 
of its privileges, Feb. 21, 1810. 

Josephine, wife of the emperor Napoleon, died at Paris, May 30, 1814. 

Illumination, the most general ever known in London, on the restora- 
tion of the health of George III. March 10, 17S9. 

Impostors, two, were crucified, for assuming the character of Christ ; 
and two women, for pretending to be the Virgin Mary, and Mary 
Magdalen, 1221. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities of Europe, at the distance of a cen- 
tury, from the most approved authors : — 



In 1688. In 1788. 

London 696,000 — 1,100,000 

Paris 438,000 — 800,000 

Madrid 400,000 — 160,000 

Marseilles 200,000 — 180,000 

Lvons 250,000 — 150,000 

Naples 200,000 — 354,000 

Rome 200,000 — 157,000 

Amsterdam 187,000 — 185,000 

Venice 134,000 — 100,000 

Bourdeaux 100,000 — 200,000 
Insurrec tions. — S ee Conspiracies* 



Iris, or rainbow, a lunar, appeared near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, 

from half-past nine till half-past ten at night, Jan. 17, 1806. 
Kelly, Miss, shot at, while acting onDrury Lane theatre, by a person 
of the name of George Barnett, Feb. 17, 1816. Barnett was tried for 
the offence, and acquitted on the ground of insanity, April 8, 1816. 
King Charles I. erected his standard at Nottingham, Aug. 26, 1642; it 

was blown down the same night by a violent tempest. 
Kings, four, entertained by a Lord Mayor of London, at one table, 
1364. 

King's evil, supposed to be cured by the touch of the kings of England. 
The first who touched for it was Edward the Confessor, 1058. It was 
dropped by George I. 

Kingston, Duchess of, tried for bigamy, convicted, and degraded, 
April 22, 1776; allowed to be Countess of Bristol, May 18, 1779. 

Knives, eighteen clasped ones, such as are used by sailors, found in 
the stomach and intestines of a man of the name of William Cum- 
mins, who died in Guy's Hospital in 1809. 

Kotzebue assassinated at Manheim, April 2, 1819. 

Labour, price of— Anno Dom. 1352, 25 Edward III. wages paid to hay 
makers was but one penny a-day ; a mower of meadows 5d. per day, 
or 5d. an acre ; reapers of corn, in the first week of August, 2d. in 
the second, 3d. per day, and so till the end of August, without meat, 
drink, or other allowance, finding their own tools ; for threshing a 
quarter of wheat or rye 2^d. ; a quarter of barley, beans, peas, and 
oats; l^d. ; a master carpenter 3d. a day, other carpenters 2d. per 
day: a master mason 4d. per day, other masons 3d. per day, and 
their servants l|d. per day ; tilers 3d. and their knaves l|d. ; thatch- 
ers 3d. per day, their knaves lgd. ; plaisterers, and other workers of 
mud walls, and their knaves, in the like manner, without meat or 
drink, and this from Easter to Michaelmas ; and from that time less, 
according to the direction of the justices. — By the 34th of Edward III. 
1361, chief masters of carpenters and masons 4d. a-day, and the 
others 3d. or 2d. as they are worth. — 13th Richard II. 1389, the wages 
of a bailiff of husbandry 13s. 4d. per year, and his clothing once 
a-year at mosit; the master hind 10s. the carter 10s. shepherd 10s. 
ox-herd 6s. 8d. cow-herd 6s. 8d. swine-herd, 6s. a woman labourer 6s. 
a-day ditto 6s. a driver of plough 7s. From this time up to the time 
of 23d. of Henry VI. the price of labour was fixed by the justices by 



12 



CHRONOLOGY. 



proclamation.— 1445, 23d Henry VI. the wages of a bailiff of hus» 
bandry was 23s. 4d. per annum, and clothing- of the price of 5s. with 
meat and drink ; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 20s. clothing- 4s. 
common servant of husbandry 15s. clothing 40d. woman servant 10s. 
clothing 4s. infant under 14 years 6s. clothing 3s.; freemason or 
master carpenter 4d. per day ; without meat and drink 5|d. ; master 
tiler or slater, mason or mean carpenter, and other artificers con- 
cerned in building, 3d. per day; without meat and drink 4|d. every 
other labourer 2d. a-day; without meat and drink 3|d. after Mi- 
chaelmas to abate in proportion; in the time of harvest, a mower 
4d. a-day, without meat and drink 6d. reaper or carter 3d a-day, 
without meat and drink 5d. woman labourer, and other labourers, 
2d. a-day, without meat and drink, 4|d. per day. — By the 11th 
Henry VII. 1496, there was a like rate of wages, only with a little 
advance; as, for instance, a freemason, master carpenter, roug-h 
mason, bricklayer, master tiler, plumber, glazier, carver, joiner, 
was allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take 6d. a day, without 
meat and drink, or with meat and drink 4d. from Michaelmas to 
Easter to abate Id. A master having under him six men, was al- 
lowed Id. a-day extra.— By the 6th of Henry VIII. 1515, the wag-es of 
shipwrights were fixed as follows : a master ship carpenter, taking- 
the charge of the work, having men under him, 5d. a-day in the 
summer season, with meat and drink ; other ship carpenter, called 
an hewer, 4d. an able clincher 3d. holder 2d. master calker 4d. a 
mean calker 3d. a day labourer by the tide 4d. 
Labour of husbandmen at different periods, from 1568 to the year 
17SS, in England : 

156S - 4d. per diem. 

1620 - 44 

1632 - 6 per diem. 

1647 - 10 

1662 - - 6 

1688 - 8 

1698 - - - 8 

1716 - 9 

1740 - 10 

1760 - - - 1 0 

1788 - ... 1 4 
Land, a piece of, in Finland, 4000 square ells in extent, sunk 15 fa- 
thoms, but most of the inhabitants escaped, Feb. 1193. A tract of, 
amounting to 120 English acres, and of the depth of 60 feet, slid, 
with a tremendous crash, into the river Nid, near Drontheim, in 
Norway, March 7, 1816. 
Laplanders, several arrived in London with game, which were in fine 

preservation after travelling upwards of 1000 miles, Feb. 8, 1816. 
Last debate on the Bill of Pains and Penalties against the queen, 
Nov. 10, 1820. 

Lavalette, condemned at Paris for high treason, escaped from prison, 
dressed in the clothes of Madame Lavalette, Dec. 21, 1S15. Major- 
g-eneral Sir Robert Wilson, Michael Bruce, esq and captain J. H. 
Hutchinson, convicted in Paris of having aided him in his escape out 
of France, were sentenced to three mouths imprisonment, April 24, 

Letters of marque were issued by the Americans against Great Bri- 
tain, March 22, 1776. . 

Levy, Lyon, Jewish dealer in diamonds, threw himself trom tne top 
of the Monument, Jan. 18, 1810. 

Liberty of the press granted in Denmark, 1770. 

Life-guards and horse-guards disbanded by Government, May 26, 

Locusts found in St. James's-park, Aug. 4, 1748; infested Germany, 
1749; Poland, 1750. . , - 

Locusts, the country of Palestine infested with such swarms of, that 
they darkened the air, and after devouring the fruits of the earth 
they died, and their intolerable stench caused a pestilential fever, 
406. A similar circumstance occurred in France, S73. A large 
swarm of, flew over the city of Warsaw, June 17, 1816. Swarms ot, 
made their appearauce near Aschersleben, June 24, 1S16. 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



13 



Log wood first cut by the English in the bays of Honduras and Cani- 
peachy, 1663. 

London abandoned to the mercy of the mob, June 4, 1780. 

London first governed by a mayor and common-council, 1208; and en- 
joys an annual income of 120,0001. Has above 7000 streets, &c. 
covers upwards of 3000 acres of land, and its circumference more 
than 23 miles. 

Longevity, remarkable instances of, in the British empire, from 1807 



to 1823. 

Year. Age. 

1807. John Mirehouse, Ireland - 102 
Thomas Haggerty, Do. ----- 107 
Michael M'Namara, Limerick - - - - no 
John Ramsay, Collercoats, near North Shields - 115 
A poor woman of Belfast - - - 123 

1808. Mr. John Lance, Truro ----- 102 

Mr. Peed, Norwich ----- 102 

Mrs. M. Graham, Newcastle - - - - 104, 

Mr. M. Porter, Liverpool - - - 104 

Mrs. Duke, Cork - - - - - - 105 

Mrs. Alice Leach, Tewksbury - 10T 

Valentine Walsh, Glencuilen, Ireland - - 109 

Mrs. Ann Pickup, Blackburn, Lancashire - - ill 

Martha Hannah, Cullybacky, Ireland - 126 

1809. Mrs. Perry, Harrow, Warwickshire - - - 102 
Thomas Clee, gardener, Mitcham, Surrey - - 104 
Mr. T. Watson, Windgate Grange, Northumberland 106 
Mrs. M. Leatherbarrow, Hulm, Lancashire - - 106 
Mr. Wilson, Lydbury North, Salop 107 
Mary Airton, Horsforth, Yorkshire - 105 
Mary Owthorp, Hessle, Yorkshire - 106 

1810. Mary Walker, widow, Newcastle - 102 
Ann Robins, Newnham ----- 108 
Eliz. Burnet, widow, Edgeworth, Ireland - - ijg 
Hannah Wood, Derby - - - - - \q§ 
Mary Leitch, Ireland ----- j^g 
Mrs. S. Perks, Upper Sapey, Staffordshire - - j 0 5 
Mrs. Joan Perkins, near Tenbury - 105 
W. Harkness, Corr Hill, county of Cavan - - 102 
Mary Strattan, Copelund Island, Donaghewar - ^05 
Mrs. Catharine Sutherford, Cork - 102 
Sarah Malcomson, Drumgoriin, Nathfry Land - 
James Gibson, Dartford workhouse - - - ^3 
Robert Osborne, Tisbury, Wilts - - - jo3 
Lieut. Col. William Stiell, Belhaven - 104 
Dorothy Richards, Haverfordwest - 109 
Mr. Andrew Bowmaker, Newcastle - - - jqs> 
Mr. John Campbell, Grimsby - - - - jo3 
Mary Davis, Sevenhampton - - - - jo> 
John Rees, Llanelly ----- jq 9 
Mary Wolf, Jarrow ----- ^3 
Elizabeth Prittie, spinster, Tentenhall, Staffordshire 106 
Mrs. Elizabeth Hunter, Yarmouth - 102 
Anne Taylor, Spetchly, near Worcester - - 114, 
Thomasin Robinson, Newcastle - - - m 
G. Wilkinson, Ticknall, Derbyshire - - - 

Mrs. Taylor, Linton, Cambridgeshire - 103 

Mrs. Kent, Carvedras, near Truro, Cornwall - 103 

Edward Rafferty, Trew, Ireland - 105 

Mr. Robert Gal way, near Lisburn, Ireland - - 104 

1811. John Robinson, Kirkby Mallory, Leicestershire - 106 
Mrs. Court, Beaudesert, near Henley - - - i 0 3 
Mr. Blakey, at Blyth ----- 104 
Mr. Maley, Cappaghvicar, near Castlebar - - no 
George Crowshaw, Mead, Lancashire - 105 
John Cowie, Crimond ----- 10s 
Olivia Gears, Whitehaven - 104 
Methusalem Williams, Uandfadwen, Carmarthenshire 104 



14 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Year. 

1811. Mrs. Anne Jarrard, Lynn - 
Mary Diseomb, Exeter - 
Mr. John Bayley, Roydon - 

Jeffery, poor-house, Coxheath 

John horth, South Holme, Yorkshire 

Charles D. Mediicot, Kildare, Ireland - 

Mrs. Margaret Meiburn, Kenton, Scotland 

John Leary, Limerick - 

Mr. John Dunn, Fintry, Stirlingshire 

Lucius Bolton, Esq. Tauloght, near Tralee 

Mrs. Ridge, Rnttingdean, Essex 

Dorothy Page, in the same house 

Sarah Smith, Worcester - 

J. Anderson, Barlow, near Ryson 

John Alfred Parnell, Corfe Castle farm-house 

Mary Martin, Hubberstone, Milford 

Mr. William Ellis, Bristol ... 

John Callendar, Dumfries - 

Abraham Topham, York - 

Mary Williams, Kilkennin, Cardiganshire 

Mr. Erasmus Wilkins, Penlon, Pembrokeshire 

Mrs. Anne Hancock, MDe-end in Furness 

1S12. Anne Morris, Bath - 

Henry Chandler, Steeple Claydon, Bucks 

Mr. E. Jeffs, Greet, Gloucestershire 

Mrs. Wood, Whitchurch, Salop 

Mrs. Martha Morris, Leeds - 

Mrs. Sheppard, Winchester - 

Mr. John Brown, Wymondham. Norfolk 

William Chatfield, Cowfield, Sussex 

James Hinchcliffe. Milshaw, Yorkshire 

Morgan Corslett, Crosswen, Glamorganshire 

James Brown, Birse, Aberdeen 

Christian Catanach, ibid. - 

Margaret Bowlanger, Clermont, Ireland 

Mrs. Dorothea Borough, Limerick 

Mrs, Powel, Hereford - 

Sam. Mog, a soldier under Geueral W^olfe at Quebec 

Crosier, a poor woman at Oxford - 

Elizabeth Beech, Market Drayton 
William Hardy, Caldwell, Yorkshire 
David Gaddis, Cargina, Scotland 
Janet Read, Irvine - 
Thomas O'Brien, county of Limerick 
Cornelius Madigan, county of Clare 
Mrs. Belinda Crawford, county of Galway 
Mrs. Mary Harris, Falmouth - 
Eliz. W illiams, Tavistock, Devon. 
Ann Harris, Badock, Cornwall - 
Eliz. Bourne, Worcester - 
Catharine Samuel, Caermarthen 
Mrs. Mary Clarke, Bristol - 
Mrs. Sarah Yeomans, Nottingham 
Mr. Charles Clarke, Over Peover, Cheshire 
Petronella King, Taunton - 
A. Royals, Yarmouth - 
Isabella Sharp, Gateshead - 
Mr. Henry Martin, Stithians 
Marion Moray, Portmoak, Fifeshire 
Mrs. Scott, Broadninch, Devon. 
1813. Thomas Warden, Epping- - 

Amos Prince Milbrook, near Plymouth 

Moses Prlng, Milbrook - 

Mrs. Mary Waters, Bedminster 

Mr. White, Milborne Port - 

Mrs. Strong, Castle Sowerby, Westmoreland 

Mary Roberts, Brarawitli, Yorkshire 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



15 



Year. 

1813. Mrs. Rowntree, Whitby 

Mrs. Cromwell, Ponder's-end - 

M. Bertrand D. de Lille, a French emigrant - 

Mrs. Ursula Evans, Wellington, Herefordshire 

Sarah Robson, Great Whittingham, Northumberland 

Betty Crook, Warminster - 

William Grantey, a Chelsea out-pensioner, Newcastle 

Daniel M'Kinnon, Falkirk - 

Mrs. Ferris, Exeter - 

Archibald Grieve, Stapleton, Cumberland 

Sarah Hodg-son, spinster, Beckermoth, Cumberland 

Alice Buckley, Taddington, Derbyshire 

Mr. John Ling", Woodbastwick, Norfolk 

Eiiz. Wilcock, Carborton, Nottinghamshire 

John Stiff, Norton, Suffolk - 

Mrs. Yates, Chaddesley Corlet, Worcestershire 

Elizabeth Hartley, Clifton, near York 

Mrs. Jane Jones, Mold, Flintshire 

Elizabeth Bell, Whitehaven - 

Eliz. Freer, Wigston poor-house, Leicestershire 

Charles Have ran, near New-ry, Ireland 

Mrs. Mary Meighan, Donoughmore 

Widow Herring', Norwich - 

Hugh Maclaine, Barnard Castle 

Mrs. Sandland, Wem - 

Sarah Elmslie, Aberdeen - 

Mrs. Richards, Landovery ... 

Parker, washerwoman, Islington 

Eliz. Mayo, Ashelworth, Gloucestershire 
Hugh M'Intyre, Glasgow - 
Christian Cliff, Killreedy, near Limerick 

1814. Thomas Wilkins, M.D. Galway, Ireland 
J. Jennings, Royal Navy - 
Mary Innes, Glasnakilly, Isle of Sky 
John Garrow, Northumberland 

Rev. J. Bedwell, rector of Gldstock, Wilts 
Mrs. Anne Henderson, of Banffshire 
William Ruthven, Avondale, Scotland 
James Beaty, INoynalty, county of Meath 
Thomas Gaughan, county of Mayo 
Gillies M'Kechnie, Gourocke, Scotland 
Jonathan Weeldon, Tibshelft, Derbyshire 

1815. James Magee, Saintfield - 
George Charlton, Birtley - 
Mrs. Johnson - 

Sarah Codenham, Drayton, Norfolk 
William Wilson, Edinburgh - 
Ann Appleby, Sunderland - 
Janet MacFarlane, Paisley - 
Elizabeth Abbot, Maragall, Ireland 
Ennis Margaret Neyton, Liverpool 
Edward Connor, Taylorstown, Ireland 
Jane Thomson, Dumfries - 

1816. George Walker, Glasgow - 
Stephen Irvine, Penrith - 
Robert Littlegood, Norbury, Cheshire 
William Wait, Mark's Hill 

Mary Mounce, Exeter - 

William Broughton, Neston, Cheshire 

Mrs. Ferryman, Old Windsor - 

Patrick Fitzgerald, Donoughmore, Ireland 

Mary Maiden, Wilton, near Limerick - 

Mrs, Noon, Leicester - 

Mary Punch, Caherilly, Ireland 

James Riddle, Comber, Ireland 

Mrs. Martha Evans, Plymouth - 

Jane Jersey, near Newcastle 



Age. 



16 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Year. Age, 

ia\8. Nicholas Garvey, Tully, Ireland - 197 

181?. Mrs. Christiana Howell, Edgware Roap - - 107 

Mrs. Walker, Lincoln - - 106 

John Rawson, Birmingham - 102 

Mrs. Jane Green, Thome, Oxfordshire - - 103 

Mrs. Mary Young-, Rusheyford, Northumberland - 101 

Mrs. Catherine Presest, Manchester - 108 

Mrs. S. Baldwin, Hull ----- 104 

Ann Moulter, Newcastle - - - - - 103 

Thomas Morrison, Sunderland - - - - 103 

Mrs. Mary Stephenson, Wolviston - 104 

Mrs. M. Lowery, Bromhill - 106 

Isabella Burnsides, Darlington - 104 

William Portus, Leghorn - 101 

Betty Aldridge, Shepton Mallet - los 

Mr. J. Armstrong, Matfen 101 

1818. Mrs. Park, Liverpool ----- 103 
Mary Porteous, Libberlon, Scotland - 101 
Lachlan Macquarie, Isle of Mull - 103 
Ann Garrow, Elgin ----- 105 
John Reid, Dalines, Scotland - 104 
John Woods, Dungannon - 123 
John Williams, VValkhampton - 10 1 
Richard Kev, Siston ----- 101 

% Edward M'Given, Lisburn - - - - 114 

L David Ferguson, Boughton - - - - 134 

James Hay, Aberdeen ----- 103 

Lachlan Macbain, Edinburgh - - - - 103 

Ann Smallwood, Handsworth - - - - 116 

William Marshall, Sanquhar - 103 

Thomas Bolwell, Portsea - - ; - 113 

John Montgomery, Crookstone - - - - 105 

1819. Mrs. Elizabeth Scott, Seafield 104 
Mrs. M. White, Newry ----- 107 
Adam Mcintosh, Blairston 103 
John Dorman, Strabane - - - - 110 
Margaret Renaud, Toulouse - 117 
Richard Gotf, Standon, Herts - - - - 113 
James Turner, Newton-upon-Ayr - - - y>i 
Duncan Macrae, Inverness - 106 
Janet Gailoch, Dunkeld ----- 101 
Mrs. Susannah M'Kee, Newton Ards - - - 101 
John Milner, Leeds - - - - - 103 
Donald Mclntyre, Inverfolla, N.B. - - - 101 

1820. Theodore Sullivan, Killarney - - - - 115 
Mr. Henry Hamilton, Drumboy, Ireland - - 104 
John Demaine, Fewston - - - - - liO 
Mrs. Starr Barrett, Charleston, N. A. - - - 120 
Mr. Evan Price, Lanfyllin, N* W. - 105 
Mrs. Janet McKnaught, Dumfries - - - 104 
Mr. Christopher Cobb, Ring wood - - - 103 
Elspet McLean, Perth ----- 103 
Mr. Benjamin Garnet, Darlington - - - 105 
Mrs. C. McCarthy, Fracton, Ireland - - - 103 
John Rogers, Maismore, Gloucestershire - - J07 
Alexander McFarquhar, Gargustown, N. B. - - 103 
Ami Henley, London - - - - - 105 
Elizabeth Duncan, Ochiltree, N.B. - - ■ 101 

1821. James McNeil, Irvine - - - - - 103 
Elizabeth Haster, Camberwell - 105 
Ann McRae, Kintail, N.B. - 112 
Ann Bryan, Waterford - - - - - 111 
William Munro, Rose Hall 104 
Mrs. Irwin, Carlisle ----- 100 
John Tawse, Aberdeenshire - 106 
Mrs. Maclaren, Kenmore, N. B. - - - 106 
Mrs. Buctmer, Limerick - - - - -> IK 



102 
105 
104 
102 
11S 
101 
103 
102 
103 
101 
101 
101 
101 
104 
104 
118 
101 
110 
105 



GENERAL EVENTS. 17 

Year. Age. 
1821. Mr. John Maddok, Hollo way Head 
James Alison, Leith - 
Mary Brittal, Twickenham 
1829. Edward Simon, Liverpool 

Thomas Gilbert, near Hartford - 
Edmond Barry, Watergrass Hill, Ireland 
Mrs. Dugget, North Wornborough 
John Kirkham, Great Burstead - 
Mrs. Agnes Clarke, Shir ehamp ton 
1823. Mr. W. Brown, Exeter - 
Mr. G. Brooke, Chelsea - 
Mr. Lewis Williams, Brecon 
Mrs. M. Shannon, London - * 

E. Byrne, Esq. co. Clare - 
Mrs. E. Carr, Hexham * 
Mrs. A. Sargent - - - - 
Mr. R. Bowman, Irthington 
Mr. H. Morley, Hollington 
Mrs. Ormsby, Ardee, Ireland 
General Buckley, Cobham Hall, Surrey 
Lorca, a city of Murcia, in Spain, destroyed by the bursting of a re- 
servoir, which inundated more than 20 leagues, and killed 1000 per- 
sons, besides cattle, April 30, 1802. 
Louis XI. in scorn, wore a greasy hat, and the coarsest cloth; in the 
chamber of accounts an article is found of his expences : which men- 
tions two sols for a new pair of sleeves to an old doublet, and of 
half a denier for a box of grease for his boots, 1483. 
Louis XVIII. retired to Petersburgh, and was allowed a penskm by 
the emperor of Russia, April 3, 1798; landed at Yarmouth, under 
the title of Count de Lille, Oct. 6, 1807; being recalled to the throne 
of France ; made his public entry into London, from Hartwell, April 
21, 1814; sailed from Dover, April 23; made his entry into Com- 
peigne, April 29, 1814 ; into Paris, May 3, 1814 ; quitted Paris in con- 
sequence of the landing of Bonaparte in France, March 21, 1815; 
returned to Paris and resumed the government, July 8, 1815. 
Louvre, museum of, dismantled by the allied sovereigns of the trea- 
sures of art which had been taken from them by Bonaparte, 1815. 
Lucien Bonaparte arrived in England, Dec. 18, 1810 ; raised by the 
Pope to the rank of a Roman prince, Aug. 1814 ; refused, by the 
ministers of the allied powers, passports for himself and son to North 
America, March 18, 1817. 
Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, 180. 

Manchester Reform Meeting held, at which Mr. Hunt presided, 
Aug. 16, 1819. 

Manufactures of England, at the close of the last century, were com- 
puted at eighty-two millions ; and of Great Britain and Ireland, 
at eighty-nine millions. 

Marriages in England in 1760 were 50,000, in 1800 were 73,000, besides 
Jews and Quakers. 

March's, Lord, wheel-carriage wager at Newmarket, Aug. 29, 1750. 

Margate steam-packet, burnt to the water's edge off Whitstable, crew 
saved, July 2, 1817. 

Maria-Louisa, consort of Bonaparte, the states of Parma, Placentia, 
and Guastalla, conferred on her by the treaty of Fontainebleau, 
April 5, 1814. 

Marshalsea prison, Thomas Culver, a prisoner for debt, died there of 
want, Jan. 7, 1811. 

Mary de Medicis, Queen-mother of France, visited England, 1638. 

Massacres— of all the Carthaginians in Sicily, 397 before Christ.— 2000 
Tyrians crucified, and 8000 put to the sword, for not surrendering 
Tyre to Alexander, 331 before Christ.— The Jews of Autioch fall 
upon the other inhabitants, and massacre 100,000, for refusing to 
surrender their arms to Demetrius Nicanor, tyrant of Syria, 154. — 
A dreadful slaughter of the Teutones and Ambrones, near Aix, by 
Marius, the Roman general, 200,000 being left dead on the spot, 102. 
The Romans, throughout Asia, women and children not excepted, 
cruelly massacred in one day, by order of Mithridates ,king of Pon- 



18 



CHRONOLOGY. 



tus, S9. — A great number of Roman senators massacred by China, 
Marius, and Sertorius, and several of the patricians dispatch them- 
selves to avoid their horrid butcheries, 86. — Again, under Sylla and 
Catiline, his minister of vengeance, 82 and 79. — At Preeneste, Octa- 
vianus Ceesar ordered 300 Roman senators, and other persons of 
distinction, to be sacrificed to the manes of Julius Cassar, 41.— At 
the destruction of Jerusalem, 1,000,000 Jews were put to the sword, 
A. D. TO. The Jews, headed by one Andrae, put to death 100,000 
Greeks and Romans, in and near Cyrene; they ate the entrails, and 
covered themselves with the skins of the unhappy victims, 115. — 
Cassius, a Roman general, under the emperor M. Aurelius, put to 
death 37,000 of the inhabitants of Seleucia, 197. — At Alexandria, of 
many thousand citizens, by order cf Antoninus, 213. — The emperor 
Probus put to death 700,000 of ike inhabitants upon his reduction of 
Gaul, £77. — Of 80 Christian fathers, by order of the emperor Gratian, 
at Nicomedia; they were put into a ship, which was set on fire and 
driven out to sea, 370. — Of Thessalonica, when upwards of 7000 per- 
sons, invited into the circus, were put to the sword by order of 
Theodosius, 390. — Belisarius put to death above 30,000 citizens of 
Constantinople for a revolt, on account of two rapacious ministers 
set over them by Justinian, 552. — Of the Latins, by Andronicus, 1184, 
(at Constantinople). — The Sicilians massacre the French throughout 
the whole island, without distinction of sex or age, on Easter-day, 
the first bell for vespers being the signal ; this horrid affair is known 
in history by the name of the Sicilian Vespers, 1282. — A general 
massacre of the Jews at Verdun, by the peasants, who, from a pre- 
tended prophecy, conceived the Holy Land was to be recovered 
from the infidels by them; 500 of these Jews took shelter in a castle, 
and defended themselves to the last extremity, when, for want of 
weapons, they threw their children at the enemy, and then killed 
each other, 1317.— At Paris, 1418. — Of the Swedish nobility, at a 
feast, by order of Christian II. 1520.— Of 70,000 Hugonots, or French 
Protestants, throughout the kingdom of France, attended with cir- 
cumstances of the most horrid treachery and cruelty; it began at 
Paris in the night of the festival of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 25, 1572, 
by secret orders from Charles IX. king of France, at the instigation 
of the queen-dowager, Catharine de Medicis, his mother; it is styled 
in history, the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. — Of the Christians, in 
Croatia, by the Turks, when 65,000 were slain, 1592, — Of a great 
number of Protestants at Thorn, who were put to death under a 
pretended legal sentence of the chancellor of Poland, for being con- 
cerned in a tumult occasionedby a Popish procession, 1724. — At Ba- 
tavia, where 12,000 Chinese were killed by the Dutch, Oct. 1740. — 
In England, 300 English nobles, by Hengist, A. D. 475.— Of the monks 
of Bangor, 1200; by Ethelfrid, king of Northumberland, 580.— Of the 
Danes, in the southern counties of England, in the night of Nov. 13, 
1002, and the 23d Ethelred II.; at London, it was the most bloody 
the churches being no sanctuary ; amongst the rest, Gunilda, sister 
of Swein, king of Denmark, left in hostage for the performance of a 
treaty but newly concluded.— Of the Normans, at Durham, 1069. — 
Of the Jews (some few pressing into Westminster-hall at Richard I.'s 
coronation, were put to death by the people, and a false alarm being- 
given, that the king had ordered a general massacre of them, the 
people in many parts of England, from an aversion to them, slew all 
they met; in York, 500, who had taken shelter in the castle, killed 
themselves, rather than fall into the hands of the people) 1189. — Of 
the English, by the Dutch, at Amboyua, 1634.— Of the Protestants in 
Ireland, when 40,000 were killed, 1641.— Of the Macdonalds, at Glen- 
coe, in Scotland, for not surrendering in time according to King 
William's proclamation, though without the king^s knowledge, 1692 
—Of 50,000 of the inhabitants of Constantinople, by the Arabs, 1758. 
— Several dreadful massacres in France during the Revolution, from 
1789 to 1794 —Of 600 negroes, by the French at St. Marks, 1802.— At 
Algiers, March 10, 1806. — Insurrection and dreadful massacre at 
Madrid, May 2, 1808.— Dreadful massacre of the Mamelukes in the 
citadel of Cairo, March 1, 1S11. 
Matthews and Lestock, Admirals, suffered the French and Spanish 
squadron to escape, February, 1746. 



GENERAL EVENTS 



W 



Maximilian, the Emperor, enlisted as a subject and captain under 

Henry V II. in 1513. 
Meal Tub Plot, a forged conspiracy against James II. (so called from 

the place where some papers concerning" it were found), 1679. 
Melville, Lord, impeached by the Commons, April 29 ; acquitted 

June 12, 1806. 

Mercury passed over the sun's disk, visible to the naked eye, from 12 

to 2 o'clock, at London, Nov. 25, 1769. 
Messrs. Brougham and Denman first heard at the bar of the House of 

Lords on the part of the queen, June 22, 1820. 
Ministry in the minority in the House of Commons on the land-tax 

bill for 1767 ; the first instance of the kind, on a money bill, since 

the Revolution. 

Mississippi bubble, in France, ceased June 27, 1720, when its amount 
was 100,000,0001. sterling-. 

Modern History Professorship, founded in the two English universities, 
by George I. 1724* 

Mohocks, a set of disorderly people, who went about London streets 
at night, and took pleasure in wounding and disfiguring the men, 
and indecently exposing the women, 1711 ; one hundred pounds re- 
ward was offered by royal proclamation, for apprehending any one 
of them. 

Monarch, the first sole, in England, 828. 

Monastery, the first founded where the sister of St. Anthony retired, 
270 : monks first associated, 328 ; the first founded in France, near 
Poictiers, by St. Martin, 360, the first in Britain, 596 ; Constantine 
IV. sent for a great number of friars and nuns to Ephesus, ordered 
them to change their black habits for white, and to destroy their 
Images ; on their refusal, he ordered their eyes to be put out, ba- 
nished them, and sold several monasteries, appropriating the pro- 
duce, 770. — See Abbeys, 

Mr. Hone tried for publishing three parodies, acquitted Dec. IS, 1S17« 

Mumford, Mr., was murdered near Quendon, in Essex, by Pallett, 
one of his labourers, Dec. 4, 1823, who was shortly afterwards tried, 
found guilty, and executed at Chelmsford. 

Mutiny on board the fleet at Portsmouth for advance of wages &c. 
April 18, 1797 ; subsided by a promise from the Admiralty Board, 
which being delayed, occasioned a re-commencement on board the 
London man of war, when admiral Colpoys, and his captain, were 
put into confinement for ordering- the marines to fire, whereby three 
lives were lost. The mutiny subsided May 10, 1797, when an act 
passed to raise their wages, and the king pardoned the mutineers. 
A more considerable one at the Nore, which blocked up the trade 
of the Thames : it subsided June 10, 1797, when the principal muti- 
neers were put in irons, and several were executed. 

National Confederation at Paris commemorated, July 14, 1790, in the 
Field of Mars. 

Navy of France first mentioned in history in 738, when they van- 
quished the Frisons at sea. 
Nelson, Lord, funeral of, January 9, 1806, 

Newgate Prison, six felons under sentence of transporation, escaped 
from, by cutting through the roof of their cells, but were retaken, 
Oct. 27, 1816. 

riot among the convicts in, which was quelled by 

threats of withholding their allowance of food, Aug. 26, 1816. 

Nobility of France renounced their pecuniary privileges, May 23. 
1789. 

North-west passage attempted by Captain Phipps, afterwards Lord 
Mulgrave, 1773. 

Old Bailey Sessions proved fatal to the lord mayor, one alderman, 
two judges, the greatest part of the jury, and numbers of specta- 
tors, who caught the gaol distemper, and died, May 1750; again 
fatal to several, 1772. 

Oldenburg, duchess of, on visiting England, was escorted into London 
by a party of light horse, March 31, 1814. Left England with the 
emperor of Russia and king of Prussia, June 27, 1814. Married to 
the duke of Wurtemburg, Jan. 24, 1816. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Olympiads,— first in 776 ; 2nd in 772 ; 3d in 768 ; 4th in 761 : 5th in 760 ' 
1th in 752; 10th in 740 : 13th in 723 ; 15th in 720 ; 16th in 716; 17th in 
712 : 21st in 696; 23rd in 688; 24th in 684; 25th in 680 ; 27th in 672 ; 
28th in 668 ; 29th in 664 ; 39th in 624 ; 43d in 608; 46th in 590; 55th in 
560 ; 56th in 556 ; 60th in 540 ; 61st in 536 before Christ. 

Orange, prince of, embarked at Deal for Holland, Nov. 25, 1813. Made 
his solemn entry into Amsterdam, as sovereign prince of the united 
Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1813. His sovereignty confirmed by the allied 
princes, Feb. 1515. Inaugurated at Brussels, Sept. 21, 1815. Here- 
ditary prince of, married to the grand duchess Anna Paulowna, 
sister of the emperor of Russia, June, 1816. 

Oxford Assizes made memorable by the death of the sheriffs and 
300 persons, who died by the infection from the prisoners, 1577. 

Peace, grand ceremony of the proclamation of, took place in London, 
June 20, 1814. Grand procession to St. Paul's, on a thanksgiving for 
the restoration of, July 7, 1814 Grand national jubilee in the three 
parks, in celebration of, Aug. 1, 1814. 

Peers, the eldest sons of, first permitted to sit in the House of Com- 
mons, 1550. 

Percival, Spencer, prime minister of England, assassinated in the 
lobby of the house of commons, by John Bellingham, May 11, 1812. 

Persecutions hy the Jews; — the first, 33; the second, 44. — The first ge- 
neral persecution of the Christians was under Nero 64 ; under Do- 
mitian, 93; under Trajan, 107; under Adrian, 118; under Marcus 
Aurelius, 164; under Severus, 202; under Maximus, 235: under De- 
cius, 250; under Valerian, 257; under Aurelian, 272 ; under Diocle- 
sion, 302; by the Arians, under Constantius, 337; under Sapor, 3*0; 
under Julian the apostate, 361. 

Persecutions of the Jews. — The seventy years captivity of the Jews 
began 606 B. C— The captivity of 100,000 by Ptolemy, 320.— Antio- 
chus king of Syria, killed 40,000 Jews at Jerusalem, and sold 40,000 
for slaves, 170. — The Romans destroyed 520,000; an innumerable 
multitude perished by sickness, despair, and famine ; no account is 
handed down of the number sold for slaves, which, however, ex- 
ceeded the slain ; and an edict was published, forbidding them to 
approach Jerusalem, 18th Adrian. A. D 136. — The emperor Leo I. 
wanting to force them to turn Christians, they set fire to their 
houses at Constantinople, and perished in the flames, 722. — They 
were massacred in Germany, on a suspicion of having poisoned the 
springs and wells, A. D. 1348. 

Persecutions by the Papists of the Protestants. — In Franconia, 50,000 
of Luther's folio wers were killed by William de Furstemburg, 1525. 
— In England, when Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, and above 
300 Protestants were burnt, and great numbers perished in prison, 
3rd May, 1556. — Of the Protestants in France, great numbers were 
hanged, their assemblies prohibited, their places of worship pulled 
down, and sentence of the gallies proclaimed against ail who har- 
boured them, 1723. 

Persian army, fearing they should be cut off by the Romans, threw 
themselves into the Euphrates, where upwards of 10,000 of them pe- 
rished, 424. 

Peter, czar of Muscovy, visited England, 1698. 

Pharoah ordered ail the male children of the Hebrews to be destroyed 
1573; drowned with his host in the Red Sea, 1491 B C. 

Pillage in Italy, by Buonaparte, and sent to Paris, consists of 66 pieces 
of sculpture, and 47 capital paintings. Among the former are the 
following celebrated chefs d'ceuvre : the Apollo, the Antinous, the 
Adonis, the Dying Gladiators, the Laocoon, the Two Sphinxes, and 
the Tomb of the Muses. Among the latter are the principal paint- 
ings of Raphael, Perugino, Guercino, Annibal Carrache, Guido, Ti- 
tian, and Corregio. In the catalogue of the articles sent to the na- 
tional library, are a manuscript of the Antiquities of Josephus on 
papyrus : a manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, with notes in his hand- 
writing, and 500 of the most curious manuscripts which were in the 
library of the Vatican. 

— of the Thames annually, on each branch of trade, used to be 



GENERAL EVENTS. 21 

as under ; to prevent which was the chief cause for making the 
new docks at Wapping and in. the Isle of Dogs, viz. — 

East Indies ^25,000 

West Indies 235,000 

British American Colonies - 10,000 

Africa and Cape of Good Hope - - 2,500 

North and South Fisheries - 2,000 

United States of America - 30 ? 00O 

Mediterranean and Turkey • 7 ,#00 

Spain and Canaries - 10,000 

France and Netherlands - 10,000 

Portugal and Madeira - 8,000 

Holland 10,000 

Germany 25,000 

Prussia 10,000 

Poland 5,000 

Sweden - 3,000 

Denmark 5,000 

Russia - 20,000 

Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Isle of Man 2,000 

Ireland 5,000 

Coasting Trade 20,000 

Coal Trade 20,000 



Total - ^461,000 
Pitt, right honourable William, public funeral of, Feb. 22, 1806. 
Pleures, in Switzerland, destroyed by the falling of part of a mo«n» 
tain, when 2000 people perished, August 28th, 1618. — A town in the 
same neighbourhood was buried in the like manner, in the 13th 
aentury. 

Poor Rates in England began in 1573. (Besides the country rates for 
their support, they have 258,7101. per ann. in charitable donations.) 



Poor Rates in 1580 amounted tc 188,8111. 

16S0 — 665,562 

1698 - - 819,000 

1760 1.556,804 

1783 _ 2,131,486 

1784 — 2,185,889 

1785 — 2,184,904 



In 1804 it was estimated that the whole amount, including donations, 

was near 4 millions. 
In 1816 the distress of the poor was so great, from the want of employ- 
ment, that subscriptions were raised for their relief in almost every 
town in the united kingdom. 
Pope, the legate of the, caught in bed with a prostitute, 1125. 
Population.— The following has been given as an estimate of Europe, 
in order to its being contrasted with the population of China, which 
was estimated by the suite of lord Macartney at oae hundred and 



fifty millions. 

Russia in Europe - 25,000,000 

Denmark 2,800,000 

Sweden 2,500,000 

Poland ----- 9,000,000 

Germany 22,000,000 

Hungary ----- 8,000,000 

England 11,000,000 

Holland 3,000,000 

Turkey in Europe - 9,000,000 

Italy 13,000,000 

Switzerland - - - - 2,000,000 

France 28,000,000 

Spain - - - - - 8,000,000 

Portugal * 2,000,000 



145,300,000 

Population of London, Westminster, Borough, and neighbouring dis- 
tricts, appeared to be, 1,099,104, in 1811, being an increase in two 
years, of 133,139. 



22 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Porter, raised 2d. per gallon, Jan. 10, 1762 ; again 1S01. 
, quantities of, brewed by the twelve principal brewers be- 



tween the 5th of July, 1807, and the 5th of July. 1808. 

Barrels. 

Meux and Co. - 190,160 

Barclay and Perkins - 1 SI, 196 

Brown and Parry - 131^647 

Hanbury and Co. - 117,574 

Whitbread and Co. - 111^485 

Coombe andCo. - 670,561 

Goodwyn and Co. - 70.232 

F. Calvert and Co. - - 68^924 

Elliot and Co. - - - - 48,669 

Biley and Co. - 3S,030 

P. Calvert and Co. - - 3S,002 

Taylor and Co. ... 32,500 

, quantities of, brewed by the first twelve houses from the 

5th of July, 1S11, to the 5th of July, 1812. 

Barrels. 

Barclay and Co. - 270,259 

Meux, Reid, and Co. - 1SS,078 

Hanbury and Co. ... 160,164 

Whitbread and Co. - - 122.446 

Calvert and Co. - - - 108.212 

H. Meux and Co. 102,493 

Coombe and Co, - 100,824 

Goodwyn and Co. - - - 81,022 

Elliot and Co. - - - 58,035 

Cocks and Campbell (Golden Lane)- 51,274 

Taylor - 51,220 

Clowes and Co. - - - - 34.010 

, quantities of, brewed by the twelve principal brewery from 

the 5th of July, 1815, to the 5th of July, 1816. 

Barrels. 

Barclay and Perkins - 330,200 

Meux, Reid and Co. - - - 189,020 

Truman, Hanbury and Co. - - 185,041 

Whitbread and Co. - - - 168,855 

Henry M«ux and Co. ... 114,277 

Coombe, Delafield, and Co. - - 100,655 

F. Calvert and Co- - - - 85,925 

Goodwyn and Co. - 77,249 

Taylor and Co. ... 50,533 

Elliot and Co. ... - 46.567 

Cocks and Campbell - - - 36,101 

Hollingworth and Co. - . - 31,273 

, quantities of, brewed by the eleven principal brewers, from 

the 5th of July, 1822, to the 5th of July, 1823. 

Barrels. 

Barclay and Perkins - - - 351,474 

Truman, Hanbury, and Co. - - 219,127 

W hitbread and Co. - - - 213,S41 

Meux, Reid, and Co. - 190,078 

Coombe, Delafield, and Co. - - 140,209 

F. Calvert and Co. - - 107,S58 

Henry Meux and Co. - 103,499 

Goodwyn and Co. - - 72,076 

Elliot and Co. - - - 61,649 

Taylor and Co. - - 5S.763 

Cross and Co. - - - - 19,501 



A porter cask, at Messrs. Meux and Co's, Liquorpond street, is 65^ 
feet in diameter, 25^ feet high, and has 56 hoops from one tow to 
three tons each ; it contains 20,000 barrels of porter ; consists of 
314 staves of English oak, 2$ inches thick ; has been 4 years build- 
ing, and cost 10,0001. 

Portugal, attempt to assassinate the king of Sept. 3, 1758. 

, removal of the court of, from Lisbon to the Brasils. Nov. 

1807. 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



2 J 



Powdering: the hair took its rise from some of the ballad-singers at 
the fair of St. Germain whitening- their heads to make them ridi- 
culous, 1614. 

Powell, a lawyer, walked from London to York and back again in six 
days, Nov. 27, 1773, above 402 miles ; again June 20, 178S, when 
aged 57. 

Prince Regent, the windows of his carriage broken, in St. James's 
Park, as he returned from opening the parliament, 23th Jan 1817. 

Privileged places in London, the following suppressed. — Minories, Sa- 
lisbury-court, Whitefriars, Ram-alley, Mitre-court, Fulwood's 
rents, Bald wyn's-gardens, the Savoy, Montague -close, Deadman's- 
place, the Clink, and the Mint, 1696. This last was not wholly sup- 
pressed till the reign of George I. 

Prisoners of War. — British in France 10,000. 

French in England 50000, in 1811. 

Provisions, London prices of, in the reign of queen Elizabeth; The 
following items are extracted from an old household account, for 



the years 1594 and 1593: — 

Paid, March 26, for 1041bs of butter, received out of Glou- 1. s. d. 
cestershire, whereof 161bs. at 3|d. and the rest at 3d. the 
pound -----------168 

Salt for the said butter 006 

Carriage of the said butter from Bristol to London - - 0 4 6 

Paid, March 29, for a fore-quarter of lamb, with the head - 0 2 2 

A capon - - - ----- 0 1 -3 

Nine stone of beef, at lSd. the stone - - - - - 0 13 6 

A quart of malmsey 0 0 8 

Four pounds of soap - - - - - - - - 0 0 lo 

Paid, April 3, for a lamb O 5. 0 

A dozen of pigeons - - - - - - - - 02 4 

Twenty-eight eggs - - - - - - - 008 

Paid, April 6, for three pecks of fine flour - - - - 0 2 6 

A side of veal - 08 0 

A calfs head 0 0 lo 

A pint of claret wine 0 ;0 3 
Paid, July 31, for a peck of oysters - 0 0 4 
Paid, Ausust 19, for half a peck of filberts - - - - 0 0 6 
Paid, February 9, 1595, for half a hundred of oranges- - 0 0 9 
, price of, at different periods, as follows : 



A fat ox, 12d. sheep, 4d. provender for 20 horses, 4d. bread for 100 

men, 12d. 1177. 
Wheat 12d. the quarter; beans and oats, 4d. 1216. 

Goose 4d.; lamb at Christmas, 6d.; all the rest of the year 4d.; 2 * 
pullets l^d. 1299. 

Fat ox, 11. 4s. sheep, Is. 2d. hog 3s. 4d. two chickens, Id. four pigeons, 

Id. twenty-four eggs, Id. Wheat, beans, and pease 20s. the qr. 
Wheat 30s. the quarter, 1315. 
Wine 20s. the tun, 1316. 
Barley Is. the quarter, 1317. 
Wheat Is. the quarter ; malt 16d. ; 1454:. 
Wheat 3s. the bushel, 1486. 
Wheat 20d. the bushel, 1491. 
Wheat 4s. the bushel ; claret 30s. the hhd. 1493. 
Wheat 15s, the quarter, 1527, 

A barrel of beer, with the cask,6d., and four great loaves for Id. 1553, 

Wheat 14s. the quarter, 1558, and 61. in 1726. 

Flour 10s. the bushel, 1596, and 18s. in 1796. 

Living seven times cheaper in 1066 

six times cheaper in 1381 

ten times cheaper in 1403 

four times cheaper in 1440 

three times and a half cheaper in 1498 

near five times cheaper in 1560 

Protestant Dissenters petition against Lord Sidmouth's Bill. 600 pe- 
titions presented, signed by 100,000 males in 48 hours, (May 21st, 
1811.) 

Protestants permitted to have churches in Hungary, 17S4, and were 
protected in Germany.— In France, 1791. 



than in 1798. 



24 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Queens of England, France, and Scotland, in England at one time| 
1517. 

Queen Charlotte died at Kew in her 75th year, Nov. 17, ISIS. 
Queen Caroline arrives in London, June 6, 1820, and the following- 
day demands an open trial. 
Queen Caroline goes to St. Paul's, Nov. 29, 1820. 

, protested against her exclusion from the coronation, 

July IS, 1821. 

, taken ill at Drury-lane Theatre, July 30, 1821. 

, died at Hammersmith, after an illness of eight days, 

Aug. 7, 1821. 

, the remains of, removed from Hammersmith, on 

their route to Brunswick, Aug. 14, 1821. 
Rats and mice, so many constantly infected flatton, a German baron, 

that he built a tower close to the Rhine for his defence, in which he 

was at length killed by these animals, A.D. 969, 
Reay, Miss, shot in Covent Garden, April 7, 1779. 
Rebellions. — See Sect. II. 

Records of Scotland, by being sent by sea from England to Scotland, 
lost, 1295. 

Regent's Canal from Paddington to Limehouse, opened Aug. 1, 1820. 

Religious houses suppressed in England by Henry VIII. 1540, amount- 
ed to 1041. — By the national assembly, in France, in 1790, amounted 
to 4500. — By the emperor of Germany, in 1785, near 2000. 
-Revolutions, remarkable, in ancient history. — The Assyrian empire 
destroyed, and that of the Medes and Persians founded by Cyrus 
the Great, 546 B.C. — The Macedonian empire founded on the de- 
struction of the Persian, on the defeat of Darius Codomanus, by 
Alexander the Great, 331 B.C. — The Roman empire established on 
the ruins of the Macedonian or Greek monarchy, by Julius Caesar, 
47 B.C. — The eastern empire founded by Constantine the Great, on 
the final overthrow of the Romans, A. D. 306. — The empire of the 
Western Franks began under Charlemagne, A. D 802. This empire 
underwent a new revolution, and became the German empire, under 
Rodolph of Hapsburgh, the head of the house of Austria^ A. D. 
1273. — The Eastern empire passed into the hands of the Turks, A.D. 
1453. 

Revolution in England, in 1688. — Poland, in 1704, 1709, and 1795. — 
Turkey, in 1730. — Persia, in 1748 and 1753. — Russia, in 1682, 1740, 
and 1762.— Sweden, in 1772. — America, in 1775. — France, in 1789. — 
Venice, May 17, 1797.— Rome, Feb. 26, 1798. 

Rhetoric, regius professor, established at Edinburgh, April 20, 1762. 
First professor, Dr Blair. 

Riots in British History. — Some riotous citizens of London demolished 
the convent belonging to Westminster Abbey ; the ringleader was 
hanged, and the rest had their hands and feet cut off, 6th Henry III. 
1221. — The Goldsmiths' and Taylors' Companies fought in the streets 
of London; several were killed on each side; the sheriffs quelled 
it, and thirteen were hanged, 1262 — A riot at Norwich: the rioters 
burnt the cathedral and monastery ; the king went thither, and saw 
the ringleaders executed, 1271. — A riot at London in June 1628, and 
Dr. Lamb killed by the mob. — Another, under pretence of pulling 
down bawdy-houses ; four of the ringleaders hanged, 1688. — Another 
at Guildhall, at the elec tion of sheriffs, 1692 ; several considerable 
persons were concerned; they seized the lord mayor, but the city 
lieutenancy raised the militia and released him ; the rioters were 
fined — At Edinburgh and Dumfries on account of the Union, 1707. — 
In London, on account of Dr Sacheverel's trial ; several dissenting 
meeting houses broke open, the pulpit of one pulled down, and with 
the pews burnt in Lincoln's-inn-tields, 1709 —Of the Whig and Tory 
mobs, called Ormond and Newcastle mobs, 2nd George I. 1715; 
great mischief was done by both parties in London — The Mug-house 
riot in Salisbury-court, between the Whigs and Tories ; one person 
shot dead by the master of the horse ; quelled by the guards, 1716. 
— Rioters in Herefordshire demolished the turnpikes ; quelled after 
a smart engagement with the posse comitatus, 1735. Of the Spitaei- 
fields weavers, on account of employing workmen who had come 
over from Ireland; the military and civil power joined to quell 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



25 



them, and some lives were lost, 9th George II. 1736. — Between 
Irish, Welch, and English haymakers, 1736. At Edinburgh the mob 
rose, set lire to the prison door, took out captain Porteus, (who had 
been pardoned for letting his soldiers fire and kill one of the mob 
at a former riot), hanged him upon a sign-post, and then dispersed, 
1735. — Of the Cornish tin-miners on account of the dearness of corn, 
1737. — Of the nailors, in Worcestershire ; they marched to Birming- 
ham, and obliged all the ironmongers to sign a paper allowing them 
an advanced price on nails, 1737. — Of some sailors, who were robbed 
and ill-used at a bawdy-house in the Strand; being assisted by a 
large body, they pulled down the house, and destroyed the furniture 
of several others, turning the bad women naked into the streets, 
1749; again in Southampton-street, in the Strand, on the same oc- 
casion, 1757. — Of the Spital-fields weavers; the duke of Bedford 
narrowly escaped being killed, 1765, — Of the people in all parts of 
England, on account of the dearness of provisions, 1766 and 1767. — A 
mob in St. George's Fields, to see Mr. Wilkes in the King's Bench 
prison ; the military aid indiscreetly called for by the justices of 
the peace, and several innocent persons, particularly young Allen, 
fired upon and killed by the soldiers, 1768. — 200,0001. damage done 
to the public prisons and private buildings in London, June, 1780, 
for which many were hanged. — At Glasgow, amongst the cotton ma- 
nufacturers, when several were killed by the soldiers, September 
4, 1787. — At Birmingham, on account of commemorating the French 
revolution, July 14, 1791, when several houses were destroyed. — 
In various parts of Scotland, on account of the militia act, August 
and September 1797, when several were killed. — At Maidstone, 
at the trial of Arthur O'Connor and others, May 22, 1798 ; the earl 
of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others, were active in endeavouring 
to rescue O'Connor, for which they were tried and convicted, 
April 25, 1799. — In different parts of England, owing to the high 
price of bread, September, 1800. — Of weavers, near Manchester, 
May 24, 1808. — At Liverpool, occasioned by a quarrel between a 
party of dragoons and a press gang, June 27, 1809, — O. P. at Covent 
Garden Theatre, Sept. 1809, terminated June 4, 1810. — In Picca- 
dilly, in consequence of the House of Commons committing Sir F. 
Burdett to the Tower, April 6-9, 1810. — O. P. riot at the Liverpool 
theatre, July 1810.— Of weavers, under the name of Luddites, Nov. 
1811. — At Sheffield, during which 800 muskets belonging to the local 
militia were destroyed, April 14, 1812. — In various parts of the north 
of England, by the Luddites, during 1811 and 1812. — Among the 
sailors at Lynn, quelled without bloodshed, Dec. 9, 1814. — At St. 
Ives, Huntingdonshire, on account of a proposed increased assess- 
ment of the property tax, which was appeased by the commission- 
ers relinquishing their purpose, Dec. 13, 1814. — In Westminster, on 
account of the corn bill, which lasted several days, March 6, 1815, — 
At Bishop Wearmouth, near Durham, by the keelmen, who destroy- 
ed an expensive waggon road, and set fire to an immense pile of 
coals, March 20, 1815. — At the depot at Dartmore, among the pri- 
soners, in quelling which 7 Americans were killed, and 35 others 
wounded, April 8, 1815. By the seamen of Newcastle, Sunderland, 
and Shields, which, after continuing several weeks, terminated 
without bloodshed, October 21, 1815. — By the miners and men em- 
ployed in the iron works at Wolverhampton, on account of wages ; 
quelled by the military without bloodshed, Nov. 14, 1815.— By the 
tanners in Bermondsey, during which several persons were wound- 
ed by Mr. Timbrel, whose house they attacked, April 17, 1816.— At 
Bridport, on account of the price of bread, which was quelled by the 
exertions of the principal inhabitants, May 6, 1816. — On the same 
account, and in the same month, at Brandon, near Bury in Suffolk, 
and the city of Norwich. — At Biddeford, to prevent the exportation 
of a cargo of potatoes, May 20, 1816.— At Bury, to destroy a spin- 
ning jenny, in which the rioters were defeated by the magistrates 
and the principal inhabitants; May 22.— At Littleport and Ely, by a 
body of insurgent fenmen, on the same day, which was quelled by 
the military, after some bloodshed, May 24. — At Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, by the pit-men and others, May 28.— At Kalsted, Essex, to 



U6 



CHRONOLOGY. 



liberate four persons who had been taken up for destroying- ma- 
chinery, May 2S, 1816.— At the village of Great Barnfield, Essex, 
to destroy thrashing- machines, in which they were defeated by the 
spirited exertions of Mr. Spicer and his neighbours, whose house 
they attacked, May SI, 1816.— At the Calton, one of the suburbs of 
Glasgow, on account of the soup-kitchens, which was quelled after 
Several had been wounded by the military, Aug. 2, 1816.— At Pres- 
ton, on account of a diminution of wages, Aug. 17, 1816. — At the 
same place, by the unemployed and distressed workmen, Sept* 1816. 
— Among the convicts in Newgate, which was quelled by threaten- 
ing to withhold their allowance of food, Aug. 26, 1816. — At Notting- 
ham, by the Luddites, who destroyed more than thirty frames, Oct. 
12, 1816. — At Merthyr Tydvil, in Glamorganshire, by the workmen 
in the iron works, on account of a reduction of wages, Oct. 18, 1816. 
— By the colliers, at Calder iron works, near Glasgow, on account 
of a suspension of wages, in consequence of arrests for debt, which 
continued for several days, Oct. 19, 1816.— In the town of Birming- 
ham, Oct. 28, 1816. — In the town of Walsall, during which the win- 
dows of several bakers were broken, and the house and mills of Mr. 
Jones completely gutted, Oct. 30, 1816. — In London, in consequence 
of a popular meeting in Spafields, for the purpose of presenting a 
petition to the Prince Regent, from the distressed manufacturers 
and mechanics. The shops of several gunsmiths were attacked for 
arms, and in that, of Mr. Beckwith, on Snow-hill, a Mr. Piatt was 
shot in the body by one of the rioters, Dec. 2, 1816. Several of the 
rioters were apprehended, and one of the name of Watson was 
tried for high treason and acquitted, June 16, 1817. — At Dundee, on 
account of the sudden rise in the price of meal ; upwards of 100 shops 
of various descriptions were plundered, and the house of Mr. Lind- 
sey, an extensive corn-dealer, was set on fire, Dec. 7, 1816. — In the 
Park, on the Prince Regent going to the house, in which an air gun 
was fired at his Royal Highness, Jan. 28, 1817. — At Radstock and 
Paulton, near Bath, by the colliers, who assembled to the amount 
of 3000, threatening destruction to the pits and buildings, but dis- 
persed without doing mischief at the appearance of the military, 
Feb. 28, 1817. — At Amlwch in Wales, to prevent a vessel laden with 
flour from leaving the wharf, March 1817. — At Manchester, in con- 
sequence of a popular meeting, March 3, 1S17. — At Alfreton, in 
Derbyshire, being a part of an intended general insurrection. It 
was, however, easily quelled, June 9, 1817, and Jeremiah Bran- 
dreth, and others concerned in it, were convicted in the following 
October. — At the Westminster election, in which Sir Murray Max- 
well was severely hurt, June 18, 19, 20, 1818. — At Manchester, in 
consequence of the spinners demanding- an increase of wages, Sept. 
2, 1818. — In Covent Garden, on the chairing of Mr. Lamb, who had 
been returned for Westminster, Feb. 13, 1819. — At Liverpool, by 
the Irish, in an attempt to rescue one of their countrymen, JiJy 1, 
1819. — At Manchester, in which the military killed and wounded se- 
veral hundreds of an unarmed multitude, Aug. 16, 1819. — At Paisley 
and Glasgow, Sept. 14, 1819. — Among- the keelmen at North Shields, 
Oct. 14, 1819- — AtDewsbury and its neighbourhood, by the members 
of the Clothiers Union Society, Feb. 21, 1820. — At Culrain, in Scot- 
land, in consequence of the expulsion of several tenants from an 
estate, March 1, 1820.— At Greenock, Paisley, and the neighbour- 
hood, April 1820.— At Grange Moor, in Yorkshire, April S, 1S20.— At 
Edinburgh, on the acquittal of the Queen, Nov. 19, 1820. — At the fu- 
neral of the Queen, in consequence of the military opposing- the 
body being carried through the city, Aug. 11, 1821. — At Knights- 
bridge, between the military and the populace, on the funeral of 
Honey and Francis, Aug-. 26, 1S21.— In the Isle of Man, on the high 
price of corn, Oct. 5, 1821.— In various parts of the south of Ireland, 
for several months in 1821 and 1822.— In Norfolk and Suffolk, to de- 
stroy thrashing machines, March and April, 1822.— At Chippenham, 
between the inhabitants and those of a neighbouring village, Sept. 
1822. — Among the keelmen on the river Tyne, Oct. and Nov. 1822. 
— At the Dublin Theatre, in which an a I tempt was made to assassi- 
nate the Lord Lieutenant, Dec. 14, 1822.— In the north of Ireland, 
between the Orangemen and the Catholics, 1822 and 1823. 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



27 



Rumbold, sir George, the English minister at Hamburgh, seized by 
the French, and carried to Paris, Oct. 25, 1804. 

Rye House plot prevented by a fire that happened at Newmarket, 
March 22; discovered June 12, 1683. 

Sampson pulled down the temple of Dagon,and destroyed 3000 Philis- 
tines, 1117 before Christ. 

Sardinia, king of, relinquished Turin, and Piedmont, to the French, 
December 6, 1793, when he retired to Sardinia. 

Sawtree, Sir William, was the first who was burnt alive, on account 
of religious principles, in England, February 19, 1401. 

Saxons first arrived in Britain, from Bremen, in three ships, com- 
manded by Heugist and Horsa, 449. 

Scarborough Cliff sunk, and the Spaw removed, Dec. 18, 1737. 

Seizures at the custom-house, amounted to 26,0001. in 1742. 

Sir Samuel Romilly,in a paroxysm of brain fever, destroyed himself, 
Nov. 2, 1818. 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, public funeral of, July 18, 1816. 

Sheriffs of London, fifty appointed in one day, thirty-five of whom 

paid their fines, July 2, 1734. 
Shrewsbury, the church of St. Chad, destroyed by its tower falling, 

July 11, 1788. 

Skeleton, a human, dug up in the Isle of Wight, after having been 
buried, according to conjecture, 600 years, 1807. 

Society of the Houseless founded in London, Jan. 14, 1820. 

Solway-Moss, bordering on Scotland, ten miles from Carlisle, began 
to swell, owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose 
to such a height above the level of the ground, that at last it rolled 
forward like a torrent, and continued its course above a mile, 
sweeping along with it houses, trees, and every thing in its way; 
it then divided into islands of different extent, from one to ten feet 
deep. It covered near 600 acres at Netherby, to which it removed, 
and destroyed about thirty small villages. It continued in motion 
from Saturday to Wednesday, Dec. 31, 1771. 

Sound, a toll established there, by Denmark, on all ships passing into 
the Baltic sea, 1348. 

South-sea scheme in England vanished, 1720, which ruined several 
hundred families. 

South wark fair regulated, 1743; abolished 1762. 

Spa fields, from 20 to 30,000 persons assembled in, to vote an address 
to the Prince Regent, from the distressed manufacturers, trades- 
men, &c. Nov. 15, 1816. Second meeting, Dec. 2, following-, which 
terminated in a very alarming- riot, the shops of seveial gunsmiths 
having been plundered of arms by the mob. 

Spital-fields, the weavers of, reduced to extreme suffering from the 
want of employment, 1818. 

Spot or macula of the sun, more than three times the size of the 
earth, passed the sim's centre, April 21? 1766. 

State Prisoners, Thistlewood, W atson, Preston, and Hooper, tried for 
high treason, and acquitted, June 9, 1S17. 

Steel may be made three hundred times dearer than standard gold, 
weight for weight ; six steel wire springs for watch pendulums 
weigh one grain, to the artists, 7*. Sd. each, equal to 21. bs. ; one 
grain of gold, only 2d. 

Stone bullets in use in England so late as 1514. 

Stonehenge, near Salisbury, had some of its massive uprights, with a 
trili'hion or top stone, threwn down by the thaw, Jan. 1. 1797. 

Strangford, lord, of Ireland, suspended from voting in the Irish house 
of lords, for soliciting a bribe in the cause of Rochfort and Ely, 
1784. 

Stratford jubilee, in honour of Shakespeare, Sept. 6, 1769. 
Straw used for the king's bed, 1234. 

Struensee and Brandt, counts, beheaded at Copenhagen, for intrigu- 
ing with the queen of Denmark, April, 1772. 

Subscription loan to government for eighteen millions to carry on the 
war against France, was filled in fifteen hours and twenty minutes, 
Dec. 5, 1196. 

Subsidies raised upon the subjects of England for the last time by 
James I. 1624. 

B 2 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Sword of state carried at an English king's coronation, by a king- of 
Scotland, 1194. 

Tea destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants, 1773, in abhorrence of 
English taxes : for which they were severely punished by the Eng- 
lish parliament, in April, 1774. 

Tedbury church, in Gloucestershire, fell down, Nov. 17, 1770. 

The intended coronation of George IV. proclaimed in London, June 
14, 1821. 

The king embarked at Portsmouth, for Ireland, July 31, 1831. 

The king embarked at Ramsgate for Hanover, Sept. 24^ 1S21, and re- 
turned to London on the Sth of Nov. following. 

The Princess Charlotte of Wales died in child bed, Nov. 6, 1817. 

Thief-takers condemned and pilloried in Smithfield, March, 1755. 

Thornhiii, Mr., of Stilton, rode 215 miles in 12 hours 17 minutes, April 
29, 1745. 

Toad, a live, found in a block of stone at Newark, April 15, 1S06. 

Tombs of the kings of France, in the abbey of St. Dennis, were or- 
dered to be destroyed by authority, Oct. 14, 1793. 

Torture abolished in Sweden by order of the king, 17S6; in Poland,. 
1776; in France, by edict, August 25, 1780. 

Tourlone, cardinal, higii inquisitor of Rome, dragged out of his car- 
riage by a mob, and hanged on a gibbet fifty feet high, 1786. 

Trichiuopoli, in the East Indies, blown up, by the magazine of gun- 
powder taking fire ; 300 inhabitants lost their lives ; 310,000 baft 
cartridges were destroyed, and the whole foundation shaken, 1772. 

Turkish ships, navigated by Greek sailors, the first arrived at London,. 
April 5, 1 797. 

Venereal disease was brought into Europe in the first voyage of Co- 
lumbus, and broke out in the French army in Naples, 1494 ; whence 
the French term mal de Naples : in the Netherlands and England it 
obtained the appellation of mal de Finance; in the latter country 
it is said to have been known so early as the 12th century; about 
the same period to®, at Florence, one of the Medici family died 
of it. 

Vestal Virgin, one who broke the vow, buried alive at Rome, 337 B. C. 
agreeably to the institutes of Nvima Pompilius. 

Vienna received great damage, and several lives were lost, by an ex- 
plosion of gunpowder, June 26, 1779. 

Wales, prince of, committed to prison for assaulting a judge on the 
bench, 1412. 

Ward, John, of Hackney, expelled the house of commons for forgery. 
May 16, 1726. 

Warsaw constituted a duchy, and annexed to the house of Saxony. 
August, 1807. 

Water sold in the West Indies for Is. a pailful, 1731 ; sold in Exeter in 

the streets, 1785. 

Watson, James, tried for assaulting a patrole with a sword on the 
night succeeding the Spa-fields' riots, and acquitted, Jan. 21, 1S17 \ 
tried for high treason as concerned in those riots, and acquitted, 
June 16, 1617. 

Weymouth, &c. visited by the king and royal family, July, 1789. 

Whales — one was diiven ashore in the Humber, 1570 ; one on the coast 
of Norfolk, 1751 ; one near Berwick, 1752; thirteen were driven 
ashore in a storm, on the coast of England, February, 1762; one 
killed above London bridge, in September, 1781; one nineteen feet 
long was killed at Execution Dock, August, 1796; one killed at Hull, 
November, 1797; another in the Thames, September, 1199; and 
another at Leith, the same month; one exhibited to the populace 
.near London Bridge, March 1S09. The blubber was valued at 1501. 

Wheat produced annually in England and Wales amounts to 22,000,000 
bushels ; 20,000 sacks are consumed weekly in London. It was 140s. 
per quarter in ISol, when bread was 7s. 8d. a peck loaf. A single 
grain of Tartarian oat was planted at Beverley in Yorkshire, in 
1 795 ; IS stalks sprung from the root, and 8,2^0 grains were produced. 

soJd for 20s. per quarter, equal to 61. now, 1193, 1194, and 1195 ; 

beans for 12d. a quarter, and oats for 4d. 1216. Wheat sold in some 
places for 12d. a quarter, and not many years after for 20s. a bushel, 
as much as 41 now, 1286; for 40s. a quarter, as much as SI. now, 



GENERAL EVENTS. 29 

1315; for 31. a bushel, 1316 ; for 40s. a quarter, as much as 20s. a 
bushel now, 1335; in London for 4s. a quarter, 1493. In the reign of 

£ s. d. 

Philip and Mary it sold for - - 0 6 8 

Elizabeth 0 9 0 

James I. 0 11 6 

Charles I. - - - - 0 14 0 

Charles IT. 10 0 

James II. 14 0 

William and Mary - & - 1 11 0 
Anne - - - - - - 113 8 

George T. - - - - - 2 0 0 

George II. - - - - - 2 15 0 

George III. (1810) - - - - 5 10 0 

George III.— (June 1817.) - - 7 8 0 

Whig and Tory factions took their rise in 1649, and were at their 
greatest height about 1704. 

White roses, several knocked down for wearing them, June 10, 1716. 

William Henry (Duke of Clarence), third son of King George III. was 
the first prince of the blood-royal that ever landed in INorth Ame- 
rica, 1781; visited Ireland, 1788. 

Willingham boy lived, 1744. 

Witchcraft was pretty much Relieved in the 16th century ; in the reign 
of Henry VII. a woman was executed for this supposed crime by the 
sheriff of Devon; 600 were executed for it in France, 1600; Gran- 
diere, a priest of London, burnt for bewitching a whole convent of 
nuns, 1634 ; 20 women were executed in Bretagne, 1654 ; five per- 
sons were burnt for witches at Paisley, in Scotland, 1697 ; and nine 
were burnt in Poland, 1775. 

Wood's halfpence sent to Ireland, 1722. 

Woollen goods first exported from Ireland to a foreign market, Jami- 
ary 15, 1780. 



Events which would not admit of Alphabetical 
Arrangement. 



The city of Alexandria, in Egypt, and the library of the Ptolemies, 
containing 400,000 valuable books, in manuscript, were burnt by Ju- 
lius Caesar, 47 B. C. — The second library, consisting of 700,000 vo- 
lumes, was totally destroyed by the Saracens, who heated the water 
for their baths for six months, by burning books instead of wood, at 
the command of the caliph Omar, A. D. 640. 

The amphitheatre at Fidonia, now Castel Ginbelio, fell in, and 50,000 
people were killed, A. D. 26. 

One hundred and seventy Roman ladies suffered death for poisoning 
their husbands, 331. 

A column of fire appeared in the air at Rome 30 days, 390. 

The country of Palestine infested withsuch swarms of locusts that they 
darkened the air; after devouring the fruits of the earth they died, 
and caused a stench which occasioned a pestilential fever, 406. A 
similar circumstance occurred in France, 873. 

A prodigious quantity of snakes formed themselves into two bands, 
on a plain near Tournay, in Flanders, and fought with such fury that 
one band was almost destroyed, and the peasants killed the other 
by sticks and fire, 1059. 

Prince William, eldest son of Henry I. with two of his sisters, and ISO 
of the nobility, shipwrecked and lost in coming from Normandy, 11C0. 

At Oxenhall, near Darlington, the earth suddenly rose to an eminence 
resembling a mountain ; remained so several hours ; then sunk in as 
B 3 



30 



CHRONOLOGY. 



suddenly with an horrible noise, leaving a deep chasm, which con- 
tinues to this day, 1179. 

The river Gulen, in Norway, buried itself under ground, 1344, but 
burst out soon after, and destroyed 250 persons, with several 
churches, houses, &c. 

The monastery of St. John, near Smithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler's 
rabble, 1381. 

Alice Hackney, who had been buried 175 years, was accidently dug- 
up in the church of St. Mary Hill, London ; the skin was whole, and 
the joints of the arms pliable, 1494. 

On Saturday, February 17, 1571, Marcley Hill, near Hereford, moved 
from its situation ; continued in motion till Monday following-; car- 
ried along with it the trees, hedges, and cattle on its surface; over- 
threw a chapel in its way ; formed a large hill 12 fathoms high, and 
left a chasm 40 feet deep, and 30 long, where it stood before. — A 
similar prodigy happened at Blackmoor, in Dorsetshire, 1533. 

Sixty houses blown up, including a tavern full of company, opposite 
Barking Church, Tower Street, by the accidental blowing up of 
some barrels of gunpowder at a ship-chandler's, January 4, 1649 : a 
child in a cradle was found unhurt on the leads of the church. 

Three thousand people killed at Gravelines, by an explosion from a 
magazine, 1654. 

A hill at Bulkeley, near Chester, which had trees on it of a consider- 
able height, sunk down, on July 8, 1657, into a pit of water, so deep 
that the tops of the trees were not to be seen. 

An unaccountable darkness (no eclipse) at noon day in England, so 
that no person could see to read, January 12, 1679. 

On April 6, 1679, a village called Bosia, near Turin, suddenly sunk, 
together with above 200 of the inhabitants, and was never after seen. 

A remarkable comet appeared in England for a week, 1680. 

Above 100 men were killed at Dublin, by the blowing up of a maga- 
zine of 218 barrels of gunpowder, 1693. 

The family seat of Borge, near Frederickstadt, in Norway, sunk into 
an abyss 100 fathoms deep, which instantly became a lake ; 14 per- 
sons, and 200 head of cattle, were drowned, 1702. 

A body of light appeared in the north-east, which formed several co- 
lumns or pillars of light, and threw the people into great consterna- 
tion ; it lasted from the evening of March 6, till three o'clock the 
next morning, 1715. 

A fire happened in a barn at Burwell, Cambridgeshire, at; a puppet- 
show, when 120 persons lost their lives, 1727. 

The heart of a man was found at Waverley, in Surrey, preserved 700 
years in spirits, 1731. 

One hundred yards of the north end of the island of Portland sunk in- 
to the sea, which did 40001. damage to the pier, December 20, 1735. 
The pier, with part of the laud, (near half a mile square),, washed 
into the sea, February 1792. 

The roof of the church, at Fearn, in Scotland, fell in during the ser- 
vice, and killed 60 persons, Oct. 19, 1742. 

The Victory man of war, of 100 guns, lost, with admiral Balchen, S00 
gentleman's sons, and all the crew, Oct. 1744. 

A scaffold, built for spectators to see lord Lovat beheaded, fell down ; 
several persons were killed, and a great number maimed, 1T47. 

The Bath stage waggon burnt on Salisbury Plain, with its valuable 
lading, by the wheels taking fire, May 20, 1758. 

The floor of the sessions-hall, at Poole, in Monmouthshire , fell when 
the court was sitting, and occasioned the death of several persons, 
August 11, 1758. 

The Prince George man of war burnt off Lisbon, when 435 of her crew 
perished, 1758. 

The York Indiaman lost in going into Limerick, in Ireland, Nov, 14, 
1758. 

An Algerine xebec, of 22 guns, was lost in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, in 

September, 1760. 
The roof of the opera-house at Rome fell in, Jan. 18, 1762. 
Lady Molesworth and her three children burat by accident, 1764. 
A flash oi lightning penetrated the theatre at Venice, during the re- 



GENERAL EVENTS. 



31 



presentation; 600 people were in the house, several of whom were 
killed ; it put out the candles, melted a lady's gold watch case, 
the jewels in the ears of others, and split several diamonds, Aug-. 
1769. 

At the fire-works exhibited at Paris, in honour of the Dauphin's mar- 
riage, (afterwards Louis XVL), the passages were so stopped up, 
that the people, seized with a panic, trampled upon one another 
till they lay in heaps ; a scaffold erected over the river also broke 
down, and hundreds were drowned ; near 1000 persons lost their 
lives, April 21, 1770. 

The Aurora frigate lost, and never heard of after, 1771. 

At Chester, an explosion of gunpowder destroyed many of the specta- 
tors of a puppet-show, and greatly damaged several houses, Nov. 5, 
1773. 

The river Pever, in Gloucestershire, suddenly altered its course, and 
10 acres of land, with every thing upon its surface, were removed 
with the current, 1773. 

At Chamberry, in Sardinia, 18 persons, and several houses, were de- 
stroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, 1773. 

At Abbeville, in France, an explosion of gunpowder destroyed 150 of 
the inhabitants, and 100 houses; the loss sustained was estimated at 
472,917 livres, Nov. 1773. 

Sixty-six Jews were killed by a floor giving way at the celebration 
of a wedding at Mantua, June 3, 1776. 

The London East Indiaman run down by the Russel man of war, and 
110 persons perished, Dec. 28, 1778. 

Four hundred of the inhabitants of Saragossa, in Spain, perished by a 
fire that burnt down the play-house, Dec. 1778. 

The vault under the church at Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni, France, 
gave way during the celebration of mass, which occasioned the 
death of 600 persons, Sept. 14, 1778. 

The Boyne man of war, of 98 guns, was destroyed by fire, at Ports- 
mouth, and great mischief was done by the explosion of the maga- 
zine, May 1, 1795. 

The bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near Cadiz, fell down while re- 
ceiving the benediction, and killed several hundred persons that 
were upon and under it, Feb. 22, 1779. 

The Royal George, of 100 guns, overset at Portsmouth, by which mis- 
fortune Admiral Kempenfelt, and the crew, were lost; there were 
near 100 women and 200 Jews on board, June 28, 1782. 

The Swan sloop of war lost off Waterford, 130 persons perished, Aug. 
1782. 

In St. Joseph's parish, Barbadoes, a large plantation, with all the 
buildings, was destroyed, by the land removing from its original 
site to another, and covering every thing in its way, Oct* 16, 1784. 

At Winster, in Derbyshire, near 60 people were met at a puppet- 
show, when the upper floor of the house was blown up with gun- 
powder, and no hurt done to the people below, Jan. 25, 1785. 

An unaccountable but total darkness at Quebec, &c. in North Amer 
rica, on Sunday, Sept. 16, 1785. 

The tower of the church of East Grinstead, in Sussex, fell down, Nov. 
13, 1785. 

The floor of the sessions-house at New Malton, Yorkshire, gave way, 
when 300 persons fell 12 feet, but no lives were lost, Dec. 9, 1785. 

At Montpelier, in France, a boo h wherein a play was performing, 
fell, and killed 500 persons, July 31, 1786. 

The playhouse at Bury, in Lancashire, containing upwards of 300 per- 
sons, fell down during the performance, and buried the audience 
under its ruins ; five were killed, and many had their limbs broke, 
July 1, 1787. 

The ground at Brixton, in Norfolk, for a very considerable extent, 

sunk near 30 feet, June, 1788. 
At Corfu, a magazine was destroyed by a fire, when 72,000 lbs. of 

powder, and 600 bomb-shells blew up, and killed 180 men, March IP, 

1789. 

The Guardian frigate miraculously preserved from shipwreck on an 
island of ice, Dec. 1789. 

B 4 



32 



CHRONOLOGY. 



la Crown-court, near Moorfields, Mrs. Clitherow, with her family and 
lodgers, consisting- of 11 persons, were blown up while making lire- 
works by candle-light, INov. 3, 1791. 

At a theatrical entertainment at Clermont Ferrand, in France, the 
floor of the apartment gave way, when 36 persons were killed, and 
57 were much wounded, Dec. 1791. 

At Lublin, in Poland, two synagogues and a great number of houses 
were totally destroyed, all the windows in the town broken, and 
above 90 persons killed or dangerously wounded, by an explosion, 
occasioned by the axle-trees of ten carriages taking fire, that were 
conveying gunpowder to the army, June 28, 1792. 

The lake of Harantoreen, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, a mile in 
circuit, sunk into the ground, March 25, 1792. 

A piece of land in Finland, 4000 square ells in extent, sunk 15 fathoms, 
but most of the inhabitants saved themselves, Feb. 1793. 

On April 4, 1793, a spot of ground at Caplow wood, in the parish of 
Fawnhope, near Hereford, removed for the extent of four acres, 
filling- up the adjoining road 12 feet high; and a yew tree was re- 
moved 40 yards without receiving any injury, though several large 
apertures were made near it. 

At Bayonne, in France, the chapel of the new castle was blown up by 
gunpowder, and 100 persons lost their lives, July 10, 1793. 

The barracks at Youghall, in Ireland, were blown up by accident, in 
Sept. 1793. 

The bog of Castleguard or Poulenard, in the county of Louth, in Ire- 
land, moved in a body from its original situation to the distance of 
some miles, crossing the high road towards Doon, covering every 
thing in its way, at least 20 feet in many parts, and throwing down 
several bridges, houses, &c. Dec. 20, 1793, 

At the Little Theatre, in the Haymarket, London, 15 persons were 
trod to death, by endeavouring to get admission to see the per- 
formance, on Feb. 3d, 1794 ; several others were greatly bruised, 
of whom some died. 

The theatre at Capo d'Istria, in Italy, fell, and crushed the performers 
and audience to death, Feb. 6, 1794. 

At Grenelle, near Paris, by an exj)losion, occasioned by the blowing 
up of powder-mills, near 3000 persons lost their lives, and all the ad- 
jacent buildings were nearly destroyed, Sept. 3, 1794. 

The arsenal at Landau blown up, Dec. 20, 1794. 

The arsenal at Corunna, in Spain, was destroyed by fire, 60 persons 

killed, and 50 wounded, March 11, 1794. 
Woggis, near Lucerne, was swallowed up by an internal current, 

August 4, 1795. 

The floor of a methodist meeting-house, at Leeds, gave way, when 
16 women, a man, and a child, were killed, and near 80 persons 
dreadfully wounded, May 29, 1766. 

The theatre at Mentz was destroyed by fire during the performance, 
on the falling in of which many were crushed to death, and above 
70 were burnt, Aug. 1796. 

The Amphion frigate was blown up at Plymouth, Sept. 22, 1796, and 
all the crew perished. 

The Royal Charlotte, of 100 guns, was burnt by accident near Leg- 
horn, March 16, 1800 ; only 150 persons were saved. 

On the last day of the year 1798, there was so thick a fog at Amster- 
dam, that the people could not see their way along the streets, but 
ran against each other, even though they had lights in their hands. 
About 250 perished by falling into the canals. 

The Union Packet of Dover was lost off Calais, 28th Jan. 1792. A si- 
milar accident had not happened 105 years before. 

A new volcano appeared in one of the Azore islands, May 1, 1808. 



BATTLES, &C. 



SECT II. 



BATTLES, SEA-FIGHTS, SIEGES, &c. 



ABOUKIR, in Egypt, surrendered to the English forces, March 18, 
1801. 

Acapulco ship taken by admiral Anson, June 20, 1744. 

Acre taken by Richard I. and other crusaders, July 12, 1191, after a 
siege of two years, with the loss of six archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 
earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers; attacked by the French un- 
der Bonaparte, July 1, 1798, and relieved by Sir Sidney Smith, 
March 6, 1799, when the French were totally routed. 

Adrianople taken by the Ottomans, 1360. 

Africa conquered by Belisarius, 533. 

Agra, the fortress of, (termed the Key of Hindostan) surrendered to 

the English, Oct. 17, 1S03. 
Aire, taken by general Hill, March, 1814. 

Aix-la-Chapelle was taken by the French troops in 1793 ; and again, 
Sept. 21, 1794. 

Alessandria, in Italy, seized by the French in 1798 ; surrendered to 

the Austrians and Russians, July 24, 1799. 
Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by Caesar, 46 before Christ ; taken by 

the Freneh, 1798; by the English, Aug. 22, 1801. 
Alexandria, in N. America, capitulated to the British, Aug. 29, 1814. 
Algiers reduced by admiral Blake, 1655; bombarded by the French, 

1761; bombarded by the fleet under lord Exmouth, Aug. 2T, 1816, 

which was followed by a treaty, by which Christian slavery was 

abolished by the Dey. 
Almeyda, in Portugal, taken by the Spaniards, Aug. 25, 1762 ; taken 

by the French, Aug. 27, 1810 ; blown up by the French, May 10, 1811. 
Almora, East Indies, height and town of, carried by assault by the 

company's forces, April 25, 1815. 
Amazon, French frigate, destroyed by the English squadron off Cape 

Barfleur, March 25, 1811. 
Amboyna seized by the Dutch, 1624; by. the English, Nov. 28, 1796 ; 

again by the English, Feb. 17, 1810. 
Amsterdam was taken possession of by the French, Jan. 18, 1795. 
Ancona was taken possession of by the French, July 1796, and surren- 
dered to the Imperialists, Nov. 13, 1799. 
Anglesea subdued by the Romans, 78 ; by the English, 1295. 
Anglo-Saxons first landed in Britain, 449. 
Angria and his family seized, 1750 ; forts destroyed, 1756. 
Anholt, island of, attacked by a Danish force of 4000 men, who were 

repulsed by a British force of 150, after a close engagement of four 

hours, March 27, 1811. 
Anjar, fortress of, in the province of Cutch, captured by the troops of 

the East India company, Feb. 1816. 
Antigallican privateer's prize detained a.t Cadiz, 1757. 
Antwerp sacked and ruined, 1585 ; takenby the French, 1792 and 1 794. 
Arcos, evacuated by the French, Aug. 28, 1812. 
Arcot, in the East Indies, taken by the English, 1759. 
Argonautic expedition, 1250 before Christ. 

Armed neutrality of the Northern powers, against England, by the 
empress of Russia, commenced, 1780 ; renewed, 1800; dissolved by 
a British fleet. 1801, 

Armada, the Spanish, arrived in the Channel, July 19, 15S3, but dis- 
persed by a storm ; Armada of the Spaniards defeated off Dunkirk 
by the Dutch, 1639. 

Armenia was conquered by the Turks, 1522. 

B 5 



34 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Arnheim, taken by general Bulow, and the garrison put to the sword. 

Nov. 30, 1313. 
Arzilla, in Morocco, seized by the Portuguese, 1470. 
Astorga, taken by the French, April 12. 1810 ; quitted by them, June 

12, 1811 ; capitulated to the Spaniards, Aug- 18, 1812. 
Astracan, in Tartary, taken by the Russians, 155*. 
Athens taken by Xerxes, ISO before Christ. 

Avignon taken from the Pope by tne French, 1769; restored on the 
suppression of the Jesuits'! 17T3— declared to belong to France by 
the Rational Assembly, 1791 ; continued to France by the congress 
of sovereigns, 1815. 

Austria taken from Hungary and annexed to Germany, when it re- 
ceived its name, 1040. 

Austrian vessel stopped by the Dutch in passing the Scheldt, Oct. 1731. 

Austrian Netherlands entered by the French troops, April 23, 1792. 

Badajos, surrendered to the French, March 11, 1811; taken by storm 
by the British and Portuguese, April 6, 1812. 

Bahama Islands taken by the Spaniards, May 8, 1732: retaken by the 
English, July 16, 1783. 

Bajazet defeated by Tamerlane, 1402. 

Bamberg was taken by the French, Aug. 4, 1796. 

Banda Isles seized by the Dutch, 1621 ; takeuby the English. Aug. 1S10. 
Bangalore, in the East Indies, taken by Earl Cornwallis, 1791. 
Bantam seized by the Dutch, 1682. 

Barbary conquered from the Greek empire, 640; first conquest there 
by Spain was Melilla, 1497. 

Bar-sur-Aube, taken by general Wrede, Feb. 26, 1314, retaken by the 
French the same day, and taken again by the Prince of Wurtem- 
berg, March 1814. 

BareiUy in Rohilcund, insurrection at, quelled after a severe conflict. 
April 21, 1816. 

Batavia taken by the English, Aug. 8, 1811. 

Boeotian war commenced, 379; ended 336 before Christ. 

Bartholomew, St. (in the West Indies; taken from the Danes by Eng- 
land, March 20, 1801. 
Battles. 

The Horatii and Curiatii, 669 before Christ. 

Salamis, which delivered Greece from the Medes, 480 before Christ. 

Eurymedon, 470 before Christ. 

Leuctra, 373 before Christ. 

Mantinea, 363 before Christ. 

Chseronea, 338 before Christ. 

Marathon, 490 before Christ. 

The river Granicus, when Alexander defeated the Persians, 334 before 
Christ. 

Issus, when Darius lost 100,000 men, 333 before Christ. 
Arbela, 331 before Christ. 

Cannae, where 40,000 Romans were killed, 216 before Christ. 
Pharsalia, when Pompey was defeated, 47 before Christ. 
Phillippi, which terminated the Roman republic, 41 before Christ. 
Actium, 31 before Christ. 

Shropshire, when Caractacus was taken prisoner, 51 after Christ. 
Stamford, in Lincolnshire, the first between the Britons and Saxons, 

in 449. 
Aylesford, 455. 

Crayford, in Kent, when the Britons were defeated, 457. 
Kydwelly, between the Britons and the Armoricans, 453. 
Ipswich, between the Britons and Saxons, 466. 
Bath, in 520. 

Banbury, in Oxfordshire, in 542. 
Bedford, in 571. 
Camelford, in 542 and 90S. 

Hatfield, in Yorkshire, between Cadwallon and Edwin, 633. 
Oswestry, between Penda, the Mercian, aud Oswald, of Northumber- 
land, 641. 
Malerfield, in Shropshire, Aug. 1, 612. 
GeUing, 651. 
Leeds, 665. 



BATTLES, &C. 



Battles. 
lindesfariie, HO. 
Benson, in Oxfordshire, 771. 

Hellston, in Cornwall, and in the Isle of Shepey, between Egbert and 
the Danes, 884. 

Romney, 842; in Somersetshire, 843; in Devonshire, 915; at London 
and Canterbury, 852, between Ethelwolf and the Danes. 

The Isle of Thanet, where the English were defeated, and the Danes 
settled, 854. 

Assenden, where the Danes were defeated by Alfred and Ethelred^ 

another defeat at Merton, 871. 
Wilton, in Oxfordshire, where the English were defeated by the 

Danes, 872. 

Farnham, in Hampshire, where the Danes were defeated, 894. 
Bury, in Suffolk, between Edward the Elder, and his cousin Ethel- 
ward, 905. 

Edward and the Danes, 910, 913, and 914. 
Griffith of Wales and Leofric the Dane, 916. 
Maiden, in Essex, between Edward and the Danes, 918. 
Chester, in 922. 

Stamford, in Lincolnshire, between Edward, the Danes, and Scots, 923. 
Benfield, 924. 

Widendane, between Athelstan, the Irish, and Scots, 938. 
B runs bury, in Northumberland, in 938. 

Saxons and Danes, with different success, fought several, from 93S 
to 1016. 

Ashden, in Essex, between Canute and Edmund, 1016. 
Crossford, with the Welsh, 1038. 

Dunsinane, in Scotland, between Siward and Macbeth, 1054. 
Stanford-bridge, or Battle -bridge, between Harold II. and Halfager,, 

Sept. 25, 1066. 
Hastings, where King Harold was slain, Qct. 14, 1066. 
Alnwick, 1092. 

Tinchebray, Normandy, 1106. 
Rouen, in Normandy, 1117. 
Brennevilie, in Normandy, 1119. 
Valweves, in Portugal, 1129. 
Cardigan, in Wales, 1136. 

Northallerton* or the Standard, Aug. 22, 1138. 

Lincoln, 1141. 

Alnwick, 1174. 

Ascalon, Sept. 16, 1191. 

Gisors, 1128. 

Bovines, July 25, 1214. 

Lincoln, May 19, 1217. 

Lewes, May 14, 1264. 

Evesham, Aug. 5, 1265. 

Chesterfield, 1296. 

Dunbar, April 27, 1296. 

Falkirk, July 22, 1298. 

Courtras, in Flanders, 1302. 

Biggar, 1303. 

Bannockburn, June 25, 1314, when the English were totally defeated. 
Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire, in 1322. 

Halidon-hill, near Berwick, where 20,200 of the Scots were slain, and 

only 15 English, July 19, 1333 ; Aug. 26, 1346. 
Sluys, in Flanders, June 13, 1390. 
Auberoche, in France, 1344. 
Cressy, Aug. 26, 1346. 

Durham, where David king of Scotland, was taken prisoner, Oct. 17; 
1346. 

Nevil's Cross, in Durham, 1347. 

Poictiers, where the king of France and his son were taken prisoners, 

Sept. 19, 1356. 
Auray, in Brittany, in 1363. 
Brignas, in Provence, in 1363. 
Najara, 1369. 
Rochelle, 1371. 

B 6 



36 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Battles. 
Near Berwick, 1378. 

Otterburn, between Hotspur and the Earl of Douglas, July 31, 1388. 
Homeldon, between English and Scots, when 10,000 of the latter were 

slain, May 7, .1402. 
Shrewsbury, July 22, 1403. 

Monmouth, when the Welsh were defeated, March 11, and May 11, 
1405. 

Aghicourt, Oct. 25, 1415. 

Beauge, where the Duke of Clarence and 1500 English were killed, 

April 3, 1421. 
Crevant, June, 1423. 
Verneu.il, Aug. 16, 1424, 
Herrings, Feb. 12, 1429. 
Patay, under Joan of Arc, June 10, 1429. 
Herberoy, in France, 1434. 
Basil, in Swisserland, in 1444. 
Castillon, in Guienne, in 1452, 
St. Alban's, May 22, 1455. 
Bloreheath, Sept. 22, 1459. 
Northampton, July 19, 1460. 
Wakefield, Dec. 31, 1460. 
Towton, March 29, 1461. 
St. Alban's, on Shrove Tuesday, 1461, 
Mortimer's Cross, 1461. 
Hexham, May 15, 1463. 
Banbury, July 26, 1469. 
Stamford, March 13, 1470. 
Barnet, April 14, 1471. 
Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. 
Bos worth, Aug. 22, 1485. 
Stoke, June 6, 1487. 
St. Aubin, in France, 1488. 
Kuocktow, Ireland, 1491. 
Blackheath, June 22, 1497. 

Flodden, Sept. 9, 1513, when James IV. king of Scotland, was killed, 

Marignan in Italy, Oct. 13, 1515. 

Pavia, in Italy, 1524 

Bicoca, in Italy, 1522 and 1525. 

Solway, Nov. 24, 1542. 

Cerisoles, in Piedmont, in 1544. 

Musselborough, Scotland, Sept. 10, 1547. 

St. Quintin, Aug. 10, 1557. 

Gravelines, in Flanders, 1558. 

Dreux, in France, 1562. 

Jarnac, in Poitou, in 1569. 

Ardavat, in Ireland, 1585. 

Arques, in Normandy, Sept. 21, 1589. 

Blackwater, in Ireland, 1597. 

Newport, in Flanders, 1600. 

Lutzen, Sept. 7, 1633, king of Sweden killed. 

Avein. in Liege, May, 1635. 

Newcastle, in Northumberland, 1637. 

Calloo, in Flanders, in 1638. 

Arras, June, 1640. 

Hopton-heath, in Staffordshire, March 19, 1642. 

Worcester, Sept. 23, 1642. 

Edgehill, Oct. 23, 1642. 

Brentford, in 1642. 

Kilrush, Ireland, 1642. 

Liscarrol, Ireland, 1642. 

Liiskard, in Cornwall, Jan. 19, 1643. 

Hopton-heath, near Stafford, March 19, 1643 

Barham-moor, March 29, 1643. 

Ross, Ireland, March, 1643. 

Rocroy, in France, 1643. 

Shatton, May 16, 1643. 

Lansdown, July 5, 1643. 



BATTLES, &C. 

Battles. 
Round-away- down, July 13, 1643. 
Newbury, Sept. 20, 1643. 
Alresford. March 29, 1644. 
Cropedy-bridge, Oxfordshire, June 6, 1644. 
Friedburgh, in Suabia, 1644. 
Marston-moor, July 2, 1644. 
Newark, in 1644. 
Newbury, Oct. 27, 1644. 
Aldern, May 15, 1645. 
Naseby, June, 1645. 
Alford, July 2, 1645. 
Nordlingen, in Suabia, Aug. 3, 1645. 
Benburb, Ireland, 1646. 
Kingston, in Surrey, 1647. 
Knockoness, in Ireland, 1647. 
Rathmines, Ireland, 1649. 
Dunbar, Sept. 3, 1650. 
Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. 
Bothwell-hridge, June 22. 1651. 
Arras, in 1654. 
Brod, in Sclavonia, 1668. 
Sintzheim, in Germany, 1674. 
SeuefFe, in Flanders, 1674. 
Mulhausen, in Alsace, Dec. 31, 1674. 
FehrbeDin, in Brandenburgh, June IS, 1675. 
Altenheim. July 28. 1675. 
Bothwell -bridge, in Scotland, 1679. 
Argos, in 1683, Allies and Turks. 
Barkan, in Hungary, Allies and Turks. 
Vienna, July 18, 1683, Allies and Turks. 
Sedgemoor, in Somersetshire, Aug. 6, 16S5. 
Coron, in European Turkey, in 1685, Allies and Turks, 
Mohats, in Hungary, Aug. 4, 1687, Allies and Turks. 
Hersan, in Hungary, 1687, Allies and Turks. 
Torven, between the Germans and Turks, 1688. 
Walcourt, Allies and French, 1689. 
Killikrankie, in Scotland, 1689. 
Newton Butlers, in Ireland, 1689. 
Boyne, in Ireland, July 1, 1690. 
Salusses, in Piedmont, Aug. 8, 1690. 
Fleurus, in Flanders, July 12, 1690. 
Staffarda, French and Piedmontese, 1690. 
Salankemen, Austrians and Turks, 1691. 
Leuse, Allies and French, 1691. 
Aughrim, July 22, 1691. 
Pfortsheim, Germans and French, 1692. 
Steinkirk, 1692, Allies and French. 
Landen, July 19, 1693, Allies and French. 
Marsaglia, Oct. 8, 1693, Piedmontese and French. 
Neckar, Germans and French, 1693. 
In Transylvania, Allies and Turks, 1695. 
Olasch, Germans and Turks, 1696. 
Zenta, in Hungary, 1697, Germans and Turks. 
Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, Dec. 1700. 
Chiari, Aug. 6, 1701, French and Allies. 
Riga, Russians and Poles, 1701. 
Carpi, in Modena, 1701, French and Allies. 
Glissa, in Poland, 1702, Swedes and Saxons. 
Fridlingen, in Suabia, 1702, French and Germans. 
Victoria, French and Allies, 1702. 
Luzara, in Italy, Aug. 15, 1702. 
Pultusk, Poles and Swedes, 1703. 

Eckeren, in Brabant, June 30, 1703, French and Dutch. 
Donawert, July 2, 1704, French and Germans. 
Punits, Swedes and Saxons, 1704. 
Blenheim, Aug. 2, 1704, Allies and French. 
Schellenburg, Austrians and Bavarians, 1704. 



38 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Battles. 

Mittau, Swedes and Russians, July, 1705. 
Cassano, in Italy, in 1705, French and Allies. 
Tirlemont, French and Allies, 1705. 
Fraunstadt, in Silesia, 1706, Swedes and Saxons. 
Calcinato, in Italy, 1706, French and Allies. 
Ramillies, Whitsunday, 1706, French and Allies. 
Turin, Sept. 7, 1706, French and Germans. 
OfFenburg, Germans and French, 1707. 
Kalish, in Poland, April, 1707, Poles and Bavarians. 
Almanza, in Spain, 1707 Allies and Spain. 
Oudenard, June 30, 1708, French and Allies. 
Holowzin, in Russia, 1708, Russians and Swedes. 
Czarnanapata, in Muscovy, Sept. 22, 1708. 
Lezno, in Poland, 1708, Russians and Swedes. 
Gemaurthorff, in Poland.. 1708, ditto. 
Winnendale, Sept. 28, 1708, French and Allies. 
Caya, May 17, 1709, ditto. 
Pultowa, June 8, 1709, Russians and Swedes. 
Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709, French and Allies. 
Rumersheim, French and Germans, 1709. 
Gudina, Allies and Spaniards. 1709. 
Almanza, July 16, 1710, French and Allies. 
Elsinburg, Swedes and Danes, 1710. 
Saragossa, Aug-. 20, 1710, French and Germans. 
Villa Viciosa, Dec. 12, 1710, ditto. 
Arleux, Allies and French, 1711. 
Gadesbush, Swedes and Danes, 1712. 
Denain, in Netherlands, in 1712, Allies and French. 
Pultowa, Russians and Swedes, 1713. 
Friburg, French and Germans, 1713. 

Preston, Nov. 12, 1715, when the rebels were defeated in Scotland. 

Dumblain, Nov. 13, 1715, ditto. 

Peterwardein, Austrians and Turks, Aug-. 5, 1716. 

Belgrade, Julv 16, 1717, Austrians and Turks. 

Glenshiels, in Scotland, June 10, 1719. 

Between the Turks and Persians, when Kouli Kan lost 10,000, and 

killed 20,000 men, before Babylon, Feb. 28, 1733-4. 
Parma, June 29, 1734. 
Guastalla, Aug. 1734. 

In Persia, where the Turks were totally defeated by Kouli Kan, and 

lost near 60,000, a general, and six bashaws, May 22, 1734. 
Bitonto, Austrians and Spaniards, 1734. 
Parma, France and Spain against Austria, 1734. 
Secchia, French and Austrians, 1734. 
Turks and Persians, 1735 ; 50,000 of the latter killed. 
Bagnialuk, in European Turkey, July 27, 1737, Russians and Turks. 
Bog, Russians and Turks, 1738. 
Kroska, Austrians and Turks, 1739. 
Kernal, Turks and Persians, 1739.' 
Choczim, in Moldavia, July 21, 1739. 
Molwitz, April 10, 1741, Prussians and Austrians. 
Williamstadt, in Sweden, Swedes and Russians, July 23, 1741. 
Hilkersburg, April 8, 1742, Prussians and Austrians. 
Czaslau, May 7, 1742, ditto. 
Teyn, Austrians and French, 1742. 
Branau, Austrians and Bavarians, 1743. 
Campo Santo, Spaniards and Allies, 1743. 
Dettingeu, June 15, 1743, Allies and French. 
Coni, Allies and French and Spaniards 1744. 
Landshut, Prussians and Austrians, 1745. 
Friedberg, June 4, 1745, Prussians and Austrians. 
Fontenoy, April 30, 1745. 
Preston-Pans, Sept. 21, 1745. 
Erzerum, Turks and Prussians, 1745. 
Falkirk, in Scotland, Jan. 17, 1746. 
Roucoux, April 12, 1746, French and Allies. 
Culloden, in Scotland, April 17, 1746. 



BATTLES, &C. 



39 



Battles. 

St. Lazaro, May 31, IU6, French and Allies. 

Placentia, June 15, 1746, Spaniards and Allies. 

Exilles, in Piedmont, July 6, 1746, Allies and French* 

Val, in Flanders, June 20, 1747, ditto. 

Laffelt, July 20, 1747, ditto. 

Arania, in India 1751. 

Bahoor, in India, Aug. 7, 1752. 

Fort du Quesne, North America, July 9, 1755. 

Lake of St. George, Sept, 8, 1755. 

Paraguay. 1755. 

Calcutta, in India, June, 1756, and in 1759. 
Lowoschutz. Sept, 30, 1756, Prussians and Austrian?. 
Norkitten, Russians and Prussians, 1757. 
Plassy, in the East Indies, Feb. 5, 1757. 
Prague, May 22, 1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Reichenberg, in Bohemia, 1757, ditto. 
Kolin, June 12, 1757, ditto. 
Hastenbeck, July 25, 1757, French and Allies. 
Jagersdorf, in Prussia, Aug. 3, 1757, ditto. 
Rosbach, Nov. 5, 1757, French and Prussians. 
Breslau, Nov. 21, 1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Lissa, Dec. 5, 1757, ditto. 

Hoya, in Westphalia, Feb. 24, 1758, French and Allies. 
Crevelt, June 23, 1758, French and Allies. 
Sandershausen, July 25. 1758, ditto. 
Meere, Aug. 5, 1758, ditto. 

Zorndorff, Aug. 25, 1758, Prussians and Russians. 
Olmutz, 1758, ditto. 
Hochkirchen, Oct. 10, 1758, dJtto. 
Landwerenhagen, 1758, French and Allies, 
Bergen, April 14, 1759, French and Allies. 
Minden, Aug. 1759, ditto. 

Zulichau, in Silesia, July 27, 1759, Prussians and Russians. 

Peterswalde, Prussians and Austrians, 1759. 

Pasberg, ditto, 1759. 

Niagara, in N America, July 24, 1759. 

Warburg, Aug. 6, 1759, French and Allies. 

Montmorenci, Aug. 10, 1759, French and English. 

Cunersdorf, Aug. 12, 1*759, Prussians, Russians, and Austrians. 

Plains of Abraham, Sept. 15, 1759, French and English. 

Wandiwash, East Indies, Jan. 10, 1760. 

Strehla, in Silesia, in 1760, Prussians and Austrian? 

Near Quebec, April 28, 1760. 

PfaffendorfF, Aug. 12, 1760, Prussians and Austrians. 
Torgau, Nov. 3, 1760, ditto. 
Fulda, 1760. ditto. 

Plains of Sillery, English and French, 1760. 
Langensaltza, Allies and French, 1761. 
Slangerode, ditto, 1761. 
Kirk-Denkern. ditto, 1761. 

Fillinghausen, in the Palatinate, July 16, 1761, Prussians and Austrian* 

Dippoldiswalda, ditto, 1762. 

Graebenstein, June 4, 1762, French and Allies. 

Burkersdorf, July 22, 1762, ditto. 

Friedburg, in Hesse, Oct. 29, 1762. Prussians and Austrians. 

Homburg, Allies and French. 1762. 

Minden, ditto, 1762. 

Johannisburg, Allies and French, 1762. 

Buckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. 

Bushy Bun, in America, 1763. 

Plains of Geriah, in the East Indies, 1763. 

Buxar, ditto, 1764. 

Calpy, ditto, 1765. 

Errour, ditto, 1767. 

Mul waggle. 1768. 

Choczim, April 30, 1769, Prussians and Turks. 
Brailow, in European Turkey, 1770. 



40 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Battles. 

Silistria, in European Turkey, 1773. 
Lexington, near Boston, April 19, 1775. 
Bunker's-hill, June 27, 1775. 
Long-Island, America, Aug. 27, 1776. 
White Plains, near New York, Nov. 30, 1776. 
Brandy Wine-Creek, in America, Sept. 13, 1777. 
Of the Lakes, July 5, 1777. 

Skenesborough, in North America, July 7, 1777. 
Bennington, ditto, Aug. 16, 1777. 
Albany, ditto, 1777. 

Saratoga, Oct. 7, 1777, General Burgoyne surrendered to the Ameri- 
cans. 

Germantown, Oct. 14, 1777. 

St. Lucie, ditto, 1778. 

Monmouth, ditto, 1778. 

Rhode Island, ditto, 1778. 

Briar Creek, ditto, 1779. 

Stony Ferry, ditto, 1779. 

Camden, ditto, Aug. 16, 1780. 

Perinbancum, in the East Indies, 1780. 

Waxau and Catauba, in N. America, 1780. 

Broad River, ditto, 1781. 

Guildford, ditto, March 16, 1781. 

HobkirkVHill, ditto, 1781. 

Eutaw Springs, ditto, 1781. 

York Town, when earl Cornwallis surrendered, Oct. 99, 1781. 

Porto Novo, in the East Indies, 1781. 

Arnee, ditto, 1781. 

Russians and Turks 1781. 

Russians and Swedes, 1788. 

Austrians and Turks, 17S8. 

Bessarabia and Ukraine, 1789. 

Finland, Russians and Swedes, 1789. 

Foczani, Aus'.rians and Turks, 1789. 

Martinestie, or Rimnick, Austrians, Russians, and Turks, 1789. 
Ukraine, Russians and Turks, 1790. 
Maczin, ditto, 1791. 

Seringapatam, in the East Indies, 1791. Again in 1799, when Tippoo 

was reduced by lord Cornwallis. 
The Austrians defeated the French near Mons, April 30, 1791. 
At Longwy, when the Austrians were defeated, Aug. 14, 1792. 
Grand-pre, when the French were defeated, Sept. 10, 1792, 
Vahny, between the French and Austrians, Sept. 20, 1792. 
Menehould, Prussians and French, Oet. 2, 1792. 
Coude, Austrians and French, Oct. 2, 1792. 
Hanau, ditto, Oct. 27, 1792. 
Bossu, ditto, Nov. 4, 1792. 

Jemappe, when Dumourier entered Brabant. Nov. 6, 1792. 
Anderlecht, Austrians and French, Nov. 13, 1792. 
Tirlemont. ditto, Nov. 17. 1792. 
Varoux, ditto, Nov. 27, 1792. 
Hockheim, ditto, Jan. 7, 1793. 
Aldenhoven, ditto Feb. 28, 1793. 
Aix-la-Chapelle, ditto, Jan. 15, 1793. 
Tongres, ditto, March 4, 1793. 

Neerunden, near Thirlemont, ditto, March 18, 1793. 
Tirlemont, ditto, March 19, 1793. 

Louvaine, or the Iron Mountain, ditto, March 22, 1793. 
Coblentz, ditto, April 1, 1793. 
Cass el, ditto, April 7, 1793. 

Tournay, Austrians and English against the French, May 8, 1793. 

St. Amand and Maulde, ditto, May 10, 1793. 

Valenciennes, Allies and French, May 23, 1793. 

Manheim, ditto, May 30, 1793. 

Furnes, Dutch and French, June 21, 1793. 

Austrians and French, June 26, 1793. 

Villiers, ditto, July 18, 1793. 



> 



BATTLES, &C. 



41 



.BATTLES* 

Cambray, or Caesar's Camp, ditto, Aug. 9, 1193. 

Lincelles, ditto, Aug;. 18, 1193. 

Furnes, ditto, Aug-. 21, 1793. 

Rexmond, ditto, Aug-. 29, 1193. 

Dunkirk, English and French, Sept. 7, 1793. 

Quesnoy, ditto, Sept. 11, 1193. 

Limbach, Austrians and French, Sept. 12, 1793. 

Menin, ditto, Sept. 15, 1193. 

Toulon, English and French, Oct. 1, 1793. 

Weissenburg*, Austrians and French, Oct. 14, 1193. 

Maubeuge, Allies and French, Oct. 16, 1793. 

Birleraont, ditto, ditto. 

Orchies, ditto, Oct. 20, 1793. 

Wanzenau, ditto, Oct. 20, 1793. 

Landau, ditto, Nov. 29, 1793. 

Toulon, when it surrendered to the French, Nov. 19, 1793, 
Lebach, ditto, Nov. 27, 1793. 

Roussillon, the Spaniards and French, Dec. 11, 1193. 

Perpignan, ditto, Dec. 20, 1793. 

Oppenheim, the Allies and French, Jan. 8, 1794. 

Waterloo, ditto, Jan. 23, 1794. 

Werwick, ditto, March 1, 1794. 

Bayonne, Spaniards and French, March 19, 1794. 

Perle, Allies and French, March 22nd, 1794. 

Cateau, Allies and French, March 28, 1194. 

Cracow, the Russians and Poles, April 4, 1794. 

Durkheim, Allies and French, April 5, 1794. 

Piedmont, Sardinians and French, April 6, 1194. 

Crombech, Allies and French, April 14, 1794. 

Arlon, ditto, April 17, 1794. 

Warsaw, Russians and Poles, April 21, 1794. 

Landrecy, Allies and French, April 24, 1794. 

Cambray, English and French, ditto. 

Cateau, ditto, April 26, 1794. 

Courtray, Allies and French, April 29, 1794. 

Ostend, ditto, May 5, 1794. 

Montesquan, Spaniards and French, May, 1, 1794, 

Aost, Sardinians and French, May 2, 1794. 

Saorgia, Sardinians and French, May S, 1794. 

Tournay, English and French, May 10, 1794, 

Courtray, Allies and French, May 12, 1794. 

Mons, ditto, May 16, 1194. 

Tournay, English and French, May 18, 1194. 

Bouillon, Allies and French, ditto. 

Tournay, ditto, May 22, 1194. 

Lautern, ditto, May 23, 1194. 

Lithuania, Russians and Poles, June 3, 1794. 

Piliezke, ditto, ditto. 

Charleroi, Allies and French, June 17, 1794. 
Cracow, Prussians and Poles, ditto. 
Aost, Sardinians and French, June 26, 1194. 
Puycerda, Spaniards and French, ditto. 
Blonie, Russians and Poles, July 7, 1794. 
Manheim, Allies and French, July 12, 1794. 
Dorbilos, Prussians and Poles, July 19, 1794. 
Fontarabia, Spaniards and French, Aug. 2, 1794. 
Zogre, Prussians and Poles, Aug. 22, 1791. 
Bellegarde, Spaniards and French, Aug. 26, 1791. 
Valley of Leira, ditto, Sept. 8, 1794. 
Maestricht, Allies and French, Sept. 18, 1194. 
Clermont, ditto, Sept. 20, 1194. 
Piedmont, ditto, Sept. 23, 1194. 
Posnania, Prussians and Poles, Sept. 24, 1794. 
Kophir Bazsee, Russians and Poles, Sept. 25, 1794. 
Oneglia, Sardinians and French, Sept. 30, 1794. 
Emmerick, Allies and French, Oct. 2, 1794. 

Warsaw, Poles totally defeated by the Russians, &c. Oct. 12, 1194. 



42 



CHRONOLOG Ye 



Battles. 

Druten, English and French, Oct. 20, 1794. 
Pampeluna, Spaniards and French, Oct. 23, I19i. 
Nirneguen, Allies and French, Nov. 4, 1794. 
Sendomir, Poles and Prussians, &c. Nov. 16, 1794. 
Navarre, Spaniards and French, Nov. 25, 1794. 
Mentz, Allies and French, Dec. 1, 1794. 
On the Waal, Jan. 11, 1794. 

Nantes, between the Chouans and Republicans, Jan. IS, 1795. 
Catalonia, March 5, 1795. 

Neve Munster, where the French were repulsed, March 3, 1795 ; again 
the 18th ditto. 

At Figueras the Spaniards were defeated, April 5, 1795. 
Piedmont, the Piedmontese were defeated, April 12, 1795. 
Pontas, in Catalonia, where the French were defeated, June 14, 1795. 
Piedmont, when the French were defeated, June 14, 1795; again the 

27th ; and again July 1 . 
Pampeluna, when the French were defeated, July 2. 
Bilboa, when the Spaniards were defeated, July 17, 1795. 
Quiberon, the Emigrants were defeated, July 21. 
Urrtia, when the French were defeated, July 30. 
Vittoria, when the Spaniards were defeated, Aug. 14. 
Piedmont, the Austrians were defeated, Aug. 30. 
La Pietra, when the French were defeated, Aug. 31. 
On the Lahn, when the French were defeated, Sept. 19, 1795. 
Manheim, the Austrians were defeated, Sept. 23. 
Piedmont, when the French were defeated, Oct. 1. 
On the Mayne, when the French were totally defeated, Oct. 11. 
Mentz, when the French were defeated, Oct. 29. 
Worms, ditto, Nov. S. 
Moselle, ditto, Nov. 22. 
Deux Ponts, ditto, Nov. 28. 
Alsentz, ditto, Dec. 8. 

Piedmont, Sardinians were totally defeated by the French, April 11, 
1796. 

Lodi, French and Austrians, May 11, 1796. 

Mantua, ditto, defeated, May 29, 1796. 

French defeated near Wetzlaer, June 4, 1796. 

Ditto, under Jordan, by General Kray, near Kirpen, June 20. 

Austrians defeated by Jordan, July 6, 1796. 

The Archduke repulsed by the French, July 8. 

Mantua's siege raised, when the French left behind them 140 eannon, 

100,000 shells, balls, &c. July 31. 
The Austrians were defeated by General Jordan, Aug. 11. 
Moreau was defeated by the Archduke near Nuremberg, Aug. 18. 
The French were defeated by the Austrians near Neuwied and Am- 

berg, Aug. 24. 
Jordan was defeated near Munich, Sept. 11. 
Again, on Sept. 19, at Isny, on the Argen. 

Between the Austrians and Buonaparte, in Italy, Jan. 19 and 27, 1797, 

when the Austrians were defeated. 
Buonaparte defeated the Archduke, April 1, 1797. 

The Austrians were again defeated on the Upper Rhine, May ?,when 
the French took Frankfort, Kehl, &c. 1797. 

The Swiss troops were totally defeated by the French, and their in- 
dependency abolished, Sept. 19, 1798. 

Between the Irish rebels and the king's forces at Kilcullen, May 22, 
179S. 

Ditto, at Naas, May 23 ; the same day at Stratford upon Slaney ; at 
Backestown, May 25; at Dunleven, May 25 ; at Taragh, May 26 ; at 
Carlo w, May 27 ; at Monasterevan the same day ; at_ Kildare, May 
28 ; at Ballacanoe and at Newtonberry, June 1 ; at ]\ew Ross, June 
5; at Antrim, the same day ; at Arklow, June 9; at Ballynahinch, 
June 13; at Ovidstown, June 19 ; at Ballynarush, June 20: at all 
which places the insurgents were defeated. 

In Connaught, where the French aided the Irish rebels, and were all 
taken prisoners, Sept. 7, 1798. 

Near Naples, between the French and Neapolitans, Jan. IS, 1*99. 



BATTLES, &C. 



43 



BATTLES. 

The Archduke Charles totally defeated the French, and took 9000 pri- 
soners, &c. March 14 and 26, 1799, near Stockach. 

The French were defeated near Verona, March 5, 25, and 26, with 
great loss ; and again 30, and April 5. 

The Austrians defeated the French in Italy, April 9 and 30, near 
Cremona. 

The Russians defeated the French near Milan, April, 27, 11,000 killed 

and taken prisoners. 
The French were defeated near Cassano, April 27. 
Buonaparte was repulsed at Acre by the Turks and Sir S. Smith, 

April 16. 

The French were defeated near the Adda, March 26, 31, and May 5. 
Suwarrow's army defeated the French under Moreau, near Alexan- 
dria, May 17. 

The French were defeated at Zurich, and lost 4000 men, June 4. 
Suwarrow defeated the French under Macdonald, June 19, wheti the 

French lost 18,268 men, 7 cannon, and S standards. 
Tippoo Saib was defeated near Periapatam, in the East Indies, by 

the English forces, May 4, with considerable slaughter. 
The Austrians were defeated near Coire by General Massena, when 

Captain d'Ausanberg and 700 men were taken prisoners, May 7. 
The Archduke defeated Jordan, April 2. 

General Kray defeated General Scherer, commanding the French in 
Italy, April 18. 

Suwarrow defeated the French in forcing the passage of the Adda, 
May 23. 

Bonaparte was defeated at Acre by Sir Sidney Smith, May 27. 
The French were defeated at Naples by Cardinal Ruffo, June 5. 
Suwarrow defeated Macdonald near Parma, with the loss of 10,000 

men and four generals, July 12. 
Suwarrow defeated General Moreau, July 13. 

Joubert was totally defeated by Suwarrow, and was killed, Aug. 15, 
at Novi, with 10,000 killed, 4000 prisoners, and all the artillery. 

The French were defeated near Tranto, June 19. 

The French were defeated near Manheim, Aug. 12. 

The Imperialists were defeated near Zurich, Sept. 24. 

The French were defeated near Mondovi, Nov. 6. 

Near Philipsburgh, when the French lost 4000 men, Dec. 3, 1799. 

Near Coni, which place surrendered to the Austrians. 

Near Genoa, when the Austrians were defeated, and lost 3000 men, 
Dec. 12. 

Novi, Jan. 8, 1800, Austrians and French. 

Savona, in Italy, April S, Austrians and French. , 

Veragigo, April 10, French defeated. 

Stockach, May 1, Austrians defeated. 

Moeskirch, May 3, Austrians defeated. 

Biberach, May 9, Austrians lost 4000 men. 

Montebello, June 9, by which the French became possessed of Italy 

from Milan to Placentia. 
Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed, 8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of cafcmon 

taken, June 14. 
Hohenliuden, Austrians defeated, Nov. 3. 
On the Mincio, Dec. 25, Austrians defeated. 

Alexandria, in Egypt, French defeated by English, March 21, 1801. 
East Indies, between Scindiah and the English, forraer defeated, Aug. 
11, 1803. 

Ferruckabad, East Indies, English victorious, Nov. It, 1804. 
Bhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt RaoHolkar, defeated by the English, 
April 2, 1805. 

Guutzburgh, French and Austrians, French victorious, Oct. 2, 1805. 
Ulm, French and Austrians, latter taken prisoners, Oct. 19, 1805. 
Moelk, French and Austrians, latter beaten, Nov. 10, 1805. 
Austerlitz, French against Austrians and Russians, French victorious, 
Dec. 2, 1805. 

Maida, French and English, the former defeated, July 6, 1806. 
Castel Nuova, French and Russians, latter defeated, Sept. 29, 1806. 
Auerstadt, French and Prussians, latter beaten, Oct. 3, 1806. 



44 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Battles. 

Eylavi, French and Russians, latter defeated, Feb. 7, 1807. 
Friedland, in which the Russians were defeated with dreadful 

slaughter, June 14, 1S0T. 
Baylen, the French under Dupont defeated by the Spaniards, July 20, 

1808. 

Vimiera, in which the whole of the French force under General Junot 
was defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, Aug-. 21 » 1808. 

Tudela, Spaniards beaten by the French, Nov. 23, 1808. 

Corunna, French and English, the former defeated, Jan. 16, 1809. 

Braga, Portuguese defeated by the French, March 19, 1809. 

Medellin, Spaniards defeated by the French, March 28, 1809. 

Pfaffenhoffen, Austrians defeated by the French, April 19, 1809. 

Abensberg, Austrians defeated by the French, April 20, 1809. 

Landshut, Austrians defeated by the French, April 21, 1809. 

Eckmuhl, Austrians defeated by the French, April 22, 1809. 

Ebersberg, Austrians defeated by the French, May 3. 1809. 

Oporto, French defeated by Sir A. Wellesley, May 11, 1809. 

Aspern and Essling, French and Austrians, dreadful slaughter on both 
sides, May 21 and 22, 1809. The French defeated. 

Raab, Austrians defeated by the French, June 14, 1809. 

Wagram, Austrians defeated by the French, July 5, 1809. 

Talavera de la Reyna, French defeated by the English and Spaniards, 
July 27, 1809. 

Ocana, Spaniards defeated by the French, Nov. 19, 1809. 
Buzaco, French repulsed with great slaughter by the allied army un- 
der Lord Wellington, Sept. 27, 1810. 
Pla, near Tarragona, Italian division of the French army repulsed 

by the Spanish general Sarsfield, Jan. 15, 1811 
Lafesat, Turks defeated by the Russians, Feb. 11, 1811. 
Barrosa, the French under General Victor defeated by General 

Graham, March 5, 1811. 
Palma, French surprised by General Ballasteros, and General Remon's 

detachment dispersed, March 10, 1811. 
Albuera, French repulsed with the loss of 9000 men by Marshal Beres- 

ford, May 16, 1811. 
Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, between the troops of, in which those 

of the latter were defeated, May 18, 1811. 
Rudshuck, Turks defeated by the Russians, June 4, 1811 ; and again 

Oct. 14. 

Ximena, a division of Soult's army defeated by General Ballasteros, 
Sept. 18, 1811. 

Ciudad Rodrigo, between the French and the allied armies under 
Lord Wellington, ending in the* orderly retreat of the latter, Sept. 
25, 1811. 

Puche, near Saguntum, General Blake defeated by the French under 

General Suchet, Oct. 25. 1S11. 
Cavares and Merida, the French, under General Girard, surprised 

and routed by General Hill, Oct. 28, 1811. 
Plains of Bornos, Spaniards defeated by the French, June 1, 1812. 
Castalla, army under General O'Donnell, defeated by the French, 

July 21, 1812. 

Salamanca, French defeated with great slaughter by Lord Wellington, 
July 22, 1812. 

Mohilow, Russians under Prince Bagrathion defeated by the French 
under General Davoust, July 23, 1812. 

Ostrovno, Russians defeated by the French, July 25-28, 1812. 

Polotsk, French under Marshal Oudinot defeated by the Russians un- 
der Count Witgenslein, July 30 and 31, 1812. The same armies 
contended the next day, when the Russians were defeated. 

Drissa, Russians defeated by the French, Aug. 1812. 

Smolensko, Russians defeated by the French, and abandoned the town, 
Aug. 16, 1812. 

Banks of the Duna, near Polotsk, several severe actions between the 
Russians and French, in which success was nearly balanced, Aug. 16 
and 17,1812. 

Heights of Valentina, between the French and Russians, which termi- 
nated in the retreat of the latter, Aug. 19, 1812. 



BATTLES, &C. 



45 



Battles. 

Moskwa (or Borodino"), between the French and Russians, dreadful 

carnage on both sides, each claiming- the victory, Sept. 7, 1812. 
Queen's Town, Canada, army of the United States defeated by the 

British, Oct. IS, 1812. 
Polotsk, French defeated by the Russians, and the place taken by 

storm, Oct. 20, 1812. 
Malo-Yaroslavetz, Russians and French, victory claimed by each, 

Oct. 24?, 1812. 

Viasma, French under Ney and Davoust defeated by the Russians, 
Nov. 3, 1812. 

Dorogobudsch, French driven from, by the Russians under Platoff, 
with great slaughter, Nov. 7, 1812. 

Witepsk, French under General Victor defeated by the Russians un- 
der Witgenstein, with the loss of 3000 men, Nov. 14, 1812. 

Krasnoi, French army under Davoust completely destroyed or dis- 
persed by Kutusoff, Nov. 16, 1812. 

Ney's corps, 12,000 of which laid down their arms, defeated by the 
Russian general Milaradovitch, Nov. 17, 1812. 

Borissow, Russians under Count Lambert defeated Dornbrowski's 
Polish division, Nov. 21, 1812. 

Berezina, terminated in the capture, by General Witgenstein, of a 
French division of 8800 men, Nov. 28, 1812. 

Wilna, French column destroyed near that town by Platoff, and a ge- 
neral and 1000 prisoners taken, Dec. 11, 1812. 

Kowno, French defeated by the Russians, with the loss of 6000 prison- 
ers and 21 pieces of cannon, Dec 14, 1812. 

Kalitch, Saxons, under the French general Regnier, defeated by the 
Russian general Winzingerode, with the loss of many officers and 
2000 privates, Feb. 1813. 

French Town, Canada, American general Winchester defeated, and 
made prisoner, by Colonel Proctor, Jan. 22, 1813. 

Bejar, in Spain, French defeated by General Hill and the allied Spa- 
niards, Feb. 20, 1813. 

Lunenburg, French defeated by the united army of Russians and 
Prussians, with the loss of General Morand, 100 officers, 2200 privates, 
and 9 pieces of cannon, April 2, 1813. 

Castella, French under Suchet defeated by General Murray and the 
allied Spaniards, April 13, 1813. 

Lutzen, between the allied army of Russians and Prussians, great 
slaughter on both sides, and victory claimed by each, May 2, 1S13. 

Mockern, Beauharnois defeated with great loss by the Russians and 
Prussians, April 5, 1813. 

Alberstadt, French division defeated by the Russian general Czerni- 
cheff, May 7, 1813. 

Konigswerden, French defeated by the allied army of Russians and 
Prussians under Generals Barclay de Tolly and D'Yorck, May 19, 
1813. 

■ second battle, which ended in the falling back of the 

Allies, May 20, 1813. 
Vv urtzschen, between the allied army of Russians and Prussians and 

the French army under Napoleon, dreadful carnage on both sides, 

the Allies retreated, May 21, 1813. 
Miami. Americans defeated by Colonel Proctor, May. 1813. 
Fort George, on the Niagara, British defeated by the Americans, 

May 27, 1813. 

Buriington Heights, Americans defeated by the British, June 6, 1813. 

Vittoria, French under Joseph Buonaparte, defeated by Lord Wel- 
lington and the allied Spaniards, June 21, 1813. 

Valley of Bastan, General Hill and the allied Spaniards attacked by 
Souk, and obliged to retreat, July 2*, 1S13. 

Pyrenees, Soult defeated, with immense slaughter, by Lord Welling- 
ton and the combined Spaniards, July 28, 1813. 

San Marcial, Souit defeated by the Spaniards, July 31, 1813. Defeat- 
ed again August 4, and driven from the Pyrenees. 

Bober, hanks of, Prussians under Blucher defeated by the French 
under Napoleon, Aug. 21, 1813- 



40 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Battles. 

Goldsberg, Prussians under Blucker defeated by the French, Aug-. 22 ^ 
1813. 

Jauer, French under Macdonald defeated, with immense loss, by 
Blucher, Aug- 26 and 27, 1813. 

Before Dresden, allied army of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, 
defeated by the French, Aug- 28, 1813. 

Toplitz. French defeated by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prus- 
sians, Aug- 30, 1813. 

Deamewitz, French defeated by the Crown Prince of Sweden, with 
great loss, Sept. 8, 1813. 

Ordal. Pass of, Colonel Adams, and the combined Spaniards and Por- 
tuguese, defeated by Soult, Sept 12, 1813. 

Doanitz, French under Davoust defeated by Count Walmoden, Sept. 
16, 1813. 

Eister, French under Bertrand defeated by Blucher, Oct. 3, 1813. 

Moravian village, on the Thames, Canada, the British defeated by the 
Americans, Oct. 5, 1813. 

Mockern, between the French and the allied army of Austrians, Rus- 
sians, and Prussians, a desperate conflict, the place having been 
taken and retaken five times, which ended in defeat of the French, 
Oct. 14, 1813. 

Before Leipsic, a general engagement between the same armies, in 
which no ground was gained by either, Oct. 16, 1813. 

Before Leipsic, another general engagement, of which the result was 
a loss to the Freuch of 40,000 men, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
65 pieces of artillery, and the desertion of 17 German battalions, 
Oct. 18, 1813. 

Hanau, French defeated by the combined Austrian and Bavarian ar- 
my, under General Wrede, Oct. 29, 1813. 

Hanau, another severe engagement between the same armies, in 
which Wrede was wounded, and the allies driven from the place, 
Oct. 30, 1S13. 

St. Jean de Luz, between the allied armies under Lord Wellington 

and the French under Soult, when the latter were driven farther 

into France, Nov. 10, 1813. 
Passage of the Nive, several engagements between the allied army 

under Lord Wellington and the French, during which two German 

regiments came over to the Allies, and the French were driven to 

their entrenchments, Bee. 10-13, 1813. 
Christler's Point, Upper Canada, Americans defeated by the British 

under Colonel Pearson, Nov. 11, 1813. 
'Black-rock, American general HuU defeated by the British general 

Riail, Dec. 30, 1813. 
Province of Valladolid, three battles, in which the forces of Morelos, 

and other insurgent chiefs, were defeated by the Royalists, with the 

loss of 1500 men and 30 pieces of cannon, Dec. 1813. 
Bozzolo, on the Mincio, Austrians defeated by the French under 

Beauharnois, Jan. 7 and 8, 1814. 
Marne, advanced guard of Schwartzenberg defeated by the French, 

Jan. 27, 1614. 

Bpienne, allied army of Prussians and Prussians defeated, and the place 

taken by the French, Jan. 29, 1814. 
Rothiere, French under Napoleon defeated by the allied Russians and 

Prussians, with the loss of 3000 prisoners and 36 pieces of cannon, 

Feb. 1, 1S14. 

Champ-aubert, Russian division under General Alsufief defeated by 

the French under Napoleon, Feb. 10, 1814. 
Champ-aubert, division of Blucher's army, under Generals Sacken 

and D'Yorck, attacked by the French under Napoleon, in whose 

favour it terminated, Feb. 12, 1814. 
Janvilliers, Blucher's army attacked by the French, and driven back 

to Chalons, Feb. 14, IS 14. 
Garris, French defeated by the allied Spaniards under General Mo- 

rillo and General Stewart, Feb. 15, 1814. 
Nangis. advanced guard of Witgensteiiv.s corps, tmder Count Pahleu, 

defeated by the French under Napoleon, Feb. 17, 1S14. 



BATTLES, &C. 47 

Battles. 

Bridges of the Seine, at Montereau and Bray, the prince of Wurtem- 

berg debated by Napoleon, Feb. IS, 1814. 
(Jrthes, French defeated by the allied British and Spaniards under 

General Hill, Feb. 25, 1814. 
Reggio, French defeated by the king- of Naples, March 5, 1814. 
Laon, French defeated by the Prussian general Blucher, March 0,1814. 
Passage of the Taro, French defeated by the king of Naples, March 

12, 1814. 

Rheims, allied Russians and Prussians defeated by the French, March 

13, 1814. 

Tarbes, Soult defeated by Lord Wellington, Pdarch 20, 1814. 
Arcis-sur-Aube, French defeated by the Prince of Wurtemberg, 
March 21, 1814. 

Fere Champenoise, the corps of Generals Marmont, Mortier, and Ar- 
righi, surprised and defeated by General Schwartzenberg, and a 
cotwoy taken, March 25, 1814. 

Heights of Fontenoy, Romainville, and Belleville, French army out of 
Paris under Joseph Buonaparte, Marmont, and Mortier, defeated 
by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, March 80, 1814. 

Toulouse, French defeated by Lord Wellington, April 10, 1814. 

Arazua, valley of, between the insurgents of the Carracas and the 
Royalists, in which the latter obtained a complete victory, June 18, 
1814. 

:s^Chipawa, British under General Riall defeated by the Americans un- 
I der General Brown, July 5, 1814. 

Chipawa, Americans defeated by the British under Generals Drum- 

mond and Riall, but the latter general wounded and taken prisoner, 

July 25, 1814. 

Ferrara, Neapolitans under Murat defeated by the Austrians, April 
12, 1815. 

Tolentino, between the Austrians under General Bianchi and the 
Neapolitans under Murat, ending, after two engagements, in the 
retreat of Murat, May 2 and 3, 1815. 

Ligny, Prussians under Prince Blucher, after a desperate conflict, de- 
feated by the French, with the loss of 15 pieces of cannon, June 16, 
1815. 

Waterloo, in which the whole French army, with Buonaparte at its 
head, was defeated by the English and Prussians, with immense 
slaughter, June 18, 1815. 

Baltimore, General Ross killed, in an unsuccessful attack on, by fee 
British, Sept. 12, 1814. 
jgHBaiigor. North America, taken by the British, May 3, 1814. 
- Bavaria joined the coalition against France, Oct. 1813, 

Bellair, .North America, attacked unsuccessfully by the British, and 

SSr Peter Parker killed, Aug. 30, 1814. 
Belleisle taken from the French, June 7, 1761. 
Benbow, Admiral, fought the French off Carthagena, 1702. 
Bender, treaty of, July 21, 1711 ; city burnt, 1773. 

Benevento seized by the king of Naples from the Pope, in 176S; but 

restored on suppressing the Jesuits, 1773, 
Bergen -op-Zoom taken by the French, Sept. 16, 1747, and 1794* 
Bergen-op-Zoom, attempt by the British to carry the place by storm 

defeated, March 8, 1814. 
Berlin laid under contribution by the Austrians, 1758; taken 1760, and 

pillaged ; taken by the French, 1807. 
entered by the Russian army under General Witgenstein, March 

3, 1S13. 

Bern, in Switzerland, taken by the French, 179S. 

Bereland, South, tine island of, taken by the English,, Aug. 3, 1S09. 

Eklassoa^ riyer, crossed by the allied Spanish army, and Lord We*- 

lington entered France, Oct. 7, 1813. 
Bilboa evacuated by the French, Aug. 11, 1812. 

Bergen forced by the allied Russian and Prussian army under Count 

Laager on, Jan. 3, 1814. 
Blake reduced Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers, 1655; destroyed a Spanish 

fleet, 1657; and again, 1658 



48 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Bologna, in Italy, seized by the French, June 18, 179S ; and the Aus- 

trians took it, June 12, 1799. 
evacuated by Murat, and entered by the Austrian, army, 

April 16, 1815. 
Bombay yielded to the English by Portugal, 1661. 
Bois-le-duc was taken by the French, Oct. 1791. 
Boulogne bombar-.fed by Lord ixelson, Aug. 15, 1801. 
Bourbon, Isle of, surrendered to the British, July 10, 1810. 
Bourdeaux entered by Lord Wellington, March 12, 1814. Submitted 

to the Government of Louis XVIII. July 22, 1815. 
Brazil seized by Portugal from Holland, 1654. 

Breda taken by the French, Feb. 24, 1793 ; and again, 1794 and 1795. 

taken possession of by General Benkendorfs Cossacks, Dec. 1S13. 

Bremen repulsed and defeated the French invasion, 1761. 

Bremen capitulated to the Russian General Tettenborne, Oct. 14, 1S13 . 

Brennus sacked Rome, 390 before Christ. 

Breslau taken by the Austrians, 1758 and 1761. Entered by the 
French, June 1, 1S13. 

Brest invaded by Julius Caesar, 54 ; possessed by the English, 1378 ; 
re-delivered to the Duke of Bretagne, 1391. 

Briel, &c. seized by the Hollanders, which began that republic, 1570 ; 
seized by the French, Jan. 1795. 

Brace landed in Ireland with an army, May 25, 1315 ; soon after crown- 
ed at Dundalk ; slain, 131S. 

Bruges sacked by the Gantois, 1382 ; the basin, gates, and sluices of 
the canal destroyed by the English, May 19, 1798. 

Brussels taken by the French, 1792 and 1794. 

Buda taken from the Turks by the Imperialists, in whose possession it 
had been 150 years, 1686. 

Buenos Ayres taken by the English, July 2, 1806 ; retaken by the in- 
habitants, 1S07. Entered into a treaty with Monte Video to ac- 
knowledge no sovereign but Ferdinand VII. Oct. 21, 1811. Monte 
Video surrendered to, by capitulation, June 20, 1814. Declaration 
of Independence by the " Representatives of the United Provinces of 
South America in General Congress," published at, July 19, 1S16. 

Buffalo, town, North America, taken by the British, and burnt, Dec. 
30, 1813. 

Buonaparte seized Egypt, July 1, 1798 ; and quitted it, Aug. 23, 1799. 

Burgos, seige of, abandoned by the allied army under Lord Welling- 
ton. Oct. 20. 1812. Castle, and works of, blown up by the French, 
June 13, 1813. 

Burlington, American camp at, surprised by Colonel Vincent, June 5, 
1813. 

Byzantium taken by the Romans, 73 ; destroyed by Severus, 196 ; re- 
built by Constantine, 330 ; taken by the Turks, 1453. 

Cadiz, in Spain, taken by the English, 159s ; bombarded July 14, after 
it had been blocked up with the Spanish fleet by Earl St. Vincent, 
1797 to 1798. Siege of, by the French, raised, Aug. 25, 1812. 

expedition from, for the reduction of the insurgents of South 

America, arrived at Porto Cabello, April, 1S15. 

Caen, in Normandy, plundered by the English, 1346. 

Caffa, in Crim Tartary, planted and rebuilt by Genoa, 1261 ; taken by 
the Turks, 1461. 

Cairo taken by the English and Turks from the French, June 21, 1801. 
Calais taken by the English, Aug. 4, 1317; retaken by the French, 

Jan. 10, 1558. 
Calcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758. 

Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to the British forces, after a siege of 59 
days, Aug. 10, 1794 ; abandoned by the British, 1796. 

Cambray, town of, taken by the English under General Sir Charles 
Colviile, June 24, 1S15. Citadel of^ surrendered the next day, and 
was occupied by Louis XVIII. and his court, from Ghent. 

Cambridge destroyed by the Danes, 1010. 

Canada taken by the English, 162S; restored to France. 1631 ; taken 

again, Sept. 13, 1759. 
Candia seized by the Saracens, SOS, who changed its name from Crete; 

retaken by the Greek empire, 961 ; taken by the Venetians, 1504; 

retaken by the Turks, 1669. 



BATTLES, 49 

Candy, in the island of Ceylon, in an expedition against, a whole Bri- 
tish detachment massacred or imprisoned, 1603. War renewed 
against Oct. 1814. King- of, defeated, and made prisoner, by Gene- 
ral Brownrigg, Feb. 18, 1815. Deposed, and the sovereignty vested 
in Great Britain, March 2, 1815. 

Canterbury cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1011. 

Canute, first Danish king of England, invaded this country, 1015 ; 

made'a voyage to Denmark, attacked Norway, and took possession 

of the crown, 102S. 
Cape Breton taken by the English, 1745 ; again, 1758. 
Cape of Good Hope was taken by the English, June, 1795; again, 

Jan. 8, 1806. 
Capua surrendered to the Allies, July 26, 1799. 

Caracas, city of, capitulated to the Spanish Royalists, July 28, 1812. 

Taken again by the Royalists, July 7, 1814. 
Caractacus defeated by Ostorius Scapula, in 51. 
Caribbees war began, 1772 ; adjusted, 1773, 

Carthage destroyed, 146 before Christ ; again by the Saracens, 622, A. D . 
Carthagena taken by Sir Francis Drake, 1584; pillaged by the French 
of 1,200,000/. in 1697. 

bombarded by Admiral Vernon, 1740. 

evacuated by the insurgent garrison, Dec. 6, 1815. 

Carthaginian war ceased 160 before Christ. 

Cassel taken by the French, 1760 ; besieged, without effect, 1761 ; sur- 
rendered, 1762. 

capitulated to the Russian general Czernicheff, Sept. 30, 1813. 

Castine, fort of, in the Penobscot, taken by the British, Sept. 1, 1814. 
Castro de Urdiales, a port in Biscay, stormed, and taken by the French, 

May 11, 1813. Evacuated, and taken possession of by the English, 

May 25, 1813. 

Cayenne colony taken by the British and Portuguese, Jan. 15, 1809. 
Celorico evacuated by the French, and entered by the English, March 
28, 1811. 

Ceuta, in Barbary, seized by Genoa, 1231; by Portugal, 1415; by 
Spain, 1640. 

Ceva and Casale abandoned by the French, June 15, 1799. 

Ceylon Isle was taken by the Portuguese, 1505; by the Hollanders, 
1603; attempted by Denmark, 1620; by the Portuguese, 1621; by 
the Dutch, 1658; a great part by the East India Company's troops, 
1782 ; restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken again by the English, 
Sept. 16, 1793. Ceded to England, 1801. Complete sovereignty as- 
sumed by England, 1815. — See Candy. 

Chagree fort taken by Admiral Vernon, 1740. 

Chalons capitulated to the allied Russians and Prussians, Feb. 6, 1814. 

Chalons-sur-Soane taken by an Austrian force under the Prince of 
Hesse Homburg, Feb. 1814. 

Chambl6 fort, in Canada, taken by the Provincials, Oct. 20, 1775 ; re- 
taken by the English troops, Jan. 18, 1776, 

Charleroi surrendered to the French, June §6, 1794. 

Charles town, South Carolina, surrendered to the British forces, May 
4, 1780. 

Chatham, the English fleet destroyed there by the Dutch, 1667. 

Cherbourg forts destroyed by the English, Aug-. 8, 1758. 

Chili, inhabitants of, had nearly dispossessed the Spaniards, 1765. 
Having revolted, returned to its allegiance, April 19, 1814. Re- 
stored to freedom by the Buenos Ayres' army under General San 
Martin, Feb. 1817. 

China conquered by the Eastern Tartars, 1635. 

Chios, the Isle of, conquered from Genoa by the Turks, 1566. 

Christopher, St. Isle of, retaken from the French, 1690 ; taken by the 
French, 1782; restored to England, 1783. 

Cimbri, the war with, 113 before Christ. 

Ciudad Real taken by the French, March 27, 1809. 

Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered to the French, May 10, 1810 ; stormed 

by the English, and taken, Jan. 19, 1812. 
Ciyita Vecchia was taken by the French, Feb. 1799 ; and evacuated in 

September following. 
Cleves taken, 1760; by the French, 1794, 



50 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Coblentz was taken by the French, Oct. 15, It 94. 

occupied by the allied army under Blucher, Jan. 1, 1811. 

Coimbra taken by the English, Oct. 7, 1810. 
Colberg- besieged in vain, from 1758 to 1761 ; taken, 1762. 
Columbo, in Ceylon, surrendered to the English, June 15, 1796. 
Coni was taken by the Austrians, Dec. 3, 1799. 

Constance was seized by the French, Aug. 2, 1796 ; and again, Oct. 
1799. 

Constantinople taken by the Latins' Croisade, 1204 ; recovered by the 
Greeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet II. which put an end to the 
Eastern empire, that had subsisted 1123 years, 1153. 

Copenhagen destroyed by the Lubeckers, 1319; again by the Hanse- 
atic fleet, 1361 and 1369; bombarded by the English, under Lord 
Nelson, April, 1801; the city, and the Danish fleet, surrendered to 
Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart, Sept. 7, 1S07. 

Cordova taken by the French, Nov. 1809. 

Corfu was seized by the French, in 1797 ; but was taken by the Rus- 
sians, March 3, 1799. 

Corsica seized by the Genoese from the Moors, 1115; was offered to the 
English, 1759; surrendered to the French, in 1766; put under the 
patronage of the English, June, 1791 ; quitted, 1796. 

Corunna surrendered to the French, Jan. 19, 1809 ; evacuated by the 
French, June 22, 1809. 

Cracow, in Poland, surrendered to the Prussians, June 15, 1794. 

Croisade, or the holy Avar, began, 1065 ; again, 1101. 

Croix, St. a Swedish island in the West Indies, taken by the English, 
March 31, 1801. 

Crowland burnt by the Danes, 868. 

Crownpoint taken by the English, 1759; by the Provincials, May 14, 
1775. 

Cuba, Isle of, taken by the Spaniards, in 1511 ; by the English, in 1762. 

Cumberland, Earl of, expedition against Spain, 1589. 

merchant ship, Captain Barrett, with 26 men, defeated 

four French privateers, taking 170 men, who had boarded the Cum- 
berland, Jan. 13, 1811. 

Cumoona, in the East Indies, surrendered to the British forces, Nov. 
21, 1807. 

Curaqoa seized by Holland, 1631; taken by the English, Sept. 14, 
lSOOjjjind Jan. 1, 1807. {? a^t\ 

"Cyprus taken from fhWenetians by the Turks, 1570. 

Cyrus took Babylon after a long siege, 541 before Christ. 

Danes, their first descent upon England, at Portland, 787 ; their second, 
in Northumberland, 794, when they were repelled, and perished by 
shipwreck ; landed on Sheppey Island, S32 ; again in Cornwall, and 
defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at Charmouth, and defeated Ethel- 
wolf, 840; landed at the mouth of the Thames, from 350 ships, and 
took Canterbury and London, 851 ; subdued by Ethelwolf, at Okely, 
in Surrey, 853; invaded ISorthumberland, and seized York, 867; 
defeated King Ethelred and his brother Alfred, at Basing and Mer- 
ton, 871; surprised Wareham Castle, and took Exeter, S76; took 
Chippenham, 877; 1205 of them killed by Odun, earl of Devonshire, 
878; Alfred entered into treaty with them, SS2; their fleet totally 
destroyed at Appledore by King Alfred, 894; invaded Anglesea, 
900 ; submitted to Edward the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorsetshire, 9S2 ; 
landed again in Essex, 991 ; aud were bribed to depart the king- 
dom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; number of them massacred by order 
of Ethelred II. Nov. 12, 1003 ; made England tributary to them, 
1007 ; under Canute, conquered England, 1017 ; continued their ra- 
vages, and defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010; took Canterbury, 
and put nine out of ten of the inhabitants to death, 1011 ; settled in 
Scotland, 1020 ; expelled England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 
1047, and carried off much plunder to Flanders; joined the North- 
umbrians, burnt Y ork, and slew 3000 Normans, 1069; invaded Eng- 
land again, but were bribed by William to depart, 1074. 

Danes, under Rollo, made their first descent on France, S95 ; and made 
a settlement in Neustria, now Normandy, 905. 

Dantzic takenby the Russiai s, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773 ; evacuated 
by the French, by capitulation, Jan. 2, 1S14. 



BATTLES, &C. 51 
Danish revolution, Jan. IT, 1772 ; and May, 1784. 

Dartmouth burnt by the French, 1337. „ , , ^ . _ n 

David, king of Scotland, taken prisoner by the English, 1346, la.i- 

somed for 100,000 marks, 1357. 
Demerara, &c. was surrendered to the English, April 23, 1*96 ; again, 

Sent. 23 1803. 

Detroit, fo'rt of, capitulated to the British, Aug. 16, 1812. 
Dieppe laid in ashes by the English, July 14, 1694. 

Dominica taken by the English, 1761; by the French, Sept. <, l/<8; 

restored to the English, 1783. 
Dort taken possession of by the French, Jan. 10, 1795. 
Drake, Sir Francis, defeated the Spanish armada, 1758. 
Dresden taken by the Prussians, 1758; the Imperialists, 1759; the 

Prussians again, 1760 ; the Austrians, 1S09. 
the allied army of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, m a 

grand attack on, repulsed, Aug. 27, 1813; surrendered to the allied 

army, INov. 12, 1813. 
Dublin taken by Raymond le Gras, 1171. 

Dunkirk taken by the English, June 24, 165S, from Spam, and deli- 
vered to France. 

Dunaberg taken by storm, by the French, July 30, 1812. 

Dupont, General, surrendered with his army to the Spanish patriots, 
July 19, 1808. 

Dusseldorp surrendered to the French, Sept. 6, 1795. 
Edinburgh taken by the English, 1296. 

Egypt conquered by the Saracens, 640 ; usurped by Assaredden, 1160 ; 
conqueredby the Turks, 1516; invaded by the French, 1798; recon- 
quered from them by the English, 1801. 

Ehrenbreitstein surrendered to the French, Jan. 12, 1799, 

Elba, Isle of, near Leghorn, taken possession of by the English, July 
6, 1796 ; relinquished, 1797. Conferred on Bonaparte, as his place 
of retreat on his relinquishing the throne of Frauce, April 5, 1814. 
After having been quitted by Buonaparte, taken possession of by the 
Grand Duke of Florence, July 30, 1815. 

Elburg taken possession of by the French, April 1812 ; by the Russians, 
Jan. 12, 1813. 

Elmo, St. surrendered to the royal troops of Naples, July 12, 1799. 
Ely monastery burnt by the Danes, 870. 
Embden subdued by Hamburg, 1438. 

England invaded by Julius Caesar, 51 before Christ. [He says that 
the inhabitants on the sea coast, from their correspondence with 
Gaul, were clothed ; those who lived in the inland counties were en- 
tirely wild and naked. Though they had horses, and chariots armed 
with sithes, their towns were only a parcel of huts on an eminence, 
fortified with trees laid crosswise, like the Indians in America, only 
that they had plenty of corn and cattle. Their money was iron and 
brass plates, and rings of determined weight.] Abandoned by the 
Romans, 430 ; ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 440; invited over 
the Saxons to expel the Picts and Scots, 446, who soon began to es- 
tablish themselves, by taking possession of different parts of the 
kingdom on the south side of the Severn; invaded by the Scots, 
who were defeated by Athelstan, 921 ; invaded by the Welsh, 984 ; 
invaded by Sweyn,king of Denmark, 1003 ; invaded again by Sweyn, 
1013, and almost totally subdued by him ; invaded by Canute, 1015 ; 
invaded by Godwin, earl of Kent, 1052 ; invaded by the Normans, 
under William, their duke, who subdued the kingdom, 1066; invad- 
ed by the Irish, who were defeated, 1069 ; the Irish landed again, 
and were defeated, 1070; invaded by Malcolm of Scotland, who 
burnt several churches, &c, 1071; again in 1091 and 1093, when 
Malcolm and his son were killed at Alnwick ; invaded by Robert, 
duke of Normandy, 1101 ; invaded by David of Scotland, 1136; by 
the Welsh, the same year, with success ; invaded by the French, 
1416; invaded by Henry, earl of Richmond, Aug. 7, 1485; by the 
Spaniards, 1588. 

Erie, Fort, taken by the American general Brown, July 3, 1814. At- 
tacked unsuccessfully by the British, with the loss of 962 men, Aug. 
15, 1814. Sortie from, repulsed by the British, but with great loss, 
Sept. 17, 1814. Evacuated by the Americans, Nov. 5, 1S14. 
C 2 



52 CHRONOLOGY. 

Esopus, on North River, in 1ST. America, totally destroyed, with great 
quantities of stores, Oct. 15, 1777* 

Eustatia, island of, taken by the French from Holland, 1689;, by the 
. English, 1690 and 1781 ; retaken by the French the same year ; re- 
stored to Holland, 1783; ag-ain captured by the English in 1801 and 
1S10. 

Exeter taken by Sweyn, king- of Denmark, and destroyed, 1003 ; city 
rebelled, 1057, and reduced by King William the Conqueror ; again 
by Henry VII. 

Expedition, grand secret, Sept. 1757. 

Falkland Islands seized by the Spaniards, 1771. 

Falmouth, in New England, destroyed by the British forces, Oct. 18, 
1775. 

Ferrara was taken from the French, 1799. 

Ferae and Iceland, islands of, taken under British protection, Feb. 12, 
1S10. 

Ferrol surrendered to the French, Jan. 26, 1809; evacuated by the 
French, June 21, 1809. 

Figueras, fortress of, surprised by the Spaniards, April 10, 1811 ; re- 
taken by the French, Aug. 19, 1811. 

Flanders dismembered from France, 866 ; overrun by the French,, 
1792 and 1794, and declared part of that republic ; taken from them, 
and made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814. 

Florence was taken possession of by the French in July, 1796, and 
March 20, 1799, and evacuated in July IS following; evacuated by 
the Austrians, and entered by the Neapolitans, April 6, 1815. 

Florida taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Spaniards, 1781. 

Flushing surrendered to the English, Aug. 15, 1S09. 

Fontainebieau reduced by the Austrians and Cossacks, Feb. 16, 1814. 

Formosa seized by the Butch, 1635 ; the Dutch inhabitants expelled 
by the Chinese, 1662. 

Fort Balaguer taken by the French, Jan. 9, 1811. 

Fort George taken by the Americans, May 27, 1813. 

Fort St. George, in the East Indies, seized by the French, 1746 ; re- 
stored, 1748. 

Fort Michilimachinack taken by the British, Canadians,- and savages, 

July 17, 1812. 
Fort William taken by the English, 1757. 

France conquered by the English, 1358 ; recovered by the French, 
1447. 

France, Isle of. (See Mauritius.) 

Frankfort was seized by the French, July, 1796. 

Frankendal was taken by the French, Oct. 17, 1794 ; retaken, Nov. 12, 
1795. 

Fredericksfort, fortress of, capitulated to the allied Russian and Prus- 
sian forces, Dec. 19, 1813. 

Frederickshall and Frederickstadt, Norwegian fortresses, surrender- 
ed to the Swedes, Aug. 3, 1814, 

French town taken by the American general Winchester, Jan. 18, 
1813 ; retaken by Colonel Proctor, 22d of the same month. 

Gavilgar, in the East Indies, taken by the English, Dec. 15, 1803. 

Gaeta surrendered to the French, July, 1806; submitted to the Bri- 
tish, Aug. 8, 1815. 

Geneva entered by the allied army under General Bubna, by capitu- 
lation, which permitted the French Governor to retire with his gar- 
rison, Dec. 30, 1813. 

Genoa taken by the Austrians, Dec. 8, 1746; seized by the French in 
1798, who were repulsed, Aug. 17, 1799; taken by the English and 
Austrians in May, 1S00 ; surrendered to the French the July follow- 
ing ; surrendered to the combined English and Sicilian army, April 
18, 1S14 ; transferred to the king of Sardinia, 1S10. 

Georgia surrendered to the British forces, and relinquished obedience 
to the Congress of America, Dec. 29, 1778; abandoned by the Eng- 
lish forces. 1783. 

Gerona capitulated to the French, Dec. 10, 1S09; regained by the 

Spaniards, Feb. 1814. 
Gibraltar was taken from the Moors by the Castilians, in 1463 ; taken 

by Sir George Rooke, July 23, 1704; besieged by the Spaniards, 



BATTLES, S3 
Feb 1737 May 1731, 1780, to Sept. 13, 1783, when their floating bat- 
teries were burnt by red-hot balls from the garrison, commanded 
by General Elliot. T ' 

Gluckstadt capitulated to the allied Russians and Prussians, Jan. 6, 

Gorcum capitulated to the allied Russians and Prussians, Feb. 4, 1814. 
Goree, Isle of, taken by the English, 1758; again, 1779; restorea io 

the French, 1783 ; taken by the French, Jan. 18, 1804; retaken by 

the English 9th March following. 
tJoths slew 300,000 inhabitants of Milan, 539. 

Goza, an island dependent on Malta, surrendered to the English, Oct. 
1798. 

Granaua recovered from the Moors, 1491; surrendered to the French, 
Jan. 38, 1810. „ . 

grand Cairo taken by the Turks from the Egyptian Sultans, and their 
empire subdued, 1516; seized by the French in 1199. 

Grasshopper sloop driven info the Texel by the dreadful gale or Dec. 
24, 1811, and the crew made prisoners. 

Greek empire mastered by the Latins, 1204; reconquered, 1261; in- 
vaded by the Turks, 1350; its final overthrow, 1453. 

Greenland seized by England from the Dutch, 1610. 

Grenada Isle taken by the French, July 6, 1779 ; restored to the Eng- 
lish, 1783 ; insurrection in, 1795. 

Grenoble, insurrection in the neighbourhood of, suppressed, May % 
1816. 

Grisons revolt from Germany to the Swiss, 1741. 

Gross Gorschen taken by storm by the allied Russians and Prussians, 
May 3, 1813. 

Guadaloupe taken by the English, 1759 and 1779 ; and again, 1794 ; 
surrendered to the British, Feb. 5, 1810. 

Gun-boats destroyed before Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782. 

Hamburgh sacked by the Pagans, 1012, 1066; by the Danes, 1316; by 
the Norwegians, 1344; entered by the Russian advanced guard 
wilder General Tettenborn, March 18, 1813; retaken by the French, 
May 30, 1813 ; surrendered by the French, May 16, 1814. 

Hanover desolated by the Freireh, 1758; taken by the French, June 
14, 1803; the celebrated boring machine in the iron-foundery at, 
valued at 3,000,000 crowns, carried away by the French, Jan. 1S04 ; 
entered by the crown prince of Sweden in favour of England, Nov. 
6, 1313. 

Harfleur taken by the English, Sept. 18, 1415. 
Havannah taken, Aug. 13, 1763. 
Havre de Grace successfully bombarded, 1759. 
Hawkinses, Sir John, expedition against Spanish America, 1595. 
Hebe, French ship of war, captured by the British ship Loire, Feb. 10, 
1S09. 

Helder Point, in Holland surrendered to the British forces, Aug. 27, 

1199; relinquished Oct. 19 following. 
Helena, St. the Isle of, taken by the Dutch, 1672 ; by the English, 1673. 
Helvoetsluys deserted by the French, Dec. 5, 1813. 

Hermione, Spanish ship, taken March 21, 1762; which sold for 
544,648Z. clear of expences. , 

Holland taken by the French, Jan. 23, 1795 ; was invaded by the Eng- 
lish, Aug. 27, 1799, and abandoned by a convention, Oct. 19, 1799. 

Holstein. possession of, obtained by the allied Russians and Prussians, 
Dec. 16, 1813. 

Hostalrich taken by the French, Jan. 1810. 

Hotspur, British ship, attacked a number of French vessels near Cher- 
bourg, sunk one brig-, drove two on shore, and battered a small vil- 
lage to the ground/Sept. 8, 1811. 

Howard, Sir Edward, attacked Prejeant, a French admiral, off Brest, 
and was defeated, April 15, 1513. 

Howe, Lord Viscount, slain in battle, 1758. 

Hudson Bay forts destroyed by the French, 1686 and 1782. 

Hungary conquered by Charlemagne, 791. 

Huningen, French fortress of, surrendered to the Austrians, and ita 
works destroyed, June 28, 1815. 

C 3 



54 CHRONOLOGY. 

Hurriapore, fortress of, evacuated by the Nepaulese, after a desperate 
sally, March 3, 1816. 

Jago, St., Spanish register ship, taken May 1193, valued at 1,500,000^. 

Jamaica plundered, 1595 ; pillaged by the English, 1635 ; taken by the 
English, May 7, 1655. 
—Java, British frigate, captured by the American ship Constitution, 
Dec. 29, 1812, and afterwards burnt. 

Java , island of, capitulated to the British, Sept. 18, 1811. Sultan of 
Djojocarta, in the island of Java, dethroned by the British, and the 
hereditary prince raised to the throne in his stead, June 22, 1813. 

Jerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites, 1048; by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, after a siege of 18 months, June 9, 587 before Christ; de- 
stroyed by Titus, Aug-. 31, A. D. 70 ; taken by Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, 1100. 

Jersey attemptedby the French, May 1, 1779 : and their shipping- de- 
stroyed in Cancale Bay. 
Igualada taken by General Lacey, Oct. 4, 1811. " 

Joppa was retaken from Buonaparte by the Allies under Sir Sidney 
Smith, June 22, 1799. 

Invasions of England and Great Britain. — By the Romans under Julius 
Caesar, 55 B. C. ; again, under Plautius, A. D. 43; by the Saxons, 
447 : by the Danes, in 787, 832, 851, 866, 979, and 1012. 

From the death of Edward the Confessor there have been the follow- 
ing invasions : 

1066, Sept. 29, successful, William of Normandy. 

1069, unsuccessful, by the Irish. 

1071, unsuccessful, by the Scots. 

1093, unsuccessful, by the Scots, when their king, Malcolm, was killed. 
1101, unsuccessful, Robert of Normandy, 
1136, unsuccessful, by the Scots. 
1139, unsuccessful, Maud. 

1326, Sept. 23, successful, Isabel, queen of Edward II. 
1399, July, successful, duke of Lancaster. 
1416, unsuccessful, by the French. 
1462, unsuccessful, queen of Henry VI. 

1470, successful, earl of Warwick. 

1471, successful, Edward IV. 

1471, unsuccessful, queen of Henry VI. 

1484, unsuccessful, earl of Richmond. 

1485, Aug. 6, successful, earl of Richmond. 
1487, unsuccessful Lambert Simnel. 
1495, unsuccessful, Perkin Warbeck. 
1497, unsuccessful, Perkin Warbeck. 
1588, unsuccessful, Philip of Spain. 

1650, unsuccessful, Charles II. 

1385, May 25, unsuccessful, duke of Monmouth. 

16SS, Oct. 19, successful, prince of Orange. 

1389, March 22, unsuccessful, James II. 

170S, March 17, unsuccessful, the Pretender. 

1715, unsuccessful, the Pretender. 

1745, July 14, unsuccessful, the Pretender. 

1797, Feb. 22, unsuccessful, by the French, in Wales. 

Iphigenia, British frigate, taken by the French in the Isle of Passe, 
at the Mauritius, 1810 ; retaken Dec. 1810. 

Ireland subdued by King Edgar, 962 ; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near 
Wexford, May 1170, who settled there the first colony of British 
inhabitants ; surrendered to Henry II. 1172 ; totally subdued, 1210 ; 
invaded by the Spaniards, 1601 ; attempted to be invaded by the 
French, in 1760, by Thurot ; and in Jan. 1796, at Bantry Bay, by 
the French, where their forces were dispersed by a storm : put un- 
der martial law, May 19. 1797; the French landed, at Killala Bay, 
1500 men, on Aug. 22, 1798, and surrendered prisoners, Sept. 7, fol- 
lowing. 

Ischia surrendered to the British, June 30, 1809. 

Italy was ravaged by the French, 1796 and 1797. 

Jugurtha, war with, 111 before Christ. 

Julius Agricola totally subdued the Britons, 78. 

Junon, le, French frigate laken by a British ship, Feb. 19, 1S09. 



BATTLES, &C. 

Sahmera fort, East Indies, attacked unsuccessfully by the Company's 
force* and General Gillespie killed, Oct. 31, 1814. Attacked again 
unsuccessfully, Nov. 25, Evacuated by the INepaulese garrison, 
Nov. 30. . T , 

Kehl surrendered to the Austrians, after 49 days siege, Jan. 179 1. 

Xoningsberg taken possession of by the French, April 1812. 

Xowno taken by the Russians, Dec. 14, 1812. . ^ 

Kragaro taken from the Norwegians by the Swedes, July 23, 1814. 

JLiandrecy surrendered to the French, July 15, 1794. 

Landsbut taken by the French, April 21, 1809. 

Langres taken by the allied Russian and Prussian army under Gene- 
ral Giullay, Jan. 17, 1814. 

Las Medas island taken by the Spaniards, Sept. 12, 1811. 

Lefevre. General, defeated by the Arragonese, Aug. 1808. 

Leghorn was taken possession of, July 29, 1796; by the French under 
Buonaparte, April 15, 1799; abandoned by them, July 19. 

_ attacked by the British and Italian forces without success, 

Dec. 14 1814. 

Leipsic seized by the Prussians, Sept. 1, 1756; by the Austrians, 1809 ; 
taken from the French by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prus- 
sians, Oct. 19, 1813. 

Leon French ship of 74 guns chased on shore by the English, off Fron- 
tagnan, and burnt, Oct. 24, 1810. 

Lerida, fortress of, taken by the French, May 14, 1810. Capitulated 
to the Spaniards, Feb. 18, 1814. 

Xiege, the city of, taken by the English, 1702 ; by the French, in 1792; 
by the French, in 1795 ; by the Austrians, in 1198. 

Lima, royal army of, defeated by the insurgent army, June 1815. 

Little Belt sloop and American frigate the President, rencontre be- 
tween, Dec. 14, 1813. 

JLlewellin, the last prince of the Welsh, defeated, and his head put on 
the Tower of London, 1286. 

Loire, the army of, under Generals Suchet and Davoust, submitted to 
the government of Louis XVIII., July 16, 1815. 

Lombard y conquered by Charlemagne, 710. 

Londonderry besieged, April 20, 1689. 

Loretto pillaged by the French army, and the Madona sent to Paris, 
Feb. 6, 1797. 

JLouisbourg taken by the English, June 17, 1745; given, up. to the 
^ French, 1749; retaken, July 22, 1758, ir*/^* /ViA/tv tc*,*^f. 

Lubec entered by the Prussians, March, 1801 ; taken by the French, 
June, 1803; taken by storm by the French, Nov. 6, 1806; capitu- 
lated to the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, Dec 5, 1813. 

Lucia, St. taken by the English, Jan. 17, 1779, and 1194; again, May 
31, 1196 ; again, June 22, 1803. 

Luxembourg was taken and pillaged by the French in 1543; was re- 
taken by the Spaniards, 1544; was taken by the French, June 4, 
16S4, but was restored to Spain, 1697 ; again taken by the French, 
1701 ; belonged to the emperor. 1115 ; and was surrendered to the 
French, after a severe siege, June 7, 1195. 

Lyons capitulated to the Austrians, March 23, 1814, and July 12, 1815. 
Revolutionary movements at, against the Bourbons, suppressed Jan. 
1816. 

Macedonian war commenced 200 before Christ. 

Madeira, Island of, taken by the English, July 25, 1801; again, Dec. 
24, 1807. 

Madrid, King Joseph Buonaparte made his public entry into, July 20, 

1808; evacuated by the French, July 27, 1808; retaken by them, 

Dec. 7; entered by the allied army under Lord Wellington, Aug. 

12, 1812 ; reoccupied by the French, Nov. 1, 1812. 
Maestricht was taken from the Spaniards by the Dutch, 1632; from 

the Dutch by France, 1673; restored to them in 1679; was taken 

again by the French, Nov. 4, 1794. 
Magicienne, British frigate, ran aground at the Mauritius, and was 

burnt by the crew, Aug. 23, 1810. 
Malacca seized by the Dutch, 1640 ; surrendered to the English, Aug. 

17, 1795. 

Malaga taken by the French, Feb. 5, 1810; evacuated by them, March 
17,1810. 



56 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Malo's, St. reduced to ashes by the English, 1695. 

Malta was taken by the French, June 11, 1798; by the English in 1800. 
Manheim was taken by the French in 1793, and retaken by the Aus- 

trians, Nov. 22, 1795, with 10,338 prisoners, 4 generals, and 400 

guns, besides stores. 
was taken by the French, 1796, but retaken by the Aus- 

trians, Sept. 18, 1799. 
Manilla taken, July 27, 1762. 

Mantua surrendered to the French, Feb. 1, 1797, and was retakel* 
July 28, 1799, by the Russians and Austrians, after a short siege. 

Marc, St., West Indies, taken by the English, Oct. 31, 1803. 

Marcou, St., Isles, on the coast of France, taken by Sir Sidney Smith, 
in July 1795, and ably defended by Lieutenant Price against the 
French troops, May 7, 1798. 

Margaret, queen to Henry VI. with her son, taken prisoners at the 
battle of Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. 

Martinico taken from the French, Feb. 1762; again, March 23, 1791; 
and Feb. 24, 1809. 

■ revolutionary movements at, in favour of Buonaparte, sup- 
pressed by aid of British troops from St. Lucie, June 1815. 

Martins, St., a Danish island in the West Indies, taken by the Eng- 
lish, March 24, 1801. 

Messenian war, first 743; second 685 before Christ. 

Matthews and Lestock, Admirals, suffered the French and Spanish 
squadron to escape, Feb. 1746. 

Mauritius surrendered to the British, Dec. 3, 1810. 

Medina taken by the French, March 28, 1809. 

Memel, taken by the Russians, Dec. 27, 1812. 

Mequinenza, fortress of, taken by the French, June 8, 1810; capitu- 
lated to the Spaniards, Feb. 18, 1814. 
Merida taken by the French, June 8, 1810. 
Mexico seized by the Spaniards, 1521. 

, army of the insurgents of, defeated near Acalco, Nov. 7, 

1810; defeated again after a severe eomlict, at the bridge of Alda- 

ron, near Zapotelnejo, Jan. 17, 1811. 
Milan was seized by the French, May 18, 1796; the Castle, on June 

29; and was taken from them by the Russians and Austrians, AprH 

28, 1799. 

Minorca conquered by General Stanhope, Aug. 1708; surrendered to 
the French, June 1756; restored to the English, 1763; was besieg- 
ed by the Spaniards, and taken, Feb. 5, 1782; surrendered to the 
English, ]Nov. 14, 1796. 

Monzon recovered by the Spaniards, Feb. 18, 1814. 

Mobile, West Florida, taken by the Americans, April 12, 1813; sur- 
rendered by capitulation to the British, Jan. 11, 1815. 

Modena surrendered to the Austrians, May 1799, and was retaken by 
the French, July 3, following. 

Moldavia and Wallachia invaded by the Russians, Nov. 23, IS06. 

Moncey, General, defeated by the Patriots of Valencia, July 1, 1808. 

Monmouth, Duke of, invaded England, June 11, 1685 ; proclaimed 
king at Taunton, June 20 following; defeated near Bridgewater, 
July 5; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, aged 35. 

Monte Video taken by storm by the British, Feb. 3, 1807; capitulated 
to Buenos Ayres, June 20, 1814. 

Montserrat, Isle of, taken by the French, Feb. 18, 1782; restored to 
England, 1783. 

Montreal taken by the English, 1760; by the Provincials, Nov. 12, 

1775; and retaken by the English, June 15, 1776. 
Moose-island, in Passamaquoddy-bay, surrendered to the British, 

July 11, 1814. 

Moro-castle, at the Havannah, taken by the English, 1762. 
Morocco conquered by the King of Fez, 1611. 

Moscow entered by the French, Sept. 14, 1812; set on fire in 50(> 
places at once by order of the Russian governor, and three-fourths 
of the city destroyed two days after; evacuated by the French, and 
re-entered by the Russians, Oct. 22, 1812. 

Moskwa, Russians driven from it by the French, Sept. 5, 1812. 

Munich was taken by the French, Aug. 25, 1796 ; again, June ?8. 
1S00. 



BATTLES, &C. 



Murcia entered by the French, April 23, 1810. 
Mvirviedro capitulated to the French, Oct. -26, 1S11. 
Namur was taken by the French, July 18, 1791. 

Naples was taken possession of by the French, June 21, 1799, and 
retaken by Cardinal Ruffo, July 10 following- ; again entered by the 
French, April 8, 1801 ; and February 15, 1806. 

, ships of war in the Bay of, surrendered to the British, May 

1815 ; city of quitted by Murat, and entered by the Austrian troops, 
April 22, 1815 ; public entrance of King- Ferdinand into the city 
after an absence of nine years, June 17, 1815. 

Naiad frigate attacked off Boulogne by seven French praams by order 
of Buonaijarte, which were repulsed and driven under their batte- 
ries, Sept. 21, 1811. 

Nepaul, East India Company's war with the state of, terminated, 
April 27, 1815; treaty of peace signed between the parties, Dec. -2, 
1815 ; war renewed by an infraction of the treaty by the Nepaulese, 
Jan. 1816; after several contests unfavourable to the Nepaulese, the 
former treaty ratified, March 15, 1816. 

Nereide, British frigate, stranded andfell into the hands of the French 
at the Mauritius, Aug. 23, 1810. 

Nevis Isle taken by the French, Feb. 14, 1782; restored to the Eng- 
lish, 1783. 

New Valentia reduced by General Miranda, Aug. 12, 1811. 

New York surrendered to the British troops, Sept. 15, 1776. 

Niagara taken by the English, 1759. 

, fort, taken by the British, Dec. 19, 1813. 

Niemen, French frigate, taken by the Amethyst, April 6, 1809. 

Nineveh destroyed by the Medes, 612 before Christ. 

Nismes, several houses burnt, and massacres perpetrated by the Ca- 
tholics at, July 1815 ; farther violences committed at, and the place 
quitted by Protestants of distinction and property, May 1, 1816. 

Norfolk, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, Jan. 1, 1776. 

Normandy conquered from the crown of France, 876; invaded on all 
hands, 1117. 

Normans, their invasions commenced in 800 ; settled in France in 
1002; in Friesland, 1011; reduced England, 1066; driven out of 
Naples in 1194* 

Norwich destroyed by Sweyn of Denmark, 1001. 

Nova Scotia taken by the English from the French, 1681 ; restored, 
1731; taken again, 1715 and 1758, and confirmed to England, 1760; 
divided into two provinces, 1781; had a bishop appointed by the 
King of England, Aug. 11, 1787. 

Numantine war commenced, 111 before Christ. 

Nuremberg was seized by the French, July 9, 1796 ; and by the Aus- 
trians in August following. 

Ocracoke, North Carolina, taken by the British, July 1813. - 

Ogdenburgh, river St. Lawrence, taken by the British, Feb. 21, 1813. 

Olivenza surrendered to the French, June 22, 1S10; to the allied army 
under Lord Wellington, April 15, 1811. 

Oliva, fort, taken by stratagem by the French, with 900 Spanish pri- 
soners, June 29, 1811. 

Omoa, in the Bay of Honduras, taken by the British forces, Oct. 20, 
1779; but soon after retaken by the Spaniards. 

Oporto taken by the French, March 29, 1809; evacuated by them, 
May 12 following. 

Oran, in Barbary, taken by the Spaniards from the Moors, 1507, ceded 

to the Alger ines in 1791. 
Orleans, the siege of, May 1, 1128; again, 1563. 

New, British unsuccessful attack upon, lost in killed, wounded, 

and prisoners, 2000 men ; Generals Pakenham and Gibbs were also 
killed, and General Keane wounded, Jan. 8, IS15. 

Ormus taken from Portugal by the assistance of the East India Com- 
pany, 1622. 

Osnaburg taken and pillaged by the French, 1761. 

Ostend had its works and floodgates of its canal destroyed by the Eng- 
lish, May 19, 1798. 6 
Oswego taken by the English, 1756; again, May 5, 1S11. 
Padua taken by the Archduke John, and retaken by the French, 1S09. 
C 5 



58 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Palamos, in Spain, taken by the French, 1694. 

Pamplona capitulated to the Spanish Marshal Espana, Oct. 31, 1813, 

Paris entered by the allied Austrian, Russian, and Prussian army. 
March 31, 1814. 

Parma and Placenza seized by the French, July 3, 1799. 

Passages, French garrison of. surrendered to the Spanish troops- 
June 30, 1813 ; and July 6, 1815. 

Passe, isle of, Mauritius : British frigates taken at by the French, 1810. 

Feloponnesian war, which continued 27 years, began 131 before Christ. 

Pernambuco, revolutionary insurrection in the province of, in March 
1817. 

Persan attacked unsuccessfully by the British and Sepoys, Jan. 1, 1815. 
Persian empire conquered by Alexander, 331 before Christ. 
Peschiera in Italy taken from the French, with 90 pieces of cannon. 

&c. May 6, 1799. 
Peterborough city nearly destroyed by the Danes, SS7. 
Petion defeated with great slaughter, and his flotilla destroyed by 

Christophe, chief of Hayti, Feb. 1S0S. 
Philipsburgh taken by the French, 1734. 
Phocsean, or sacred war, 357 before Christ. 

Piedmont surrendered to the French, Dec. 6, 1798; recovered in 1 799. 
Pillau surrendered to the Russians, Feb. S, 1813. 
Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, invaded Normandy, 1137. 
Plattsburgh, Lake Champlaiu, expedition against by Sir George Pre- 

vost, abandoned_after a naval defeat, Sept. 11, 1814. 
Plymouthburnt^by the French, 1377. 

Poleroon Isle, in the East Indies, seized by the Dutch, 1664. 1 
Pomerania, Swedish, entered by the French, Jan. 1612. 
Pondicherry taken by the Dutch from France, 1694; by the Englisk. 

1761, Oct. 1778, and Aug. 3, 1793. 
Ponza, island of, taken by a British detachment from Palermo. Feb. 29, 

1S13. 

Portobello taken by Admiral Vernon, Nov. 22, 1739. 

Porto Cavello taken by surprise by the Spanish royalists, July 6, 1S12. 

Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, Jan. 1, 1776. 

Island, North Carolina, taken by the British, July 1S13. 

Potosi evacuated by the royalists, and entered by the Buenos Ayres' 

army, under General Rondeau, April 5, 1815. 
Punic war, the first commenced, 263; the second, 218; the third, 149 

before Christ. 

Pyrrhus wounded in a battle with the Romans, in which he lost 20,000 

men, they 5,000. 
Quebec besieged in vain by the English, 1711. 

taken from the French, Sept. 13, 1759. 

besieged in vain by the Provincials, Dec. 6, 1775. 

Queen's Town, Canada, taken by the troops of the United States, Oct. 

13, 1812; retaken by the British the same day. 
Quesnoy surrendered to Prince Frederic of the Netherlands, June 29. 

1815. 

Raab capitulated to the French, June 24, 1S09. 

Ragosinza, eighteen vessels brought out of the creek of, and ten de- 
stroyed, by the British, July 27, 1811. 
Ragusa besieged by the Russians and Montenegrins, July 1806. 
Ratisbon taken by the French, April 23, 1809. 

Rebellions remarkable in British history — Against William I. in favour 
of Edgar Atheiing, by the Scots and Danes, A. D. 1069 — Against 
William TI. in favour of his brother Robert, 10SS; extinguished, 
10S0— Of the Welsh, who defeated the Normans and English, 1095 
— In England, in favour of the Empress Maude, 1139; ended 1153 
— Prince Richard against his father Henry II. 11S9 — Of the Barons, 
April 1215; compromised by the grant of Magna Charta, June 15 
following—Of ditto, 1262; ended 1267— Of the lords spiritual and 
temporal against Edward II. on account of his favourites the Gaves 
tons, 1^1 2 ; and again on account of the Spensers, 1321 — Of Wal- 
ter, the tiler, ofDeptford, vulgarly called Wat Tiler, occasioned by 
the brutal rudeness of a tax-gatherer to his daughter; having killed 
the collector in his rage, he raised a party to oppose the tax itself, 
which was a grieyous poll-tax, 1381— Of the Duke of Gloucester 



BATTLES, &C. 59 

and other lords, 1388— Of Henry Duke of Lancaster, who caused 
Richard II. to be deposed, 1399 — In Ireland, when Roger earl of 
March, the viceroy and presumptive heir to the crown, was slain, 
1399. See Richard II.— Of the English and Welsh, 1400— Against 
Henry IV. by confederated lords, 1403 — Under the earl of North- 
umberland, who was defeated at Bramham Moor, and slain, 1458 — 
Of Jack Cade, in favour of the Duke of York, 1450— In favour of 
the house of York, 1452, which ended in the imprisonment of Henry 
VI. and seating- Edward IV. of York on the throne, 1466— Of the 
English in Yorkshire, owing to some encroachment, respecting St. 
Leonard's hospital in York, 1469— Under Warwick and Clarence, 
1470, which ended with the expulsion of Edward IV. and the re- 
storation of Henry VI. the same year — Under Edward IV. 1471, 
which ended with the death of Henry VI.— Of the earl of Rich- 
mond, against Richard III. 1485, which ended with the death of 
Richard — Under Lambert Simnel, who pretended to be Richard 
llld.'s nephew, I486, which ended the same year, in discovering 
that Simnel was a baker's son: he was pardoned — Under Perkin 
Warbeck, 1492, which ended in the execution ofWarbeck, 1499 — 
Under Flammoc, 1497, owing to taxes, which ended with the battle 
of Blackheath— Of the English, on account of destroying the mo- 
nasteries, 1536; ended the same year — Of ditto, in the West, owing 
to enclosures and oppressions of the gentry, June 1549; suppressed 
the same year — Of ditto in Norfolk, headed by Ket the tanner, but 
soon suppressed, Aug. 1549— In favour of Lady Jane Grey, against 
Queen Mary, 1553, which ended in the death of Lady Jane— Of Sir 
Thomas Wyatt, against the queen's marriage with Philip of Spain, 
&c. 1554— Of the Roman Catholics against Queen Elizabeth, 1559; 
suppressed the same year — In the North of England, 1569 — Of the 
Irish, under the Earl of Tyrone, 1599 ; suppressed, 1601 — Under 
the Earl of Essex, against Elizabeth, 1600, which ended in his death, 
1601— Against Charles I. 1639, which ended with his death, 1649— Of 
the Irish, under Roger More, Sir Phelim O'Neile, &c. against the 
English in Ireland, 1641 ; ended, 1651— Of the Scotch, 1666— Under 
the Duke of Monmouth, 1685, which ended in his death — Of the 
Scotch, under the old Pretender, 1715; quelled, 1716— Of the Scotch, 
under the young Pretender, 1745; quelled, 1746 — Of the Americans, 
on account of taxes, 1774 — In Ireland, when they took up arms. May 
24, 1798. 

Rhodes taken by the Saracens, and the colossus, which had been thrown 
down by an earthquake, which weighed 720,0001b. sold to a Jew in 
652; taken by the Turks, 1521, when the knights quitted it, and 
settled at Malta. 

Rhode island was taken from the Americans by the British forces, 
Dec. 6, 1776. 

Richard I. king of England, taken prisoner in Germany, and ransomed 

for 100,000 marki, 1193. 
Rome sacked by Brennus, 390 before Christ; seized by the French, 

Feb. 2, 1799; and surrendered to the Neapolitans, July 18, 1799; and 

the Austrians and Russians entered and repulsed the French from 

the castle of St. Angelo, on Sept. 30, 1799. 
Rosas, town, capitulated to the French, Dec. 5, 1808. 
Rye burnt by the French, 1377. 

Sabine virgins, rape of, by the Romans, 750 before Christ. 

Saint Domingo, French part, put itself under the English protection, 

Aug. 18, 1793; declared itself independent, Jan. 1797. 
Saint Jago di Compostella taken by the French, May 23, 1809. 
Saint Maura, island, taken by the British, July 23, 1810. 
Saint Philippe, on the Catalonian coast, surrendered to the British, 

July 6, 1813. 

Saint Sebastian taken by storm by General Graham, July 31, 1813, 
Salamanca entered by Lord Wellington, June 16, 1812. 
Samnite war ended 272 before Christ, having continued 71 years. 
Sandwich burnt by the Danes, 957. 

, the earl of, admiral, blown up in an engagement with the 

French, May 21, 1672. 
Santa Cruz surrendered to the English, Dec. 23, 1807. 

C 6 




60 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Saragossa'taken by the French, Feb. 21, 1S09. 
Sardinia, isle of, taken by the English, 1708. 

taken by the Genoese from the Moors, 1115. 

Sardis taken by the Athenians, 504 before Christ. 
Saxony conquered by Charlemagne, 774. 

Schomberg, duke of, landed in Ireland, near Carrickfergus, with an 

army, Aug. 13, 16S9; killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 
Schw eidnitz taken by the Austrians, 1758, and retaken by the Prus- 

sians. Taken again, 1761, and again retaken, 176?. 
Scipio, Cn. took the two camps of Asdrubal and Syphax, killed 40,000 

of their men, and took 6000 prisoners, 214 before Christ. 
Scotch regalia and crown jewels taken and brought to England, with 

their coronation chair, now in Westminster Abbey, 1296. 
Sea-fights. 

With the Danes, when Alfred defeated 120 ships off Dorsetshire, in 
898. 

Between the French and English, 1217. 
Between the English and Flemings, 1371. 

With the French, near Sluys, and 400 sail taken, with 30.000 men. 
1340. 

Eighty French ships taken by the English, 13S9. 

Off Barfleur, where the duke of Bedford took 500 French and 3 Ge- 
noese vessels, 1416. 

1\ ear Milford Haven, when 31 French ships Arere taken or destroyed, 
1405. 

Off Sandwich, when the French fleet was taken by the earl of War- 
wick, Nov. 1449. 

Between the English and French, when the latter were defeated, 1545. 
Again 1549, when 1000 French were killed. 

Near the Gulf of Lepauto between the Christian powers and the 
Turks, which last lost 25,000 men killed, and 4000 taken prisoners;, 
and out of 260 vessels, saved only 25, Oct. 7, 1571. 

Between the English fleet and the Spanish Armada, 1588. 

Between the Spaniards and Dutch, 1639. 

In the Downs with the Dutch, June 19, 1652. 

Again, Sept. 28, Oct. 28, Nov. 29, 1652. 

Near Portland, with the Dutch, who were beaten, Feb. 18, 1652-3. 
Off Portsmouth, when Admiral Blake took 11 Dutch men of war and 

30 merchant ships, Feb. 10, 1652. 
Off the North Foreland, when the Dutch lost 20 men of war, June 2, 

1653. 

On the coast of Holland, when they lost 30 men of war, and Admiral 

TrGinp was killed, July 29, 1653. 
At Cadiz, when the galleons were destroyed by the English, Sept. 

1656. 

At the Canaries, when Blake destroyed the galleons, April 1657. 

One hundred and thirty of the Bordeaux fleet destroyed by the duke 
of York, Dec. 4, 1564. 

Off Harwich, when 18 capital Dutch ships were taken, and 14 destroy- 
ed, June 3, 1665. 

The earl of Sandwich took 12 men of war and two East India ships, 
Sept. 4, 1665. 

Again, when the English lost nine and the Dutch 15 ships. June 4,1666. 
The Dutch totally defeated, with the loss of 24 men of war, four ad- 
mirals, and 4000 officers and seamen, July 25, 26, 166G. 
Five of the Dutch Smyrna fleet and four East India ships taken bythe 

English, March 14, 1671-2. 
At Southwold-bay, when the earl of Sandwich was blown up, and the 

Dutch defeated by the duke of York, May 28, 1672. 
Again, by Prince Rupert, May 28, June 4, and August 11, when the 

Dutch were defeated, 1673. 
In the Bay of Tripoli, when the English burnt four men of war of the 

state, March 4, 1674-5. 
Off Beachy-head, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the 

French, June 30, 1690. 
Off La Hogue, when the French fleet was entirely defeated, and 21 

large men of war destroyed, May 19, 1692. 



BATTLES, &C. 



m 



Sea-fights. 

Off St. Vincent, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the 
French, June 16, 1693. 

The Vigo fleet taken by the English and Dutch, Oct. 12, 1702. 

Between the French and English, when the former entirely relin- 
quished the dominion of the sea to the latter, Aug. 24, 1704-. 

At Gibraltar, when the French lost five men of war, Nov. 5, 1704. 

Off the Lizard, when the English were defeated, Oct. 9, 1707. 

Admiral Leake took 60 French vessels laden with provisions, May 22, 
1708. 

Near Carthagena, when Admiral Wager destroyed a fleet. May 28, 
1708. 

Spanish fleet destroyed by Sir George Byng, July 31, 1718. 
Off Toulon, Feb. 9, 1744. 

In the East Indies, when the French retired to Pondicherry, 1747. 
Off Cape Finisterre, when the French fleet was taken by Admiral 

Anson, May 3, 1747. 
Off Newfoundland, when Bosca wen took two men of war, June 10, 1755. 
Off Ushant, when Admiral Hawke took six men of war of the French, 

Oct. 14, 1747. 

Off Belleisle, when he took 14 sail of victuallers, July 14, 1756. 
Off Cape Franqois, when seven ships were defeated by three English, 
Oct. 21, 1757. 

French beaten off Cape Lagos, by Admiral Boscawen, Aug. 18, 1759. 
Off Quiberon Bay, when Hawke defeated the French, Nov. 20, 1759. 
Keppel took three French frigates, and a fleet of merchant ships, 
Oct. 9, 1762. 

On Lake Champlain, where the Provincials were totally destroyed by 

the British forces, Oct. 11, 1776. 
Off Ushant, a drawn battle, between Keppel and Dorvilliers, July 17. 

1778. 

Off Penobscot, in New England, when the American fleet was totally 

destroyed, July 30, 1779. 
Near Cape St. Vincent, between Admiral Rodney and Admiral Don 

Langara, when the latter was defeated and taken prisoner, Jan. 8, 

1780. 

Near Cadiz, when Admiral Rodney defeated the Spaniards, Jan. 16, 
1780. 

Dogger-bank, between Admiral Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5, 1781. 
Off the Cape of Virginia, between Admiral Arbuthnot and the French, 
1781. 

Between Martinique and Guadaloupe, when Admiral Rodney defeat- 
ed the French going to attack Jamaica, and took five ships of the 

line and Admiral Count de Grasse, April 12, 1782. 
The same day Admiral Hughes defeated the fleet of France under 

Admiral Suffrein in the East Indies. 
Lord Howe totally defeated the French fleet, took six ships of war, 

and sunk several, June 1, 1194. 
Sir Edward Pellew took 15 sail, and burnt seven, out of a fleet of 35 

sail of transports, March 8, 1795. 
The French fleet defeated, and two ships of war taken, by Admiral 

Hotharn, March 14, 1795. 
Admiral Cornwallis took eight transports, under convoy of three 

French men of war, June 7, 1795. 
Eleven Dutch East Indiamen were taken by the Sceptre man of war 

and some armed Indiamen, June 19, 1795. 
The French fleet defeated by Lord Bridport, June 25, 1795, and three 

ships of war taken near L'Orient. 
The Dutch fleet under Admiral Lucas, in Saldanha Bay, Africa, con 

sisting of five men of war and several frigates, surrendered to Sir 

George Keith Elphinstone, on Aug. 19, 1796. 
The Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. Jarvis, and four line of battle 

ships taken, Feb. 14, 1197. 
The Dutch fleet was defeated by Admiral Duncan on the coast of 

Holland, where their two admirals and 12 ships of war were taken 

or destroyed, Oct. 11, n97. 
The French fleet, of 17 ships of war, totally defeated, and nine of them 

taken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, Aug. 1, 1198, near the Nile, in Egypt. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Sea-fights. 

The French off the coast of Ireland, consisting* of nine ships, by Sir J. 

B. Warren, Oct. 12, n98, when he took five of them. 
The Dutch fleet in the Texel surrendered to Admiral Mitchell, on his 

taking- the Helder, Ang. 29, 1799. 
Sound, between Denmark and Sweden, passed by the English fleet, 

when Copenhagen was bombarded, April 2, 1801. 
The Danish fleet, of 28 sail, taken or destroyed by Lord Nelson off 

Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. 
Between the French and English in the Bay of Gibraltar ; Hannibal of 

74 guns lost, July 5, 1801. 
French fleet defeated near Cadiz, July 16, 1S01 ; two French 74 burnt, 

one taken. 

French and Spanish fleets totally defeated off Cape Trafalgar, Lord 

Nelson killed in the action, Oct. 21, 1805. 
French fleet taken by Sir R. Strachan, Nov. 4, 1S05. 
French fleet defeated in the West Indies by Sir T. Duckworth, Feb. 6. 

1806. 

French squadron taken by Sir J. B. Warren, March 13, 1S06. 

French squadron, in the harbour of Cadiz, surrendered to the Spanish 

patriots, June 14, 1808. 
Russian fleet in the Tagus surrendered to the English, Sept. 3, 1808. 
French shipping and batteries destroyed in Basque Roads by Lord 

Gambier, April 1809, 
Russian flotilla, eastward of Nargen Island, and another under Per- 

cola Point, taken or destroyed by Sir James Saumarez, July 1809. 
Three French ships, Robust of 84 guns, Leon of 74, and Boree of 74, 

driven on shore by a British squadron under Lord Collingwood, 

Oct. 25, 1809, and the first two burnt by the French the next day. 
Eleven ships and vessels destroyed or taken in the Bay of Rosas, by 

the boats of a British squadron under Captain Hallowell, Nov. 1, 

1S09. 

French frigates, La Loire and La Seine, destroyed by the ships under 
Sir A. Cochrane, off Basseterre, Guadaloupe, Dec. IS, 1809. 

Gallant action of the British frigate Spartan with a French force in 
the Bay of Naples, May 3, 1810. 

Severe action between the British ship Tribune, Captain Reynolds, 
and four Danish brigs, which escaped, from the Tribune being da- 
maged in her sails, May 12, 1810. 

Seventeen vessels captured or destroyed under the batteries of the 
Isle of Rhe, by the boats of the Armide and Cadmus, under Lieut. 
Roberts, May 1810. 

Four French vessels captured off Pertichi, by the boats of the Cer- 
berus and Active, Feb. 4, 1811. 

Twenty-two vessels from Otranto taken by the Cerberus and Active, 
Feb. 22, 1811. 

Amazon French frigate destroyed off Cape Barfleur, by part of the 

Cherbourg squadron, March 25, 1811. 
Number of French ships with stores to Corfu captured by the cruizers 

under Captain Otway, April 27, 1S11. 
Three French frigates burnt in Lazone bay, by three British ships 

under Captain Barrie, May 1, 1811. 
Rencontre between the British frigate Little Belt and the American 

frigate President, May 16, 1811. 
Off Madagascar, between three British frigates and a sloop, and three 

large French frigates with troops, when two of the French frigates 

surrendered, as did the settlement of Tamatave, to Captain Schom- 

berg, May 21, 1811. 
Six French privateers captured off Sibiona, by the boats of the Sabine 

sloop, May 26, 1811. 
Twenty-six sail of French ships taken off Palinurus by the British 

ships Thames and Cephalus, July 20, 1811, and afterwards 10 other 

Neapolitan vessels by the Thames. 
Eighteen vessels brought out and 10 destroyed, in a creek of Raga- 

sinza, without the loss of a British man, July 27, 181 1. 
Four Danish gun-boats taken by the British near Heligoland, Aug, 6, 



BATTLES, 



63 



SE4-FIGHTS. 

Five French vessels with stores captured in the Channel by the Bri- 
. tish ship Hawke, Aug. IT, 1811 ; and several others by the same ship 
two days after. 

The French gun-brig Teaser, and Le Pluvier, with eight vessels, cap- 
tured by the boats of the Diana and Semiramis, Aug. 25, 1811. 

A French brig sunk, two driven ashore, and a small village battered 
to the ground near Cherbourg, by the British ship Hotspur, Sept. 8, 
1811. 

British frigate Naiad attacked by seven armed praams, in presence 
of Buonaparte, which were repulsed and driven under the batteries, 
Sept. 21, 1811. 

French frigate Pomona captured by the British frigate Active, Dec. 
29, 181 L. y 

Rivoli, French ship of 84; guns, taken by the British ship Victorious of 
74 guns, Feb. 21, 1812. 

French flotilla defeated before Dieppe by Captains Harvey and Trol- 
lope, of the Rosario and Griflin sloops, March 27, 1812. 

Two French frigates and a brig destroyed at the entrance of L'Orient 
by the Northumberland man of war, May 22, 1812. 

Severe action between the British squadron Podargus, Calypso, and 
Flamer gun-brig, and a Danish squadron off Mardoe, when two Da- 
nish vessels were reduced to a wreck, July 6, 1812. 

British frigate Guerriere captured and destroyed by the American 
frigate Constitution, Aug. 19, 1812. 

British brig Frolic captured by the American sloop Wasp, Oct. IS, 
1812. 

British frigate Macedonian captured by the American ship United 

States, Oct. 25, 1812. 
British frigate Java captured by the American ship Constitution} Dec. 

29, 1812. 

Between the British ship Amelia and a French frigate off the African 
coast, in which the Amelia had 46 killed and 95 wounded, Feb, 7, 
1812. 

Peacock, British sloop of war, captured by the American ship Hornet, 
and so disabled, that she sunk with a great part of her crew, Feb, 
25, 1813. 

American frigate Chesapeake captured by the British ship Shannon, 
June 1, 1813. 

American armed vessels Growler and Eagle taken, after a smart ac- 
tion, by the British gun-boats, June 3, 1813. 

American sloop of war Argus taken by the British sloop Pelican, Aug. 

14^ 1813. _ + B> ( * 

"FrenchTrigate La Trave, of 44 guns, taken by the British frigate An- 
dromache, of 38 guns, Oct. 23, 1813. 

French frigate Alcmeue taken by the British ship Venerable, Jan. 16, 
1814 ; and the French frigate Iphigenia a few days after. 

Ceres French frigate taken by the British ship Tagus, Jan. 6, 1814. 

French frigate Terpsichore captured by the British ship Majestic, 
Feb. 3, 1S14. 

French frigate Cloriade surrendered to the British frigates Dryad 
and Achates, after a severe engagement with the Eurotas, Feb. 25, 
1814. 

French frigate L'Etoile captured by the British ship Hebrus, March 
27, 1814. 

American frigate Essex captured by the British ships Phoebe and 

Cherub, March 29, 1814. 
British squadron captured by an American squadron, after a severe 

conflict, in Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. 
Avon, British sloop of war, sunk by the American sloop Wasp, off 

Kinsale, Sept. 8, 1814. 
American ship President captured by the British ship Endymkm, Jan. 

15, 1815. 

Senegal taken by the English, May 1, 1758: again, 1779 ; again, July 
13, 1809. 

Sennacherib's army destroyed, 710 before Christ, 



64 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Seringapatam, capital of the Mysore, taken by the English under Ge- 
neral Harris, May 6, 1799. 

Seville surrendered to the French, Feb. 1, 1810; retakenby the allies, 
Aug-. 27, 1812. 

Sheerness blown up by the Dutch fleet, 1667. 

Sierra Leone nearly destroyed by a French frigate in 1795. 

Silesia taken by the king- of Prussia, 1740. 

Sluys was taken by the Spaniards in 1587, and in 1604 the Dutch re- 
took it. The French took it in 1747, but it was restored at the peace. 

Smolensk© entered by the French, after a sanguinary battle, Aug. IS, 
1812. Evacuated by them, Nov. 18. 

Spain became subject to the Saracens in 713, and was recovered from 
them 1493; invaded by the French, 1808. 

Stonington, North America, taken by Sir Thomas Harding, Aug. 13, 
1814. 

Stralsund taken possession of by the French, Jan. 26, 1812. 

Suetonius Paulinus, in the reign of Nero, invaded the island of Angle- 
sea, and burnt the Druids, 59; defeated Boadicea at London, and 
slew 80,000 of the Britons the same year. 

Surat taken by the English, 1759. 

Surinam surrendered by the English to Holland, 1667; taken by the 

English, Aug. 20, 1199 ; again, May 5, 1804. 
Susa, in Africa, bombarded and nearly destroyed by the Venetians, 

Nov. 1784. 
Syria was subdued by the Turks, 1515. 

Tamatave, island of Madagascar, capitulated to the English, May 21, 
181 1. 

Tangiers taken by the Spaniards from the Moors, 1470; destroyed by 
the English, 1684. 

Tarragona surrendered to the French, June 28, 1811 ; abandoned by 

them, Sept. 4, 1813. 
Tariffa, siege of, raised by the French, 1812. 
Temeswaer taken by the Imperialists, 1716. 

Ternate, in the East Indies, captured by the English, June 21, 1S01. 
Theban war, 1225 before Christ. 

Thebes destroyed by Alexander, when he left only Pindar the poet's 

house standing, 335 B. C. 
Thetford burnt by the Danes, 1010. 

Thomas, St. a Danish island taken by the English, March 28, 1S01 ; 

ag-ain, Dec. 21, 1807. 
Thorn, garrison of, capitulated to the Russians, April 18, 1813. 
Thurot, Captain, made a descent on the coast of Ireland, Feb. 20, 1760. 
Ticonderoga taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Provincials, May 13, 

1775. 

Tobago taken by the English from the Dutch, 1672; retakenby them, 
1674. 

taken by the French, Jane 2, 1781 ; and retaken by the Eng- 
lish, 1793 ; again, June 30, 1803, 

Tor ton a was taken by the French, July 5, 1799; abandoned the 20th 
of the same month, and surrendered to the Imperialists, Aug. 11, 
1799. 

Tortosa, garrison of, surrendered to the French, Jan. 1, 1811. 
Toulon taken from the French revolutionists by Admiral Kood, 1793 ; 

abandoned to their forces, December the same year; signed an 

act of submission to Louis XVIII., July 23, 1S15. 
Toulouse entered by Lord Wellington, April 12, 1S14. 
Trent was taken by the French in 1796, who were repulsed by the 

Austrians the same year. 
Treves taken by the t rench in 1794. 

Trieste was seized by the French, but retaken by the Austrians, April 
14, 1797. 

Trincomale, in Ceylon, taken by the English, Jan 11, 1782, and 1795. 
Trinidad taken by the English with four ships of the line, 1797. 
Tripoli reduced by Admiral Blake, 1655. 
Troy, the siege of, began 1184 before Christ. 

Troyes, French driven out of, by the allied armies, March 4, 1S14. 
Tunis taken by the emperor Charles V., and restored to its king* that 
had been banished, 1535; reduced by Admiral Blake, 1656. 



BATTLES, &C. 



65 



Tuscan war commenced 312 before Christ. 

Tuscany was seized by the French in April, and abandoned in Aug*. 
1799; again seized, 1800; ceded to Buonaparte, 1807; restored, 1814. 

Turin was taken possession of by the French, Dec. 6, 1798, and sur- 
rendered to the Austrians and Russians in June following-, and the 
citadel, May 27, 1799. 

Tyrol was invaded by the French, 1796—1797. 

Valencia capitulated to the French, Jan. 9, 1812. 

Valenciennes was besieged from May 23 to July 14, 1793, when the 
French garrison surrendered it to the combined army under the 
command of the duke of York ; retaken by the French in 1794. 

Valladolid entered by Joseph Buonaparte, July 16, 1811 ; entered by 
the allied army under Lord Wellington, July 30, 1812. 

Venice was seized, and their republic abolished, by the French, in 
1797; and soon after part of their territories was &eized by the 
Austrians, and ceded to them by the French. 

Venlo surrendered to the French, Oct. 24, 1794. 

Verona was taken by the French, when a great part of it was destroy- 
ed by a fire, April 28, 1797. 
Verrea taken by assault by the Russians, Oct. 14, 1812. 
Vespasian conquered the Isle of Wight, 43. 
Viasma entered by the French, Aug. 29, 1812. 
Vicenza was taken by the French, 1797. 

Vienna was besieged by the Turks, 1529, 1532, 1543, and 1683 ; taken 

by the French, Nov. 14, 1805, and April 12, 1809. 
Vigo gaJleons taken by the English fleet, Oct. 12, 1702. 
Villena, castle of, with the Spanish garrison, surrendered to the 

French, April 13, 1813. 
Vincent's, St., Isle of, taken by the French, June 17, 1779; restored, 

1783; insurrection there, March 1795; suppressed, 1796. 
Urbino, in Italy, surrendered to the Austrians, July 10, 1799. 
Utrecht surrendered to the French, Jan. IS, 1795. 

Walcheren, the Island of, taken by the English, Aug. 1809 ; evacuated 
by them December following. 

Wales had its prince defeated and murdered, and the principality an- 
nexed to England, 1286 ; invaded by the French, Feb. 22, 179T-? 

War, among many others, with Scotland, 1068, 

Peace with Scotland, 1091. 

Peace with France, 1113. 

W ar with F r anc e , 11 1 6 . 

Peace with France, 1118. 

Peace with Scotland, 1139. 

War with France, 1161. 

Peace with France, 1186. 

War again with France, with success, 1194, 

Peace with France, 1195. 

War with France, 1201. 

War, civil, renewed, 1215. 

War ended, 1206. 

War with France, 1224. 

War ended, 1243. 

War, civil, 1262. 

War, civil, ended, 1267. 

War with France, 1294. 

War with Scotland, 1296. 

Peace with France, 1299. 

Peace with Scotland, March 30, 1323. 

War again with Scotland, 1327. 

War ended, 1328. 

War again with Scotland, 1333. 

War with France, 1339. 

Peace with France, May 8, 1360, 

War with France, 1368. 

War, civil, 1400. 

War with Scotland, 1400. 

Peace with France, May 31, 1420, 

War with France, 1422. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



War, civil, between York and Lancaster, 115?. 

Peace with France, Oct. 1471. 

War, civil, 14S6. 

War with France, Oct. 6, 1492. 

Peace with France, Tsov. 3 following 1 . 

Peace with Scotland, 1502. 

War with France. Feb. 4, 1512. 

War with Scotland, 1518. 

Peace with France, Aug-. 7, 1514. 

War with France, 1522." 

War with Scotland, 1522. 

Peace with France, 1527. 

Peace with Scotland, 1542. 

War with Scotland directly after. 

Peace with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546. 

War with Scotland, 1547. 

War with France, 1549. 

Peace with both, March 6, 1550. 

War, civil, 1553. 

War with Scotland, June 7, 1557. 

War with France, 1557. 

Peace with France, April 2, 1559. 

Peace with Scotland, 1560. 

War with France, 1562. 

Peace with France, 1564. 

War with Scotland, 1570. 

War with Spain, 15SS. 

Peace with Spain, August 18, 1604. 

War with Spain, 1624. 

War with France, 1627. 

Peace with Spain and France, April 14, 1629* 

War, civil, 1642. 

War with the Dutch, 1651. 

Peace with the Dutch, April 5, 1654. 

War with Spain, 1655. 

Peace with Spain, Sept. 10, 1660. 

War with France, Jan. 26, 1666. 

War with Denmark, Oct. 19 following. 

Peace with the French, Danes, and Dutch, Aug. 24, 1667, 

Peace with Spain, Feb. 13, 16SS. 

War with the Algerines, Sept 6, 1669. 

Peace with the Algerines, Nov. 19, 1671. 

War with the Dutch. March, 1672. 

Peace with the Dutch Feb. 28, 1674. 

War with France, May 7, 1679. 

Peace, general, Sept. 20, 16S9. 

War with France, May 4, 1702. 

Peace of Utrecht, July 13, 1713. 

War with Spain, Dec. 1718. 

Peace with Spain, 1721. 

War with Spain Oct. 19, 1739. 

War with France, March 21, 1744. 

Peace with France, &c. Oct. 18, 174S. 

War with France. 1756. 

War with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762 

Peace with France and Spain, Feb. 10, 1763. 

Peace between Russia and the Turks, 1773. 

War, civil, in America, commenced June 14, 17 74. 

War with France, Feb. 6, 1778. 

War with Spain, April 17, 1780. 

War with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. 

Peace with France, Spain, Holland, and America, 17S?. 
War with France, 1793, by the English, Prussians, Austrians, Sardi- 
nians, and Italian States. 
Peace between Prussia and France, 1795. 
Peace between France and Spain, 1795. 
Peace between France and Naples, 1796. 
Peace between the French and Sardinians, 1796. 



BATTLES, &C. 



67 



Battles. 

War between England and Spain. Nov. 11, 1796. 

War between France, Naples, and Sardinia, Nov. 1798. 

Peace between Austria and France, Feb. 9, 1801. 

War between Spain and Portugal, Feb. 28, 1801. 

Peace between Naples and France, March 1801. 

Peace between Portugal and Spain, June 10, 1801. 

Peace between France and Portugal, Sept. 29, 1801. 

Peace between France and the Porte, Oct. 17, 1801. 

Peace between England, France, Spain, and Holland, March 27, 1802 « 

War between England and France, April 29, 1803. 

War between England and Spain, Dec. 14, 1804. 

War between France, Russia, and Austria, Sept. 1805. 

Peace between France and Austria, Dec 27. 1805. 

War between Sweden and France. Oct. 31, 1805. 

War between England and Prussia, April 1806. 

War between Prussia and France, Oct. 1806. 

Peace between France and the Elector of Saxony, Dec. 11, 1806. 

Peace between England and Prussia, Jan. 28, 1807. 

Peace between France and Russia, July 19, 1807. 

War between England and Denmark, Nov. 4, 1807. 

War between Russia and Sweden, Feb. 10, 1808. 

War between Denmark and Sweden, Feb. 29, 1808. 

War between Prussia and Sweden, March 6, 1808. 

War between Spain and France, June 6, 1808. 

Peace between England and Spaiu, June 6, 1808. 

Peace between Sweden and Russia, Sept. 17. 1809. 

Peace between France and Austria, Oct. 15, 1809. 

Peace between France and Sweden, Jan. 6, 1810. 

Peace between England and Russia, Ang. 1, 1812. 

Peace between England and Sweden, Aug. 4—17, 1813. 

War between England and America, June 18, 1812. 

War between Sweden and Denmark, Sept. 13, 1813. 

Peace between Sweden and Denmark, Jan. 14, 1814. 

Peace between France and the Allies, (England, Russia, and Prussia) 

May 30, 1814. 
Peace between France and Spain, July 20, 1814. 
Peace between England and America, Dec. 24, 1814. 
Peace between Saxony and Prussia, May IS, 1815. 
War against Napoleon, began and ended 1815. 

Wars of Austria: — 1. The war with the Ottoman Porte from 1592 to 
1606, terminated by the peace at Sithvarock, in Hungary, on the 
21st of October, 1606. 

2. The war, commonly called the thirty years' war, which lasted 
from 1618 until 1648, terminated by the peace of Westphalia on the 
14th of October, 1648, at Muuster, in Westphalia. 

3. The war respecting the Mantuan succession, which lasted from 
1629 to 1631, terminated with France by a treaty of peace at Ratis- 
bon> on the 13th of October, 1630 ; and with Spain by arrangements 
made on the 6th of April, 1631, at Cherasco, in Piedmont. 

4. The second war with the Ottoman Porte, which lasted from 1661 
until 1664, terminated for 20 years by the truce of Temeswar, in 
Hungary, on the 17th of September, 1664. 

5. War with France from 1672 to 1678, terminated by the peace at 
Nimeguen, in Holland, on the 5th of February, 1679. 

6. Third war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to 1698, terminated 
by the peace of Carlowitz, in Sclavon'a, on the 26th of January, 
1699. 

7. Second war with France, from 1688 to 1697, terminated by the 
peace of Ryswick, in Holland, on the 30th of October, 1697. 

8. War with France and Spain, from 1701 to 1713 terminated by the 
peace of Rastadt, in the empire, on the 6th of March, 1714. 

9. Fourth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 to 1718, terminated 
by the peace of Passarowitz, in Servia, on the 21st of July, 1718. 

10. Second war with Spain, respecting the possessions in Italy, from 
1717 to 1725, terminated by the peace of Vienna, in Austria, on the 
30th of April 1725. 

11. War with France and Spain, from 1733 to 1739, terminated with 
France by the piece of Vienna, in Austria, on the 3d of October, 



CHRONOLOGY. 



I73S; and with Spain, by the peace at Versailles, on the 20th of 
April, 1739. 

12. Fifth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1737 to 1739, terminated 
by the peace of Belgrade, in Servia, on the 18th of September, 
1739. 

IS. War of Austrian succession at the death of the Emperor Charles 
VI., from 1740 to 1748: it lasted with Prussia (for the first time) 
from 1740 until 1742, and was terminated by peace made at Breslaw 
and Berlin, on the 11th of June and 28th July, 174-2 : it lasted with 
Bavaria from 1741 to 1743, and was terminated by peace made at 
Fuessen, in Suabia, on the 22nd of April, 1745. It lasted with France 
aad 6pain tog-ether, from 1741 to 1748, and was terminated by peace 
made at Aix-la-Chapelle on the ISth of October, 1748. Lastly, it 
was again carried on with Prussia (for the second time), from 1744 
to 1745, and was terminated by peace concluded at Dresden on the 
25th of December, 1745. 

14. The seven years' war, or third war with Prussia, from 1756 to 
1763, terminated by the peace of Hubertsburg, in Saxony, on the 
15th of February. 1763. 

15. Fourth war with Prussia, respecting the Bavarian succession, 
from 177S to 1779, terminated by the peace cf Teschen, in Upper 
Silesia, on the 13th of May, 1779. 

16. Different wars with the States-General of Holland, from 17S4 to 
17S5 respecting the opening of the Scheldt, terminated by the treaty 
of Fontainebleau, on the Sth of November, 1755. 

17. Sixth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 17S8 until the armistice 
of 1790, stipulated by thp Congress at Reichenbach, in Silesia, and 
terminated by peace made at Szistowa on the 4th of August, 1791. 

18. War with France from 1792 to 1797, terminated by peace at Leo- 
ben, in Upper Styria, on the 17th April, 1797. 

19. War with France, March 1799, terminated by the peace of Lune- 
ville, Feb. 9, 1801. 

20. War with France, 1805 ; terminated the same year. 

21. War with France, 1809, terminated in the same year. 

22. War with France, 1813. terminated May 30, 1814. 

The following is a list of the wars between England and France, with 
the terms of their duration, since the one which commenced in 
1116, and continued two years : — 

1116, lasted twenty-five years: 1141, one year; 1201, fifteen ; f22f, 
nineteen; 1294, five ; 1339. twenty-one , 1368. fifty-two: 1422. forty- 
nine : 1492, one month ; 1512, two years; 1521, six ; 1549, one; 1537, 
two ; 1562, two; 1627, two; 1665, one; 16S9, ten ; 1702, eleven; 1744, 
four; 1756, seven; 177S, five; 1193. which terminated March 27, 
1802 ; 1803, which terminated May 1811—1815 ; terminated the same 
year. 

Warsaw surrendered to the Russians, 1795. 

Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, defeated at the battle of Barnet, 

April 14, 1441, and slain. 
Warwick-abbey destroyed by the Danes, 1016. 

Washington, North America, taken by the British, and the principal 

buildings destroyed by fire, Aug. 24, 1814 
Wight, Isle of, taken by the French, July 13, 1377. 
Wiiiiamstadt evacuated by the French, Dec. 10, 1813. 
Wilna entered by the French, June 28, 1812; French driven from it 

by the Russians, Dec. 10, 1812. 
Witepsk entered by the French, July 2S, 1812; retaken by General 

Witgenstein, Nov. 1, 1812. 
Worms was taken by the French, Oct. 15. 1194. 

Wurtsburg surrendered to the French after five weeks' siege. Jan. 
10, 1801. 

York city burnt by the Danes, 1069 ; again 1179. 

York, Upper Canada, capitulated to the Americans, April 27, 1813. 

Ypres surrendered to the French under Moreau, June 17, 1794 ; with 

6000 men and 100 cannon, &c. 
Zaragoza surrendered to the Spanish General Mina, July 30. 1S13. 
Zante, and the rest of the Seven Islands, surrendered to the British 

Oct. 1809. 

Zurich was abandoned by the French, June 20, 1799, 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &C. 



69 



SECT III. 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, OATHS, TAXES, &c. 



ABJURATION oath, first required, 1701. 
Adelpbi lottery act passed, 1773. 
Admiralty, court of, erected, 1357; incorporated, June 22, 1766. 
Adultery punished by cutting off the nose and ears, 1031 ; made capi- 
tal, 1650. 

Affirmation of the Quakers first accepted as an oath, 1702; alteration 
made in it, Dec. 13, 1721. 

African bill, to supply that trade with calicoes, 1765. 

Agrarian law introduced at Rome, 486 before Christ. 

Ale and ale-houses in England made mention of in the laws of Ina, 
king of Wessex; first licensed, 1551. 

Aliens forbidden to hold church livings, and juries for their trials to be 
half foreigners, 1430 ; preventedfrom exercising any trade or handi- 
craft by retail, 1483. 

Alien bill passed, Jan. 4, 1793 ; repealed and a new bill passed, 1816. 

Allegiance, oath of, first administered, 1606 ; altered, 16S9. 

Almanack stamps increased, 1781. 

Ambassadors first protected by a law, 1709 ; their protection restrain- 
ed, 1773. 

American duties, act passed, 1764; on tea, 1767. 
American royalists relieved, 1785. 
Annuities for life regulated, 1777. 

Apothecaries exempted from civil offices, 1702; act for better regu- 
lating their practice, 1815. 
Appeals to the pope first made, 1138 ; forbidden, 1532. 
Arable lands restrained, and pasture enforced, 1534. 
Arbitration act passed, 1698. 

Armorial bearings introduced into England, to distinguish nobles, 

1100 ; taxed, 1798, 1808. 
Array, the first commission of, to raise the militia, 1422. 
Arrest, vexatious ones, prevented by an act, May 17, 1733 ; for less 

than 101. forbidden, 1779; for less than 101. , or on a bill of exchange 

for 15/., June 14, 1810. 
Artificers' bill, to prevent their seduction, 1787, 
Assaying of gold and silver legally established, 1354. 
Assize of bread and ale in England, established, 1266; again, legally, 

1710. — Assize of bread repealed, July, 1815. 
Asylums for debtors abolished in London, 1696. 

Assessed taxes considerably advanced, in 1797; reduced, 1798; new 

ones enacted, April, 1801 ; reduced, 1823. 
Attorney's tax commenced, 1785. 

in Norwich, Norfolk, and Suffolk, restrained, and their 

number reduced from SO to 14, 1454, 

— , the number of, in Edward the Illd's time, was limited to 

between 300 and 400 for the whole kingdom ; now there are above 
20,000, and their agents, within the bills of mortality. 

Auction and sales tax began, 1779. 

Augmentation, the office of, established, 1536. 

Bachelor's tax, 1695 ; again, 1785 and 1796. 

Bankrupts in England first regulated by law, 1543. — Enacted, that 
members of the house of commons becoming bankrupts, and not 
paying their debts in full, shall vacate their seats, 1812. 

Bastard children, concealing the death of, deemed murder, 1624. 

Beer act passed, 1643, 1660, 1761, and 1784, 

Beggars relieved by law, 1496, 



70 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Benefit of the clergy taken from murderers, Oct. 24, 1513. 
Benefit societies act passed, 1795. 
Bigamy, statute of, first passed, 1276. 
Bill of rights passed, 16S9. 

Bills of exchange regulated, 1698, 1735 ; made felony to counterfeit, 

1734 ; taxed, 1783 ; advanced, 1797, 1804, and 1814. 
Birth of children taxed, 1695, 1783. 
Black act passed, 1723. 
Black rent established in Ireland, 1412. 

Bondage released by queen Elizabeth, in many of her manors, 1574. 
Boston port bill, for its removal, 1775. 
Brewers' licences taxed, 1784. 

Bread ordered not to be sold till 24 hours old, to lessen its consump- 
tion, March, 1800. 
Bribery, &c. at elections, forbidden by law, 1696, 1729, 1735. 
Bricks and tiles taxed, 1784. 

Broad-swords forbidden by law to be worn in Edinburgh, July 24, 1724. 
Brokers regulated in London by law, 1697. 
Buckingham-house bought for the queen, 1775. 
Builders' act passed, 1764 ; amended, 1766. 
Buildings regulated by law, 1764, 1770, 1772. 

Buonaparte, bill for detaining him in custody in the island of St. He- 
lena, passed, April 9, 1816. 
Burials taxed, 1695, 1783. 

Buttons and button holes of cloth prohibited by law, 1721. 
Bye-laws of corporations restrained, 1504. 
Calicoes prohibited to be printed or worn, 1700 and 1721. 
Cambricks from France prohibited, 1745; totally, 1758; readmitted, 
1786. 

Canon law first introduced into England, 1140. 

Capper or hatter, a statute passed, that none should sell any hat 
above 20zZ. nor cap above 2*. Sd. 1489. 

Caps. — A law enacted that every person above seven years of age 
should wear on Sundays and holidays a cap of wool, knit made, 
thickened and dressed in England, by some of the trade of cappers, 
under the forfeiture of three farthings for every day's neglect, ex- 
cepting maids, ladies, and gentlewomen, and every lord, knight* 
and gentleman, of 20 marks of land, and their heirs, and such as have 
borne office of worship in any city, town, or place, and the wardens 
of the London companies, 1571. 

Cards and dice double taxed, April 8, 1755 ; additional tax, 1789. 

Carriages taxed, 1747, 1776, 1782, 1785, and 1808. 

Cattle prohibited to be imported into England from Ireland and Scot* 
land, 1663. 

Chamber of deputies in France, number of, reduced, 1816. 

Chancery, court of, established, 605 ; present one by William I. 1066. 
The first person qualified for chancellor, by education, was sir Tho- 
mas More, 1530, the office before being rather that of a secretary of 
state than the president of a court of justice ; first reference to a 
master in, owing to the ignorance of the chancellor, sir Christopher 
Hatton, 1588 

Charity schools instituted, to prevent the seduction of the infant poor 

to popish seminaries, March 25, 1687. 
Chest of Chatham, enforced by law, 1590. 

Children forbidden by law to be sold by English parents, 1000. 
Christenings taxed, 1783. 

Church benefices forbidden to be held by foreigners, 1430. 
Churches, 50 new ones built, act passed, 1711. 
Cider act passed, 1763 ; repealed, 1766. 
Circuits, justiciary, established, 1176; in Scotland, 1712. 
Civil law, first received and studied in England by Theobald arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 
Civil list debts paid, 1777, 

Clandestine marriages forbidden by act, 1753. 

Clarendon statutes passed, 1164. 

Clergy forbidden drunkenness by a law 741. 

excluded from being members of the Irish parliament by act of 

parliament, by Henry VIII. 1536 ; voluntarily resigned the privi- 
lege of taxing themselves, 1664. 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &C. 71 

Clocks and watches taxed, 1797 ; repealed, 1798. 
Coachmakers' licences commenced, 1785. 

Coach tax commenced, March 25, 1747; increased, 1776, 1783, 1795, 
1797, and 1808. 

Coals, duty laid on them by Charles I. 1627 ; again, by Charles II. in 
favour of the duke of Richmond, which was converted into an an- 
nuity by George III. in June, 1800. 

Combinations among- journeymen forbidden by an act, June 21, 1799. 

Commercial treaty and consolidated duties, 1787. 

Commissioners appointed for the public accounts, 1780. 

Common pleas, court of, established, 1215. 

Commutation tax commenced, 1784. 

Compound waters highly taxed, May 29, 1729. 

Conciliatory act with America passed, Feb. 7, 1778. 

Conservators of public liberties chosen in England, 1215. 

•Contractors with government disqualified for sitting in parliament, 
1782. 

Contribution from the public demanded by an act of parliament from 

all persons whose wages were 4/. per ann. passed, 1695. 
Conventicles punished by law, 1661. 

Convocation of the clergy first summoned to meet by writ of Edw. I., 

1695 ; no business done since 1716. 
Copper coin forbidden to be counterfeited, 1771. 

Copy-right secured, by an act passed, 1710. — Farther secured by an 

act passed in 1814. 
Corn, bill to permit the exportation of, passed, 1814; to permit the 

importation when British wheat shall be at 80*. per quarter, 1815, 
Coronation oath enacted, 1689. 

Cotton manufacturers' utensils prohibited to be exported, 1774. 

Cotton duty commenced, 1785. 

Coventry act passed, 1669; regulated, 1699. 

Council first allowed to persons guilty of treason, April 21, 1696* 
Counties first sent members to parliament by authority, 1258. 
County courts first erected, 896. 

Courts of conscience, or requests, in London, began 1517 ; again, 1603; 

in Bristol, Gloucester, and Newcastle, Nov. 30, 1689; extended to 

the sum of 51. Oct. 1800. 
Courts of justice instituted at Athens, 1272 before Christ. 
Cox's Museum lottery, 1773. 

Criminals ordered for transportation instead of execution, 1590; Henry 

VIII. executed 72,000 during his reign. 
Crown lands resumed by law, 1449. 

Curates, stipendiary, law for the better support and maintenance of, 
enacted, 1813. 

Curfew bell established by William the conqueror, 1068; abolished in 
1103. 

Customs of England amounted to but 14,000/. in 1580 : to 50.000/. in 
• 1592; to 148,000/. in 1614; to 168,000/, in 1622; to 500.000/. in 1642; 

to 1,555 600/. in 1720; to 1,593,000/. in 1721 ; to 1,094,000/. in 1744 ; to 

2,000,000/. in 1748; to 9,973,240/. in 1808; to 9,070,554/. in 1816; to 

11,498,762/. in 1823. 
— , officers of the, deprived of voting for members of parliament, 

1782. 

Danegelt, a land tax first established by Ethelred II. 991, abolished 

by Stephen, 1136. 
Deaths taxed, 1783. 

Declaration of rights, bill passed, 1689. 
Dictum de Kennelworth passed, 1266. 

Dissolution of monasteries by act, 1536, to the value of 361,000/. per 
ann. and 50,000 religious were maintained by it, equal now to 
1,750,000/. — There were 643 monasteries, 90 colleges, 374 chapelries, 
and 110 hospitals. 

Dog-stealers act passed, 1770 ; tax on dogs, 1796 and 1808. 

Doomsday-book began in 900 ; finished 10S6. 

Dress restrained by law, 1465, 1574, and 15S0. 

Droit d'Aubaine abolished in France, Aug. 6, 1790. 

Drunkenness forbidden by the canon law to the clergy, 741. 

in the commonalty restrained by law, 975. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Duelling, in civil matters, forbidden in France, 1305; introduced into 
England. 15S7. 

Duty on brandies lowered is. 6d. per gallon, May 10, 1787. 
Dying, abuses in it prevented. 1753. 
East India company's act passed, 1718. 

Elections made void by bribery, 1696, 1735, 177S, and 1788. 

Engines, buildings, and machinery, used in and about collieries, &c. 

destroying of, made a capital offence. 1815. 
English parents forbidden by law from selling their children out of 

the kingdom, 1000. 
language to be used in all law pleadings, 1362 ordered to 

be used in all law-suits, May 1731. 
Engraving protected by a bill, 1775 and 1777. 
Entailing estates introduced by statute, 1-279 and 1307. 
Entertainment, places of, about London, licensed, 1752. 
Exchequer chamber, court of, erected by Edward III. 1359; improved 

by Elizabeth, 1581. 
Exchequer, court of, instituted on the model of the transmarine ex- 
chequer in Xormandy, 1079; exchequer stopped payment from Dec. 

2, 1672, to May following 1 ; English and Irish exchequer consolidated, 

1S16. 

Excise office formed, 1643 . its officers deprived of their votes for 
members of parliament, 1782. 

Excise on beer, ale, &c. first imposed by act of parliament, 1643 ; bill 
passed, Nov. 25, 1690. 

Excise scheme introduced into the house of commons, and opposed 
by every trading town in the kingdom, 1733. — For one week, in 
1773, it amounted to 380002. — In 1744, it was 3,754,072?.— In the same 
year the malt distillery of London was 459,0002.— The revenue was 
3,S47,0002. in 1746.— 5,540,1142. 6s. iOd. in 1786; and 19,807,9142. 105. 
10§rf. in 1808. 

Excommunication from Rome forbidden to be used in England, under 

severe penalties, 1391. 
Explanation, Irish act of, passed, 1665. 

Exportation of com permitted by law, 1663 ; bounty granted, 1689. 

Eyre, justices in, the office instituted by Henry II. 1184; the last in- 
stance of their holding a court in any of the forests, is believed to 
have been during the reign of Charles II. 

Female servant tax commenced 1785, ceased, 1792. 

Fencing schools in London prohibited, as introductory to duels, 12S5. 

Feodal or feudal laws, the tenure of land by suit and service to the 
lord or owner of it. introduced into England by the Saxons about 
600. The slave ry of this tenure increased under W illiam I. 1068. 
This was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving them to cer- 
tain persons, and requiring those persons to furnish the king with 
money, and a stated number of soldiers. It was discountenanced in 
France by Louis XI. about 1470; restored and limited by Henry 
VII. 1495 ; abolished by statute, 12 Charles II. 1662. 

Fiery ordeal enforced, 1042 

Fires occasioned by servants punishable, 1707. 

First fruits act passed, 1704. 

Fishing towns legally regulated, 1542. 

Fishing on our coasts, the Dutch forced to pay a tribute for, 1609; tbe 
Dutch paid 30,0002. for liberty to fish, 16S3; VTelwood, in his answer 
to Grotius, says, "that the Scots obliged the Dutch, by treaty, to 
keep SO miles from the shore in fishing, and to pay a tribute at the 
port cf Aberdeen, where a tower was erected for that and other 
purposes, and the Dutch paid the tribute even in the memory of 
our forefathers." 

Five-mile act passed, Oct. 41, 1665. This act obliged non-conformist 
teachers, who refused to take the non-resistance oath, not to come 
within five miles of any corporation where they had preached since 
the act of oblivion, unless they were travelling, under the penalt\ 
of 501. 

Foreigners forbidden to follow trade by retail, 14S7. 

indulged with one half foreigners injuries, 1430. 

Forfeited estates, resumption of, act passed, 1699. 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &C. 



73 



Forfeited estates in Scotland, restored by parliament, 1734. 
Forgery first punished with death in England, 1634. 
Forging of letters of attorney for the transfer of stock, made felony, 
1722. 

Fornication made capital for the second offence, 1650. 

Frames, stocking or lace, destroying of, made a capital offence, 1812; 
the law to continue in force until March 1, 1814. 

Franking of letters claimed as a privilege of parliament, 1660 ; com- 
menced 1734 ; before the year 1764, when the act to alter the mode 
of franking passed, the franked letters amounted annually to 
170,000*. ; the privilege abridged, 1784; again 1795. 

Frauds by bankrupts punished, by act passed 1782. 

Freeholders permitted to alienate their lands, 1492 and 1512. 

; under 40*. per annum unqualified to vote for members of 

parliament, 1429. 

Freemasons forbidden in England, 1424 ; tolerated by act of parlia- 
ment, 1699. 

French tongue abolished in the English courts of justice, 1362. 
Game acts passed 1469, 1670, 1753, 1784, 1785, and 1808, 

certificates commenced, 1785. 

Gaming-houses licensed in London, 1620. 

Gaming prohibited, by an act passed. 1739. 

Geneva shops suppressed, 1743 : 17,000 abolished, 1750. 

Gin act passed. July 24, 1737. 

Gipsies expelled out of England, 1563. 

Gladiators, the combats of, abolished, 325. 

Glass tax established, 1746. 

Glove tax repealed, Aug. 2, 1795. 

Goal fees abolished by law, 1815. 

Gold coin permitted by act of parliament to be destroyed, 1773; re- 
duced to the standard, Aug. 1776. 

Greenwich hospital began to receive 6d. per month from every sea- 
man, in 1695 and Is. from June, 1797. 

Guineas reduced by parliament from 22s. to 21s. 1717. 

Habeas corpus act passed, 1641, and May 27. 1679; suspended in 1715, 
for six months ; 1716, for six months ; 1722, fortwelve months ; 1744, 
for six months; 1779, for six months ; 1794, 1795, 17S8, 1799, and 1800, 
for nine months ,• in 1801, for six weeks, again, in 1808, in conse- 
quence of the rebellion ; suspended in consequence of the repori of 
the green-bag committee, March 3, 1817 the suspension to continue 
to July 1 ; was renewed a few days previous to the expiration of 
that period. 

writs of, made issuable in vacations, and returnable 

immediately, 1814. 

Hackney coaches established by act of parliament, June 24, 1694 : re- 
gulated, 1784, 1786, 1800 : 1808, 1814, 1815. 

Hair-powder tax began, 1795. 

Hanover succession established by law, 1701. 

Harlots, or common prostitutes, obliged to wear striped hoods of 
party-colours, and their garments the wrong side outwards, 27 Ed- 
ward HI . 1355. 

Hat tax commenced, Oct. 1, 1784; stamps for ditto, 1796; repealed, 
1811. 

Hawkers and pedlars licensed, June 24, 1697; restrained, 1785. New 
act, 1810. 

Hearth, or chimney-money, an oppressive tax on every fire-place or 
hearth in every house in England, c 2s per annum, 13 Charles II. 
1662; abolished by William and Mary, 1689. 

Hell-fire clubs suppressed by order of council, April 29, 1729. 

Hemp and flax directed to be sown for making fishing nets, 1533. 

Heretics, the law against them repealed, 1534. 

Herring statue passed, 1357. 

Highland dress forbidden in Scotland by law, Aug. 1746 ; restored 
1782. 

Highways, the first law in England to repair them was in 1525. 

Highwaymen, act respecting,' 1693. 

High treason act passed, 1693 ; improved, 1795. 

Horse tax commenced, 17S4; increased, 1796 and 1308. 

D 



74 



CHRONOLOGY. 



House tax, 1778; increased, 1808. 
Husbandry encouraged by an art, 1489. 

Hustings, the court of, in the city of London, is the supreme court of 
judicature, as the court of common council is of leg islature, in that 
city. The court of hustings was granted to the city, to be holden 
and kept weekly, by Edward the confessor, 1052. 

Idiot act passed, 1731. 

Impeachment, the first of a chancellor, and the first by the commons. 
13S6. 

Impressed seamen's bill, 1740. 

Incest and adultery made capital for the first offence, May 14, 1650. 
Inclosures in England restrained, 1521. 

Income tax passed, 1799; repealed, 1802; renewed, 1S03 ; increased, 
1S0S; renewed for a year, April 11, 1815; repealed, March 18, 
1815 

Influence of the crown abridged by parliament, 1782. 

Insolvent act passed, the first, in 1649; the most considerable ones, 

in 1743, 1761, 1763, 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776, 1778, 1781, 1784, 1797, 

1801, 1804, 1809, 1810, 1813, and 1814. 
Insurance on houses, &c. duty first laid on, 1782; being Is. 6d. on each 

100Z. insured; 6ff. additional, 1797. 
secured by law, 1601. 

Interest of money was 2d. per week for 20s. in 1260 ; 45 per cent. 
1307; interest of money at 10 percent, first law in England esta- 
blishing, 1546. The pious subjects of Edward VI. repealed this law 
as unlawful and most impious ; but it was restored in queen Eliza- 
beth's time. In those days the monarchs could not borrow without 
the collateral security of the metropolis. Reduced from 10 to S per 
per cent. 1624; reduced by the rump parliament to 6 per cent and 
confirmed at the Restoration ; to 5 per cent. 1714; from 4 to € per 
cent. 1750. Interest of the national debt reduced, 1749, 1823. 

Ireland admitted to a free trade by the British parliament, 1779, and 
released from subserviency to the English privy council, 1782; re- 
gulation in trade, 1785; united with England, 1801. 

Isle of Man, the sovereignty of, annexed by an act of parliament to 
Great Britain, 1765. 

Jews' naturalization act passed, 1753 ; repealed the next year. 

were banished England for usury, 1290 ; from France, 1306. 

Judges appointed and the kingdom divided into three circuits, three 
to each, 1176 : seized and condemned, and the lord chief justice ex- 
ecuted for favouring despotism, 13SS; one committed the prince of 
Wales for assaulting him on the bench, 1412; Eennet fined 20.000/. 
for bribery, 1616; threatened with impeachments, and put in bail, 
and Berkeley taken off the Bench, and committed by the commons, 
1641 : three impeached, Nov. 23, 1680 ; their salaries augmented, 
and themselves appointed for life, instead of during pleasure, 1761 ; 
enlarged, 1772 ; of the puisne judges, in 1779; some sent to the East 
Indies, 1774. 

Juries first instituted, 970; in Middlesex regulated, 1731 ; trial by, in 
civil causes, in Scotland, passed into a law, March, 1S15. 

were common to the northern nations ; Reginer, a Dane, or- 
dered 12 to be mipannelled, 820 ; first established in England by 
Ethelred, 979 ; the plain iff and defendant, in those times, used to 
feed them,whence the common-law of denying sustenance to a jury 
after hearing evidence. 

regulated in Middlesex, 1732. 

Justices of the peace first appointed, 1076. 

itinerant, appointed, 1176. 

Justiciary court of Scotland established, 1672. 

Justinian published his codex of the civil law, 520; and four years 

after, his work of the same kind, called the Digest. 
Kilkenny, the statute of, passed, 1364. 

Knights and citizens obliged to reside at the places they represented, 
1413. 

Knighthood, by the king, forbidden by the parliament, 1640. 
Lancaster, duchy court of, established, 1376. 
Land-carriage offish supported by parliament? 1764= 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &C. 75 

Land-tax, the first in England, 991 ; amounted annually to 82,000/. 

in 1018; every hide of land taxed 3s, in 1109 ; established one in 

1695. (See Taxes,') 
Latin tongue abolished in courts of law, 1731. 
Law of Moses delivered, May 4, 1491 before Christ. 
Laws of the land first translated into Saxon, 590 ; published 610. 
Laws of Edward the confessor composed, 1065. 
Legacies taxed, 1780; advanced 1796, 1805, 1S08. 

Licences for public houses first granted, 1551 ; for brewers and excise- 
able articles enforced, 1784. 

Limitation of the crown, act passed, 1701. 

respecting estates, act passed, 1769. 

Linens taxed, 1785. 

Literary property, (See Copy-right.') 

Lollards proscribed by the English parliament, 1406. 

Longitude, a reward promised by parliament for the discovery of, 
1714. 

Lords lieutenants of counties instituted, July 24, 1549. 

Luxury restricted by an English law, wherein the prelates and nobi- 
lity were confined to two courses every meal, and two kinds of 
food in every course, except on great festivals ; it also prohibited 
all who did not enjoy a free estate of 100/. per annum from wearing- 
furs, skins, or silk; and the use of foreign cloth was confined to the 
royal family alone, to all others it was prohibited, 1337. An edict 
was issued by Charles VI. of France, which says, " Let no one pre- 
sume to treat with more than a soup and two dishes." 1340. 

Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, established his body of laws in La- 
cedemonia, 884 before Christ. 

Magna charta, (a body of laws, the great barrier of English liberty,) 
granted by king John, June 12, 1215. 

Mail coaches first established to Bristol, 1784 ; to other parts of Eng- 
land, and an act to regulate and encourage them, and exempt them 
from tolls, 1785. 

Maiming and wounding made capital, 1670. 

Malt-tax established, 1667; increased, 1760; new modelled, 1766. 
Marlborough statutes passed, 1269. 

Marriage act passed, June 1753; took place, March 25, 1754; amend- 
ed 1781.— New act passed, 1822; repealed 1823. 
Marriages taxed, 1695, 1784. 

Marriages of the royal family restrained by an act passed, 1772. 
Martial law declared in Ireland, July 26, 1803. 
Medicine duty commenced, 1183; increased, 1804. 

Militia act passed, 1757, 1754, 1781 ; supplemental, 1797; for Scotland, 
1797 ; clause introduced into it, authorising courts martial, to inflict, 
if they think proper, the punishment of imprisonment, instead of 
flogging, 1811. 

Militia in Great Britain limited to 106,000, in 1798. 

Monasteries, dissolution of, by act, 1539, to the value of 361,000Z, per 
annum, equal now to 1,750,000/, 

Mortmain act passed, 1279; and another, May 20, 1736. 

Mutiny act first passed, in 1689. 

Nantz, edict of, passed by Henry IV. by which Protestants enjoyed 
toleration in France, 1598; revoked by Louis XIV. 1685 ; by this bad 
policy 50,000 French protestants left France and came to England. 

Naturalization, first law for in England, 1437 and 1709. 

of Jews, bill passed, 1753; repealed, December fol- 
lowing. 

Naval salute to the English flag began in Alfred's reign, and has con- 
tinued ever since. 

Navigation act first passed, 1381 ; again, 1541 : again, for the colonies 
1646, 1651 ; which secured the trade of our colonies, 1660 and 1778 •' 
of the Thames shipping commenced, 1788. 

Negroes adjudged to be free whilst in this country, 1772 ; declared 
free in Scotland, Jan. 15, 1778. 

Newfoundland fishery act passed, 1699. 

New style act passed, 1752. 

Newspapers stamped, 1713; increased, 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789 1798 
1808, and 1815. * 
D 2 



78 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Nightly watch, in London, bill for, passed, 1812. 
Noblemen's privileges restrained, 1773. 

Nonjurors double taxed, May 27, 1723; and obliged to register their 
estates. 

Notes and bills first stamped, 1732; advanced, 1796, 1808, 1815. 

Officers of the board of works, great wardrobe, treasurer of the cham- 
ber, and jewel office, with the board of green cloth, and cofferer of 
the household, abolished by parliament, July, 1781. 

Ordeal by fire and water abolished, 1261 

Packet from Milford Haven established to Ireland, 1790. 

Papal authority abolished by law. 1391. 

Papists excluded the throne, 16S9; obliged to register their names 
and estates, 1717, 1762, 1780, 1781, 1784; their estates valued at 
375,2842. 15s. S\d. per annum, in 1719; taxed 100,0G0i. Nov. 23, 
1722; indulgences granted them by parliament, 1778. 

Parliament began under the Saxon government; the first regular 
one was in king John's reign, 1204 ; the epoch of the house of com- 
mons, Jan. 23, 1265 ; members obliged to reside in the places they 
represented, 1413: Francis Russell, son of the earl of Bedford, was 
the first peer's eldest son, who sat in the house of commons, 1549; 
that remarkable for the epoch in which were first formed the par- 
ties of court and country, June 16, 1620; a peer elected, and sat as 
a member of the house of commons, 1649 ; the house of commons 
committed a secretary of state to the Tower, Nov. IS, 1678; their 
speaker refused by the king, 1679; bill passed for triennial parlia- 
ments, Nov. 1694, the first British one met, Oct. 24, 1707; triennial 
act repealed, May 1, 1716; act passed for septennial ones, 1716; 
tlieir privilege of protection from arrest for debts, relinquished, 
1770; the lord mayor and an alderman of London committed to the 
Tower by the house of commons 1771; sir Francis Burdett com- 
mitted to the Tower by, April 9, 1810. 

Parliamentary grants to the king were in kind, 30,000 sacks of wool 
being in the grant, 1340. 

Parish apprentices, new law respecting, requiring the assent of two 
justices, commenced, Oct. 1, 1816, 

Parochial assessment for the poor began 1370. 

Party walls regulated by parliament, 1785. 

Patent for copper and brass coin in England, 1636. 

Pawnbrokers' licence act, 1783, 1786, 1796, 1804. 

Perjury punished with the pillory, 1563. 

Penal laws began, 1381. 

Penitentiary house for the confinement of convicts, act for the erec- 
tion of, passed, 1812. 
Peter-pence paid to Rome, 790; abolished, 1534. 

Pillory, punishment of, abolished, except in cases of perjury and 

suborning of perjury, 1816. 
Plate act passed, May 1756; repealed, 1780. 

Plays required to be licensed by the Lord Chamberlain by parlia. 
ment, 1737. 

Pleading introduced, 786 ; changed from French to English, 1362. 
Poaching prevented, by an act passed, 1753. 
Poisoning made treason, 1532. 

Poll tax first levied in England, 1378 ; abolished by William III. 

Policies of insurance taxed, 1782 : increased, 1808. 

polygamy forbidden by the Romans, in 393. 

Poor, the first act for the relief of, 1597. 

Popery abolished in England, by law, 1536. 

Porterage act passed, June 21, 1799. 

Postage of letters advanced, 17S4, 1797, 1S01, 1S10, 1812. 

Post, penny, in London began, 1681 ; established by government 1711; 

the postage advanced lo two pence, 1801. 
Post horses first taxed, 1779. 
Powdered hair tax took place, May 5, 1795. 

Poyning's act repealed in Ireland, when independency was restored 

there, May 17, 1782. 
Pragmatic sanction first took place, 1439 ; again, 1740. 
Press, office of censorship of, instituted in France, Oct. 21, 1S14. 



I 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &C. 77 

Prince of Wales's debts paid by parliament, May 24, 1787 ; again in 
1 795.— State of his debts, as laid on the table of the house of com- 
mons, June, 1795. 

Debts on various securities, and bearing interest ,=£500,571 19 1 

Amount of tradesmen's bills unpaid 86,745 0 0 

Tradesmen's bills and arrears of establishment, 

from Oct. 10, 1794, to April 5, 1795 52,573 5 3 



^639,890 4 4 

Printing presses licensed, July 12, 1799. 
Printsellers' property secured, 1777. 
Privy counsellors protected, 1711. 

Promissory notes reg-ulated, 1705 ; taxed by a stamp, 1782 ; increased, 
1804; again, 1808; again, 1815. 

Protections by noblemen and foreign ambassadors restrained by par- 
liament, 1773. 

Qualification for members of parliament, act passed, 1711 ; for justices 

of the peace, act passed, 1732. 
Quack medicines taxed, 1785; increased, 1803. 

Queen Charlotte's annuity, settled at 100,0002. on the king's death, 
1762. 

Ravishing of women made a capital offence, 1279. 

Receipt tax commenced, 1782; amended, 17S4, 1791, 1795, 1803, 1808, 
and 1815. 

Registering shipping in the Thames commenced, 1786. 
* in England, 1787. 

Registering wills in Yorkshire first permitted, 1707 ; in Middlesex, 
1709. 

Registers, parochial, first appointed, 1530. 

of births, baptisms, marriages, and burials, law for the bet- 
ter regulation of, passed, July 28, 1813. 

of places of religious worship, act relating to, commenced, 

Sept. 1813. 

Rent made recoverable by an act passed, 1731. 
Representatives in parliament obliged to residence, 1413. 
Requests, court of, began, 1494. 

Revenue officers deprived of their votes for members of parliament, 
1782. 

Rights, bill of, established, 1641 ; and of succession, 1689. 
Riot act passed, 1715. 

Roads between market towns widened by an act, 1285, 1555. 

Roman Catholics in England relieved by an act passed, 1776, and 1791. 

i n Ireland, ditto, 1792. 

Royal family marriages restrained, 1772. 
Saddle-horse duty, 1784; increased, 1808. 
Salaries of the judges enlarged, 1772 and 1779. 

Salic law, by which women are excluded from inheriting, confirmed 

in the reign of Pharamond of France, 424; first quoted, 1327. 
Salt duties revived, 1732; reduced, 1823. 
Sanctuaries abolished in England, 1534. 
Schism act passed, 1714. 

Scotch gold and silver prohibited passing currently in England, 1393. 
Scutage, the first tax levied in England to pay an army, 1159. 
Seamen's wages advanced by parliament, May 9, 1797. 
Secretaries of state first appointed in England, lord Cromwell was so 

made by Cardinal Wolsey, 1529. 
Security of the king's person, act passed, 1703, improved, 1795. 
Sedition bill passed, Dec. 17, 1795. 

Seditious meetings and assemblies bill, for the more effectually pre- 
venting of, passed, March 28, 1817. 

Seditious societies and reading rooms, suppressed by an act, June 21, 
1797. 

Septennial parliament, act passed, 1716. 

Servant men's tax, 1775 ; enlarged 1781, 1785. 1796, 1797, and 1S0S.— 

Female servant's tax, 17S5; abolished, 1792. 
Servant's wages taxed, 1695. 

Session, court of, first appointed by James I. 1425; abolished, 1503; 
re-established by James V. in 1531 ; reinstated at Edinburgh, 1756. 



78 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Settlement of the crown, 16S9. 

Sheep prohibited to be exported from England, 1424. 
Ship-money exacted, 1634; abolished, 1641. 

Shoes — the people had an extravagant way of adorning their feet; 
they wore the beaks or points of their shoes so long, that they en- 
cumbered themselves in their walking, and were forced to tie them 
up to their knees ; the fine gentlemen fastened theirs with chains of 
silver, or silver gilt, and others with laces. This ridiculous custom 
was in vogue from the year 1382, but was prohibited, on the for- 
feiture of 20s. and the pain of cursing by the clergy, 1467. 

Shop-lifting act passed, 1699. 

Shop-tax passed, 1785; repealed, 1789. 

Sinking Fund bill passed, 1787. 

Slave — a statute made, enacting, that a runagate servant, or any who 
lives idly for three days, be brought before two justices of the peace, 
and marked V. with a hot iron on the breast, and adjudged the 
slave of him who brought him for two years ; he was to take the said 
slave, and give him bread, water, or small drink, and refuse meat, 
and cause him to work, by beating, chaining, or otherwise : and if, 
within that space, he absented himself 14 days, was to be marked 
on the forehead or cheek, by a hot iron, with an S. and be his mas- 
ter's slave for ever; second desertion felony ; lawful to put a ring 
of iron round his neck, arm, or leg ; a beggar's child might be put 
apprentice, and, on running away, a slave to his master 1547 ; ob- 
tained their freedom by arrival in England, 1772 ; slavery abolish- 
ed in Popish Austria, June 26, 1782; slave trade debated in parlia- 
ment, 1787; and regulated, 1188; debate for its abolition lasted 
two days, April, 1791 ; again, 1792; slavery was abolished in Pensyl- 
vania and Massachusetts, 1793 ; in France, 1795; slave trade abo- 
lished by the British parliament, 1807. 

Smuggler's act passed, 1736 ; mitigated, 1781; enforced, 1784. 

South-sea act passed, May 6, 1716; its bubble, 1720. 

Spirituous liquors, drinking, restrained by act, 1751. 

Stage coach duties, 1785, increased, 1S(»S. 

Stamp duties instituted, June 28, 1694; increased, 1756; again, 1776, 
1780, 17S9, 1797, 1801, 1802, 1808, and 1815 

Stamp act in America passed, 1764; repealed, March 18, 1766. 

Stamp duties begun in Ireland March 25, 1774; increased, 1801. 

Stamps on newspapers begun, 1713 ; increased, 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 
1797, 180S, and 1815. 

on notes and bills, 1782, 1791, 1797, 1801, 1808, and 1815. 

Standard fixed by law for gold and silver, 1300. 

Star-chamber court instituted, 1487 ; abolished, 1641. 

Statutes of Clarendon made, 1164 ; in the French language, 1266; of 
Marlborough, 1269 ; of Mortmain enacted, 1279 ; Quo Warranto 
passed, Oct. 1280; Winchester passed, Oct. 1284; forbidding the le- 
vying taxes without consent of parliament, 1297; of Premunire, 
which excluded foreigners from ecclesiastical livings, April 23, 1344. 

Stews, public ones suppressed, which before were licensed, 1546. 

Stock companies, act respecting, 1693. 

Stock -jobbing forbidden by parliament, March 28, 1734. 

Style altered, 1752. 

Succession act passed to exclude catholics, 16S9; settled on the pre- 
sent family, 1700. 
Sugar and tobacco first taxed by name, 1685. 
Sumptuary law passed, 1482. 
Sunday act, 1781. 

Supremacy of the pope abolished by law, 1535. 

Surgeons and doctors were exempted from bearing arms or serving 

on juries, 1513, at which period there M ere only 13 in London. 
Swearing on the Gospel first used, 528. 

Taverns restrained by an act of Edward VI. 1552, to 40 in London, 8 
in York, 4 in Norwich, 3 in Westminster, 6 in Bristol, 3 in Lincoln, 
4 in Hull, 3 in Shrewsbury, 4 in Exeter, 3 in Salisbury, 4 in Glouces- 
ter, 4 in Chester, 3 in Hereford, 3 in Worcester, 3 in Southampton, 
4 in Canterbury, 3 in Ipswich, 3 in Winchester, 3 in Oxford, 4 in 
Cambridge, 3 in Colchester, i in NewcasUe-upoii-Tyne, 

Taxes were raised arbitrarily, 1100. 

, the net produce of all the permanent, existing before the year 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &C. 79 

1793, and also of the taxes imposed in each subsequent year.— To- 
tals of customs, excise, stamps, and incidents, prior to the year 1793, 
including- the proportionate part of the produce of duties on sugar; 
the additional duty on malt, and the duty on tobacco, now annually 
voted, 15,586,5042. 7*. I0d.— Total of duties, pro anno 1793, 314,0862. 
65. 7±e?.— Ditto, 1794, and the proportionate part of the produce of 
the duties on sug-ar now annually voted, 936,2012. 135. 10^d. — Total of 
duties, pro anno 1795, 1,611,4241. 115. ll|cf.— Ditto, 1796, 1,334,4442. 
8s» 4|«2.— Ditto, 1797, and the proportionate part of the duties on su- 
g-ar now annually voted, 3,016,0622. 125. 9|rf. — Total of duties, pro 
anno 1798, 732,5762. 75. 10^.— Ditto, 1799, 260,4912. 55. 9(1.— General 
total, 23,791,7942. 155. 0\d. 

Permanent taxes, to April 1802, 25,199,0882. 

1803 , 27,531,3582. 145. 9|<?. 

1804, 30,676,0002. 

1808, 38,339,1522. 135. 2\d. 

1812, 40,986,8602. 165. 10|rf. 

1816, 45,197,3082. 55. 2§rf. 
to January 1820, 60,318,272/. 165. 

1823, 50,122,9942. 

Tax, land, since the Revolution, 1688 3s.— 1690 to 1692, 35 — 1693 to 

1697, 45.— 1698, 1699, 35.— 1700, 25 Additional duty, 6f/.— 1701, 35.— 

1702 to 1712, 45.— 1713 to 1715, 2s.— 1716, 45.— 1717 to 1721, 3 v.— 1722 to 
1726, 2s — 1727, 45.-1728, 1729, 35.-1730, 1731, 25.— 1732, 1733, 15.— 
1734 to 1739, 25.— 1740 to 1749, 45.— 1750 to 1752, 35.— 1753 to 1 755, 25. 

—1756 to 1766, 45 1767 to 1770, 35.— 1771, 45.— 1772 to 1775, 35.— 1776 

to the present time, 45. Act for the redemption of, 1798. The land 
tax redeemed, to Feb. 1, 1808, amounts to the sum of 22,976,8292. 
105. 4tf. the interest of which, amounting to 689,3042. 175. 4ftf. is 
transferred over to the consolidated fund, and constitutes part of 
the produce of the land tax in the ways and means of the current year. 

Tea-dealers obliged to have sign -boards painted, 1779. 

Tea duties ceased, and the double tax on windows commenced, Oct. 
1784. 

Temple-bar, act passed for pulling down the houses without, June, 
1795. 

Tenures held by knight's service abolished by law, 1643. 

Terms of law begun 1079. 

Test act passed, 1673. 

Thames embankment begun, 1771. 

Theatres not to be licensed by the king, but by parliament, 1737. 
Theft made capital, 964 

Threatening letters made punishable, by act passed, 1730. 

Tiles taxed, 1784. 

Tithes first granted, in 854. 

Tobacco, a proclamation against, used formerly for physic, and a tax 
laid on it, without the consent of parliament, of 65. 8d. per pound, 
besides 2d. formerly. It came from the Spanish West Indies, 1604 ; 
prohibited to be planted here, 1624 ; first taxed by name, in 16S5 ; 
subjected to excise laws, 1789. 

Toleration act passed, 1689. 

Tonnage and poundage granted to the kings of England for life, 1465. 
Transportation of felons introduced, 1590. 
Treason requiring two witnesses, 1552. 

Tribute of wolves' heads paid in England, 971 ; paid by the English to 

the Danes in one year, 48,0002. 997. 
Triennial parliaments established, 1694; repealed, 1716. 
Trinity, act passed, to exempt from penalties persons denying the 

doctrine of, 1813. 

Vassalage or serfs abolished by law in Holstein and Sleswic in Den- 
mark, 1797. 
Vice-chancellor, office of created, 1813. 

Victualler— enacted, that none shall sell less than one full ale quart of 
the best beer or ale for 1 d. and two quarts of the smaller sort for 
Id. 1603. 

Uniformity, act of, passed, 1559 ; took place, 1662. 

Union act for Scotland, passed March 4, 170 5 : for Ireland, passed, 
July 2, 1800, and took place, Jan. 1, 1801. 

D 4 



80 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Urine— the inhabitants of London and Westminster, &c. commanded 

by proclamation to keep all their urine, throughout the year, for 

making- saltpetre, 1626. 
Usury forbidden by parliament, 1341. In 1260, 2s. per week for the 

loan of 20s. which was at the rate of 43Z. 6s. 8tf. per ann. for 100/. 

which was restrained by an act, 1275, against the Jews. 
Waggon duty commenced, 1783. 
Wales incorporated with England, 1536. 

Wars. — Loans of the seven-years war, the American war, and the 
last two wars. 

Loans of the seven-years War. 





Sums borrowed. 


Interest. 


1756 


- £ 2,000,000 


- J>3 12 0 


1757 


3,000,000 


3 14 3 


1758 


5,000,000 


3 6 5 


1759 


6,600,000 


3 10 9 


1760 


8,000,000 


3 13 7 


1161 


12,000,000 


4 1 11 


1762 


12,000,000 


4 10 9 


1763 


3,500,000 


4 4 2 



Total 52,100,000 
Loans of the American War. 



1776 - 2,000,000 - 3 9 8 

1777 - 5,000,000 - 4 5 2 

1778 - 6,000,000 - 4 18 7 
1719 - 7,000,000 - 5 18 10 

1780 - 12.000,000 - 5 16 8 

1781 - 12^000,000 - 5 11 1 
1182 - 13,500,000 - 5 18 1 

1783 - 12,000,000 - 4 13 9 

1784 - 6,000,000 - 5 6 11 



Total 72,500,000 



Loans of the last two Wars. 

1193 - 4,500,000 - 4 3 4 

1794 * 11,000,000 - 4 10 9 

1795 - 18,000,000 - 4 15 8 

1796 - 18,000,000 - 4 14 9 
1196 - 7,500,000 - 4 12 2 

1797 - 18,000,000 - 5 14 1 

1797 - 14,500,000 - 6 6 10 

1798 - 17,000,000 - 6 4 9 

1799 - 3,000,000 - 5 12 5 

1799 - 15,500,000 - 5 5 0 

1800 - 20,500,000 - 4 14 2 

1801 - 25,500.000 

1802 - 23,000,000 

1803 - 10,000,000 

1804 - 10,000,000 

1805 - 20,000,000 
1S06 - 18,000,000 
1807 - 12,000,000 
1F0 8 - 8,000,000 

1809 - 11,000,000 

1810 - 8,000,000 

1811 - 4,981,300 

1811 - 12,000,000 

1812 - 6,789,625 

1812 - 15,000,000 

1813 - 21,000,000 

1813 - 22,000,900 

1814 - 1S,500 



Total 374,7S9,425 besides the property tax. 



DISCOVERIES, &C. 



Si 



Watch by night for the city of London first appointed, 1268. 
Watches and clocks taxed, 1797; repealed, 1798. 
Welshmen forbid purchasing- lands in England, 1401. 
Whale fishery promoted, by an act passed, 1749. 
Widowers taxed, 1695. 

Window tax passed, first, 1696 ; increased, Feb. 5, 1746-7; again 1763 
and 1778; and again the commutation tax for tea, Oct. 1, 1784; in- 
creased, 1797; again, 1802 and 1808; reduced, 1823. 

Wine licences established, 1661. 

Witchcraft act passed, 1601 ; repealed, March 25, 1736. 

Witnesses, two, required to attaint for high treason, 1552. 

Woods, an act for the preservation of, 1544 ; first taxed by parliament, 

31 Henry VI. 1452. 
Wool and woollen manufactures of Ireland and America, prohibited 

to be carried any where but to England, 1700; enacted, that none 

should be buried but in woollen, under the penalty of 51. 1666 and 

1678. 

Wool, exportation forbidden by an act passed, 1788. 
Woollen cloths for burials first enforced by law, 1678. 
Wolves' heads, tribute from the Welsh princes, 975, 
York, duke of, had 40,000/. annuity settled on him, 1792. 



SECT. IV. 



DISCOVERIES AND SETTLING OF COUNTRIES. 



A MERICA first discovered by Columbus, Oct. 11, 1492; so named by 
Americus Vespucius, 1497; not known to the French till 1504 ; had 
negro slaves first carried in to it, 1508. 

, North, first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian, 

1497 ; settled, in 1610. 
, South, by Americus Vespucius, 1497. 

, N. W. explored by Capt. Cook, in 1778; by Capt. James 

Colnett, in 1789. 

AndreanofFsy isles, between Asia and America, discovered, 1760 
Arfgola settled by the Portuguese, 1482. 

Anguilla, in the Caribbees, first planted by the English, 1650. 

Antigua settled by the English, 1632. 

Archangel, passage to, discovered, 1553. 

Aruba isle planted by Holland, 1634. 

Azore isles discovered by the Portuguese, 1449. 

Baffin's Bay discovered, 1622. 

Bahama isles discovered, 1629; taken possession of by the English, 
Dec. 1718. 

Barbadoes discovered and planted, 1614. 
Barbuda isle first planted by the English, 1628. 
Barrington isle, one of the Gallapagos, explored, June, 1793. 
Batavia, in the isle of Java, first fortified by the Dutch, 1618. 
Bermuda isles, first discovered, 1527; settled, 1612. 
Boston, in New England, built, 1630. 

Botauy Bay settlement, first sailed from England, March 21, 1787. 
Bourbon isle, planted by the French, 1672. 

Brasil discovered, 1486; settled by the Spaniards, 1515; settled by 
the Dutch, 1624, taken from Holland by the Portuguese, 1654. 
D 5 



82 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Britain first discovered to be an island, about 90. 
Caledonia, in America, settled* 1699. 

— , New, discovered by Captain Cook, in 1774. 

California discovered by Cortes, 1543 ; taken possession of by sir F. 
Drake, 1578. 

Canada discovered by Cabot, 1499; explored by the French. 1508, 
1524, and 1534; settled, 1540; Quebec built, 1603; taKen first by 
England, 1628. 

Canary isles discovered, and granted to Spain, 1344; explored, 1393. 

Cape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, discovered, 1441. 

Cape Breton discovered by the English, 1584; yielded to France. 

1632; taken by England, 1745; restored, 1748; again taken and 

kept, 1758. 
Cape de Verd islands discovered. 1447. 

Cape of Good Hope discovered, 1487; planted by the Dutch, 1651. 
Cape Horn first sailed round, 1616; Straits discovered, 1643. 
Carolina discovered, 149? ; planted, 1629. 
Caribbee isles discovered, 1595. 

Cat's isle, one of the Bahamas, the first discovery in America by Co- 
lumbus, 1492. 
Cayenne isle first planted by the French, 1635. 
Ceylon, the isle of, discovered, 1506. 

Charlotte's, queen, island, discovered by captain Wallis, 1767. 
, islands, a cluster so called, discovered by captain 

Carteret, 1767. 
Chatham isle, one of the Gallapagos, explored, June, 1793, 
Chili discovered by Spain, 1518; invaded by the Spaniards, 1540. 
China first visited by the Portuguese, 1517 ; conquered by the Eastern 

Tartars, 1635. 

Christopher's, St. isle of, discovered, 1595 ; settled by the English, 
1626. 

Congo kingdom discovered, and settled on by the Portuguese, 14S2. 

Crimea settled by Russia, 17S4. 

Cuba discovered, 1492; settled, in 1511. 

Curaqoa settled by the Dutch, 1634. 

Darien settled, 1100. 

Davis's Straits discovered, 1585. 

De ia Plata river discovered, 1512. 

Deseada isle discovered by Columbus, 1494. 

Domingo, St. isle of, discovered, 1492 ; city founded, 1494. 

Dominica discovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1493. 

Easter Island discovered, 1722. 

East Indies discovered by the Portuguese, 1497 ; visited overland by 
some English, 1591; first Dutch voyage to, 1595; first voyage of the 
English company, 1601; first from France, 1601; first voyage of the 
Danes, 1612. 

Falkland, isles of, discovered, 1592. 

Florida discovered by Cabot, 1500; settled, in 1763. 

Forbisher's Straits discovered, 1578. 

Fox island, in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered, 1760. 
Gallapagos isles discovered, 1700; explored by Capt. James Colnett. 
1793. 

Georgia colony, erected by general Oglethorpe, 1739. 

Goree isle, on the Guinea coast, first planted by the Dutch, 1617. 

Granada isle settled by France, 1652. 

Greenland discovered, in 1585. 

— settled, 1721, 1731. 

Guadaloupe isle discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; planted by theFrench, 
1635. 

Helena, St. discovered, 1502; possessed by England. 1600; settled by 
the English, 1651. 

Hood's isle, one of the Gallapagos, in the Pacific Ocean, explored. 
June, 1793. 

Hudson's Bay discovered by Capt. Hudson, 1607. 
Iceland discovered by a Danish pirate, 860. 

Jamaica discovered by Columbus, 1494 ; settled by the Spaniards, 1509, 
Japan discovered, 1542 ; visited by the English, 1612. 
Kamtschatka discovered by the Russians, 1739. 



DISCOVERIES, &C. S3 
Padrone isles discovered, 1521. 

Le Roach island, near Falkland's island, discovered, 1657. 

Lord Auckland's Group, cluster of islands, in the South Sea, discover- 
ed by captain Bristow, 1S09. 

Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, discovered by the French, 1633 ; 
settled, 171S. 

Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1506. 

Madeira, island of, discovered, 1344 and 14iS. 

Magellan, Straits of, discovered, 1520. 

Marigalante isle discovered, 1493. 

Maryland province, planted by lord Baltimore, at the expense of 

40,000/. 1633. 
Mauritius isle discovered, 1798; settled, 1721. 
Mexico discovered, 1518, settled by the Spaniards, 1519. 
Montreal discovered, 1534; settled, 1629. 

Montserrat, in the West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; plant- 
ed by England, 1632. 
Nevis planted by England, 1628. 
New Caledonia discovered, 1774. 
New England planted by the Puritans, .1620. 
Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, 1497 ; settled, 1614. 
New Guinea discovered, 1699. 

New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1627; settled by the English, 
1787. 

New Jersey, in America, planted by the Swedes, 1637. 

New Spain, or Mexico, discovered, 1518. 

New Zealand discovered, 1660 ; explored, in 1769. 

New Plymouth built and settled, 1620. 

New York settled, 1664. 

Nootka, on the N. W. of America, discovered, 1778 ; settled by the 

English, 1787. 
North East passage to Russia discovered, 1553. 
Nova Scotia settled, 1622. 
Nova Zembla discovered, 1553. 

Otaheite, or George III.'s island, discovered, June 18, 1765. 
Owhy-he island discovered, 1778. 
Panama settled, 1516. 
Paraguay discovered, 1525. 

Pennsylvania, Penn's charter for planting-, 1680. 
Peru discovered, 1518. 

Philippine isles, discovered by the Spaniards, 1521. 

Pitt's Straits, in the East Indies, discovered, April 30, 1760. 

Porto Rico discovered, 1497. 

Saba planted by the Dutch, 1640. 

Salem, in New England, settled, 1628. 

Sandwich islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered, 1778. 

Savannah settled, 1732. 

Sierra Leone coast discovered, 1460. 

Society isles, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered, 1765. 

Solomon's isles, in America, discovered, 1527, 

Somers' isles discovered, 1527. 

Spain, New, discovered, 1518. 

St. Eustatia isle settled by the Dutch, 1632. 

St. Helena first possessed by the English, loco ; settled, 1651. 

St. Lawrence river discovered and explored by the French, 1508. 

St. Salvador, the first land discovered in the West Indies, or America 

by Columbus, Oct. 11, 1492. 
Suffolk isles discovered, 1764; first produced sugar, 1770. 
Surinam planted by England, 1640. 

Suwarrow islands, discovered by lieutenant Lasaren, of the Russian 

company's ship, Suwarrow, Sept. 27, 1814. 
Surat settled, 1603. 

Tate island, East Indies, discovered, June 29 1795 
Tobago planted by the Dutch, 1642. 
Terceras isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1583. 
Terra Firma settled by the Spaniards, 1524. 
Trinidad, the isle of, discovered, 1498. 

D 6 



84 CHRONOLOGY. 
Ukraine settled by Russia, 1752. 

Virginia discovered by John Cabot, 1496; taken possession of, by sir 
Walter Raleigh, 1584 ; the settlement of the first permanent colony 
there, 1636. 

West Indies discovered by Columbus, 1492. 



SECT. V. 



IMPROVEMENTS, DISCOVERIES IN ARTS, 
REVENUES, &c. 

A BERRATION of the stars discovered by Dr. Bradley, of Sherborn. 

in Dorsetshire, 1727. 
Agaric of the oak, first known as a styptic, June 1750. 
Agriculture introduced, 1600 before Christ. 

In a recent publication, it is computed that hunters, shooters, &c. in- 
jure the farmer to the amount of one shilling: per acre ancually, 
and that game, by feeding- on his crops, consume to an equal a- 
mouiit ; that the fly, mag-got, slug, &c. will once in five years cut off 
the turnips, once in ten years the clover, and do 5s. an acre damage 
to corn crops; making- on the average 2s. per acre. The injury 
done by rats, moles, and mice, in a farm of 200 acres, is estimated 
at six gumeas ; by sparrows, and other small birds, six guineas ; 
pigeons, jays, magpies, ravens, kites, dogs, &c. four guineas : mak- 
ing in the whole 58/. a-year, or near 6y. per acre : or on the total 
cultivated superficies of the kingdom au annual depredation to the 
amount of ten millions per annum. 

Aineguilla mines, in New Spain, discovered, 1770. 

Air balloons, invented by B. Gusnido,a Jesuit, 1729 ; revived in France 
by Mous. Montgolfier, 1783, and let off at Paris, August 27 : introdu- 
ced into England, and Mr. Lunardi ascended from Moorfields, Sept. 
15, 1784; Mr. Blanchard and Dr. Jeffries went from Dover to Calais 
in about two hours, January 7, 1785. Mr. Garnerin performed a 
great number of successful aerial voyages in 1803. 

Air-guns invented by Guter, of Nuremberg, 1656. 

Air-pumps, invented by Geruke, of Madgeburg, 1650. 

Ale invented 1404 before Christ. 

Algebra was introduced into Europe in 1300; in general use in 1590. 

(numerical) invented 950; first known in Europe, 1494; let- 
ters first used, 1590. 

Allum first discovered at Rocha, in Syria, 1300; discovered in Tus- 
cany, 1460; first brought to perfection, in England, 1608; discover- 
ed in Ireland, October 22, 1757 ; in Anglesea, in 1790. 

Almanacks first published by Martin Ilkus, at Luda, in Poland, 1470; 
compiled, nearly in their present form, by Muller, 1473; the Com- 
pany of Stationers, London, claimed an exclusive right to publish, 
till 1779; and they are now supposed to sell a million annually. 

Alphabet, the Greek, consisted of 16 letters till 399 B. C. when the 
Ionic, of 24 characters, was introduced. 

Altars first used, 13"» ; consecrated, 271 ; the first in Britain, 634. 

Ambassador, the first sent by the Czar of Russia to England. 1556 ; the 
first sent to Turkey from England, 1605. The first that arrived from 
India in Europe, was from Tippoo Saib to France. June, 1778. The 
first ambassador from the Ottoman emperor arrived in London, 
Dec. 1793. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



85 



American paper currency commenced, May 1775 ; coinage took 
place in 1192, in eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles. The first 
is ten dollars, or forty-five shillings English. The dime is the tenth 
part of a dollar; and a copper coin, called a cent, is the tenth part 
of a dime. 

Amethysts discovered at Kerry, in Ireland, 1755. 
Anabaptist meeting-house, first in England, established 1640. 
Anathema first used by the church, 387. 

Anatomy restored at Brussels, 1550 ; of plants, discovered, I6S0. 
Anchors invented, 587. 

Annuities, or pensions, first granted, 1512, when 2Ql. was given to a 
lady of the court for services done, and 6l. 13s. &d. for the mainte- 
nance of a gentlewoman, 1536 ; and 13/. 6s 3d. a competent sum to 
support a gentleman in the study of the law, 1554. 

Anointing first used at the coronations in England, 872: in Scotland, 
1097. 

Anthems first used, 3S6. 

Apothecaries first mentioned in history, 1345. 

Appeals first made to Rome from England, 1138; abolished 1532. 

Apple-trees, two kinds of, brought from Syria and Africa into Italy, 

9 years before Christ. 
Apricots first planted in England, 1540. They originally came from 

Epirus. 

Archery introduced into England before 440. 

Arches of stone, St. Paul's church built on ; a manner of building 

formerly unknown here, 1187. 
Archdeacon, the first appointed in England, 1075. 
Argand's lamps first introduced into general use in London, 1785. 
Arithmetic introduced into Europe, from Arabia, 991. 
decimal, invented, 1402. 

Arms, coats of, introduced into England, 1100. At first used to distin- 
guish noblemen in battle. 

Arms of England and France were first quartered by Edward III. 
1358 

Army, the standing one in modern times, established in France in 

1445, by Charles VII. 
Array, the first commission of, to raise a militia, 1422. 
Artichokes first planted in England, 1487. 

Arundelian tables made, 264 before Christ ; discovered 1610. 
Asparagus first produced in England, 1608. 

Assaying gold and silver legally established in England, 1299. 
Assay-master first established at Sheffield and Birmingham, 1773. 
Assignats first ordered by the National Assembly of France, April 
17, 1790. 

Assiento, or contract for supplying America with slaves from Jamaica 
began 16S9; vested in the South Sea Company, 1713; given up to 
Spain by the peace, 1748. 

Astronomical observations first made at Babylon, 2234 ; celebrated 
tables made, 1253 before Christ. 

Astronomy and geography brought to Europe by the Moors of Barba- 
ry and Spain, 1301. 

Attraction, the first idea of, taken up by Kepler, 1605. 

Auction, the first in Britain, was about 1700, by Elisha Yale, a Go- 
vernor of Fort George, in the East Indies, of the goods he brought 
home with him. 

Aurora Borealis, or the northern lights, first observed, March 6, 

1715 16. — Electricity of discovered, 1769. 
Baize manufacture first introduced into England at Colchester, 1660. 
Baking of bread invented, 1400 before Christ, became a profession 170 

before Christ. 

Bands for lawyers first used by Judge Finck, 1615; for clergyman, m 
about 1653. 

Bankers — Mint used formerly by merchants to lodge their money in, 
till the king made free with it in 1640; after which, trusting to ser- 
vants, till too many ran to the army, they lodged it with goldsmiths, 
whose business was to buy and sell plate, and foreign coins ; and at 
first paid 4d. per cent, per diem., but lent it to others at higher in- 
terest, and so became the first bankers, 1645. The charter of the 



86 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Bank of England was executed July 27, 1694, and was granted for 
12 years, the corporation being- then determinable on a year's notice. 
The original capital subscribed was 1 ,200,000£. which they lent to 
government at 8 per cent, interest, with an allowance of 4000^. per 
ami. for their expences of management. The term of the charter 
was, in 1706, extended to five years beyond the original period, in 
consideration of the company having undertaken to circulate for 
government exchequer bills to the amount of 1,500,000^. and it has 
since been further extended at different times, viz. — 
In 1709 to 1st of August 1732 

1713 - - . 1712 

1742 - - - 1764 

1763 - - - 17S6 

1781 - - - 1S12 

1S0O - - - 1833 
The total permanent debt due from government to the bank is 
ll,6S6,SO0£. bearing 3 per cent, interest; but the capital stock of 
the conrpany is 11,642,400^. on which they pay a dividend of ten per 
cent, per ami. to the proprietors. — According to the accounts pre- 
sented to the House of Commons in the year 1824, the average 
amount of balances of public money in the hands of the Bank during 
the last year was 5,526,645^. The profit of the Bank (at three per 
cent., the rate which the government pays them for their capital of 
fifteen millions,') is therefore upwards of 165,792Z. in its capacity of 
banker to the public departments. The sum payable to the Bank 
for the management of the public debt last year is 267,934/. 7s. Sd. 
From the reports of the secret committee appointed in l r i97 to inves- 
tigate the affairs of the bank, it appeared that, on the 25th of Fe- 
bruary, in that 5-ear, there was a balance of 3,S26,903Z. and on the 
11th of November abala.nce of 3,839.550/. in favour of the company : 
their profits since must have been greater than while they were 
obliged to maintain a large stock of cash to answer their notes, 
which has enabled them to make several occasional dividends to 
their proprietors, and at Lady day , 1807, to raise their usual divi- 
dend from 7 per cent, which it had been for the last 19 years, to 10 
per cent. House built 1732, enlarged 1770, considerably improved 
and insulated in 1796, and the exterior partly rebuilt in 1824. 
Bank notes, 512 weigh one pound. 

Banks first began in Italy by Lombard Jews, SOS; that of Venice. 
1157; of Genoa 1345; of Amsterdam. 1609; of Hamburgh, 1610 ; of 
Rotterdam, 1635; of England, 1640 ; established, 1694 ; in the East 
Indies, 17S7; America in 1791. 

Bank stock 3 per cent. ami. created, 1726 ; 3 per cent, consol do. 1731: 

3 per cent, reduced ditto, 1716; 3 per cent. ami. payable at the 
South Sea House, 1751 ; 3^ per cent. ami. ditto, 1758; long ami. 1761 : 

4 per cent consol. ditto, 1762. Old Scotch bank created, 1695 ; Royal 
ditto, 1727. — The name is derived from Banco, bench; benches 
being erected in the market place for the exchange of money, &c. 

Barbers introduced to Rome from Sicily, in 229 before Christ. 
Bark, Jesuits, virtues of discovered, 1500; first brought to Europe. 
1650. 

Barometers invented, 1626; wheel barometers contrived, 166S; pen- 
dant ditto, 1695; marine ditto, 1700; phosphoric, 1675. 
Barons first summoned to Parliament, 1205. 

first created in England, 13SS. 

Baronets first instituted, 1611 ; of Nova Scotia, 1625. 
Barristers first appointed by Edward I. 1291. 

Bath springs discovered, 871 before Christ; the Baths of the Romans 

discovered under the Abbey-house, 1755. 
Battering ram invented, 441 before Christ. 

Bayonets invented at Bay onne, 1670; first used in England. Septem- 
ber 24, 1693. 

Beer first introduced into England, 1492; in Scotland, as early as 
14S2. By the statute of James I. one full quart of the best beer or 
ale was to be sold for one penny, and two quarts of small beer for 
one penny. 

The following particulars are "collected from official excise office 

returns for 1823. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 87 

Number of Licensed Victuallers in England and Wales - 48,639 
Portion of the above who brew their own beer - - 22,324; 
Number of brewers in England and Wales, exclusive of 

JLondon - -- -- -- -- - 1,591 

Ditto in London -------- - 135 

Ditto in Scotland - -- -- -- - 2G3 

Barrels of strong beer brewed in England and Wales, in 

the year ending April 5, 1823 ----- 4,142,619 

Ditto in Scotland 123,222 

Portion of the above brewed in London - - - - 1,829,940 

Barrels of strong beer exported ----- 71,828 

Portion of the above exv>orted from London - - - 56,490 
Ditto from Liverpool ------- 11,863 

Small beer brewed in Great Britain - 1,299,275 



Every man, woman, and child in London, seems from this statement, 
to drink on the average two barrels of beer a-year. The quantify 
of strong beer brewed in England in a year, would float ail the 

\ navy in commission. The account only refers, of course, to beer 
brewed by common brewers. 

Beheading of noblemen first introduced into England, 1074. 

Bellmen first appointed in London, 1556. 

Bellows invented, 554 before Christ. 

Bells invented by Paulinius, bishop of Nola, in Campania, about 400; 
first known in France, 550; first used by the Greek empire, 864 ; 
were introduced into monasteries in the seventh or eighth century. 
Pope Stephen ill., placed three bells in a tower on St Peter's, in 
Rome. In the churches of Europe they were introduced in 900. 
They were first introduced into Switzerland, 1020. The first tune- 
able set in England were hung up in Croyland Abbey, in Lincoln- 
shire, 960; used to be baptised in churches, 1030. 

Berlin coach invented, 1509. 

Bible first translated into the Saxon language, 939; into the English 

language, by Tindale and Coverdale, 1534; first translation by the 

king's authority, 1536. 
Bills of exchange first mentioned, 1160 \ used in England, 1307. The 

only mode of sending money from England by law, 1381. 
Bishop, the first that suffered death in England by sentence of the 

civil power, 1405. 
Bishop of Nova Scotia first appointed, August 11, 1787. 
Bishop, in America, the first was Dr. Seabury, consecrated November 

14, 1784. 

Bishopricks in Germany first founded by Charlemagne, 800. 

removed from villages to great towns in England, 1076. 

Blackwell-hall first appointed for a repository for woollen cloth, 1515. 
Blankets first made in England, 1340. 
Blister plaisters invented 60 before Christ. 
Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 1704. 

Blood, circulation of, through the lungs, first made public by Micbaei 
Servetus, a French physician, in 1553 ; Cisalpinus published an ac- 
count of the general circulation, of which he had some confused 
ideas, and improved it afterwards by experiments, 1569; but it was 
fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. 

Board wages first commenced with the king's servants, iu 1629. 

Boats, flat-bottomed, invented in the reign of William the Conqueror 
who used them in the isle of Ely. 

Bombs first invented by a man at Venlo, 1588; first used in the ser- 
vice of France, 1634. 

Bomb-vessels invented in France, 1681. 

Bones, the art of softening them found out, 1688. 

Books, in the present form, were invented by Attalus, king of Perga- 
mus, 887. 

sold by Catalogue, began 1676. 

the first supposed to be written in Job's time ; 30,000 burnt by 

order of Leo, 761 ; a very large estate given for one on Cosmogra- 
phy, by king Alfred; were sold from 10£. to 30/. a-piece, about 
1400; the first printed one was the vulgate edition of the bible, 
1462; the second was Cicero de Officiis, 1466; Cornelius Nepos, pub- 



88 



CHRONOLOGY. 



lished at Moscow, was the first classical book printed in Russia, 
April 29, 1762. 

Book-keeping- first used after the Italian method in London, 1569. 
Boots were invented, 907 before Christ. 
Botany, the study of, revived, 1535. 

Bounties first legally granted in England for raising naval stores in 

America, 1703. For exporting corn, 1669. 
Bows and arrows introduced here, 1066. 

Brass exported in 1799, amounted to 77,033 cwt. 3 qi\ 16 lb. at 7h lis. 

Sd. per cwt. amounted to 595,72S£. 15s. bd. 
Brazil diamond mines discovered, 1730. 
Bread first made with yeast by the English, about 1656. 
Bread-fruit plants first introduced into the West Indies by Captain 

Blithe, Jan. 1793. 
Breast-plates for armour first invented, 397 before Christ, 
Breeches first introduced into England, 1654. 
Breviaries first introduced, 1080. 
Bribery first used in England, 1554. 

Bricks first used in England by the Romans. The size ordered by 
Charles I., 1625. 

Bridge, the first of stone in England was at Bow, near Stratford, 
10S7. 

Broad seal of England first used, 1050. 
Buckles were invented about 1680. 

Building with stone brought into England by Beunet, a monk, 670 ; 
with brick, first introduced by the~Romans into their provinces ; 
first in England about 886; introduced here by the earl of Arundel. 
1600, at which time the houses in London were chiefly built of wood . 
The increase of buildings in London prohibited, and within three 
miles of the city gates by queen Elizabeth, and that only one family 
should dwell in one house, 1580. The buildings from High Holborn. 
north and south, and Great Queen-street, built nearly on the spot 
where stood the Elms or the ancient Tyburn, in Edward III. were 
erected between 1607 and 1631. The number of houses in London 
and its suburbs in 177S, were computed at 122,930; but in 1791 they 
amounted to above 200,000. In St. George's Fields near 7000 have 
been erected within the above period, and of late years the build- 
ings round London have increased to a great extent. 

Bull-baiting, first at Stamford, Lincolnshire, 1209; at Tutbury, Staf- 
fordshirer 1374. 

Bull-fights in Spain first used, 1560. 

Bull-running, at Tutbury, in Staffordshire, instituted, 1374. 

Bullets of stone used instead of iron ones, 1514; of iron first mentioned 

in the Fcsdera, 1550. 
Bullion of gold and silver, first method of assaying, 1354. 
Burgesses were first constituted in Scotland, 1326. 
Burial-place, the first Christian one in Britain, 596. 
Burials, first permitted in consecrated places, 750 ; in church- yards. 

758. 

Burning glass and common mirrors, the discovery attributed to 

Tshernhausen, a Lusatian baron, 16S0. 
Burying in woollen first began, 1666. 

Butter annually sent to London from Yorkshire, Cambridge, and 
Suffolk, amounts to 210,000 firkins. 

Buttons covered with cloth prohibited by law, 1721 

Cables, a method of making them invented, by which 20 men are ena- 
bled to do the work of 200. The machine is set in motion by 16 
horses, for the cable is of the dimensions for the largest ships, 1792. 

Cabinet Council first instituted, April 1670. 

Calendar first regulated by Pope Gregory, 1579. 

Caliber instrument invented at ^Nuremberg, 1540. 

Calico first imported by the East India Company, 1631. 

Calico-printing, and the Dutch loom engine, first used, 1676. 

Calicos were first made in Lancashire, in 1772. 

Camera Obscura invented, 1515. 

Canal of Languedoc, which joins the Mediteranean and Cantabrian 
seas, begun by Louis XIV. it is sixty-four leagues long, and is sup- 
ported by 104 sluices. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 8i> 

Canal of Briaire, or Burgundy, uniting the Seine and Loire, finished 

by Louis XIII. it has 42 sluices. 
of Orleans, between the Loire and Seine, began 1675; it has 

twenty sluices. 

of Bourbon, between the Oise and Paris ; began 1790. 

of the lake Ladoga, in Russia, between the Baltic and Caspian 

Sea, begun 1719. 

— in China, goes from Canton to Pekin in a straight line upwards 

of 806 miles, having 75 locks, and 41 large cities on its banks, with 
above 10,000 vessels on it; finished in 880; 30,000 men were em- 
ployed 43 years in making it. In 1355, a canal was dug in Persia, 
100 miles long. The Russian canal, begun by Peter the Great in 
170S, between the Caspian Sea and the Baltic, was not entirely 
completed till 1780. The distance by water from the frontiers of 
China to Petersburgh is 4472 miles ; that from Astracan to Pe- 
tetsburgh 1434 miles ; the communication was begun by Peter 
the Great, who also began some others. The canal of Orleans in 
France, was begun in 1678; the canal of Languedoc was begun in 
1666, and finished 1681. The canal from Calais to Gravelines was 
begun in 1681 ; and many more are marked out in France, but not 
finished. In Spain the canal of Arragon wasbegun in 1785. In Swe- 
den a canal was made from Stockholm to Gottenburgh, 1751. In 
Ireland, one from Dublin to the Shannon, 1762. The canal from 
Brussels to Antwerp, was begun 1531 ; finished 1560. That which 
joins the Baltic and North Sea, at Kiel, was opened to all nations, 
May 14, 1785. Navigable rivers, and canals to join rivers, first made 
in England by Henry I. 1134, when the Trent was joined to the 
Witham. The Thames made navigable to Oxford, by act of Parlia- 
ment, 21 James 1. 1624. The New River canal, running 36 miles, 
was begun in 1608, and finished 1613. The Kennet, from Reading 
to Newbury, 2 George I. 1715. The river Lea made navigable 
from Hertford to Ware, and so to London, 12 George II. 1739. The 
Duke of Bridgewater's navigation began 1758, and was opened 
June 17, 1761 Northamptonshire navigation began August 7, 1761. 
Trent and Mersey canal, extending 90 miles, was finished 1779, 
since which time have been the following, viz. 

Canal from Belfast to Loughneagh, was begun 1783. 

« from Droitwich to the Severn, 1756. 

in Caermaerthenshire, 1756. 

from the Severn, near Tilton-bridge, 1766. 

from Wilden Ferry, in Staffordshire, 1766, 

from the Forth to the Clyde, in Scotland, 1768. 

from Birmingham to Bilston, 1768. 

from Oxford to Coventry, 1169; completed January 1790. 

from Speeds to Liverpool, 1770. 

from the Dee to Nantwich, 1772. 

from Skipton, 1773, to Oxford, 1775. 

from Stroudwater to the Severn, 1775, and from Stroud to the 

Thames, begun 1783. 
from Apedale, 1775. 

— — from Stourbridge, 1776. — Ditto from Hider's-green, 1766. 

from Chesterfield to the Trent, finished 1777. 

from the Trent to the Mersey, enlarged, 1183. 

— — from the Thames to the Leachlade, 1183. 

of Leeds and Liverpool consolidated, 11S3. 

from the Lea to Limehouse, 1770. 

i — from the Severn to Leachlade, completed in 1789. 

from Glasgow to Bowling bay, in the Clyde, July 1799. 

over the Tame, near Birmingham, and the Coventry canal, with 

the Birmingham &c. completed, by which the inland navigation be- 
tween London, Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, was opened, July 1190 

from Hereford to Gloucester; begun Nov. 1191. 

from Paddington to the Grand Junction Canal, begun 1198; 

opened in June 1801. 

the Kennet and Avon was opened, July 7, 1199. 

Thames to Fenney Stratford, opened May 28, 1800. 

- great Caledonian canal, to extend from the Murray Frith, to the 

Frith of Mull, begun 1S03 ; nearly completed in 1824. 



§0 CHRONOLOGY. 

Canal from the river Thames to the town of Croydon, opened Decem- 
ber 1S09. 

from Wilts and Berks to the river Thames, Sept, 21, 1810. 

Grand Union, made navigable to Welford, Oct. 1, 1S13. 

■ Wey and Arun junction opened, Sept. 1816. 

Worcester and Birmingham opened, Dec. 11, 1816. 

— — Leeds and Liverpool, 127 miles in length, commenced, 1770 ; 
completed, 1816. 

Candles, tallow, so great a luxury, that splinters of wood were used 
for light. — No idea of wax candles, 1300. 

of tallow, first began to be used, 1290. 

Cannon. — See Guns. 

Canonization first used by papal authority, 993. 
Caps first worn, 1449. 

Cards invented in France, first used for Charles Vlth's amusement, 
1380 ; they were forbidden the use of in Castile in 1387 ; 428,000 
packs were stamped in England in 1775. 

Carp, first brought to England, 1525. 

Carriages introduced into Vienna, 1515; into England, 1580. 
Carving* in marble invented 772 before Christ. 

Catalogues of English printed books were first published in 1595; in 

Ireland in 1632. 
Cauliflowers first planted in England, 1603. 

Celery first introduced to the English tables by Count Tallard, during 
his captivity in England, after the battle of Malplaquet, in 1709. 

Celestial sphere, first seen in Greece, brought from Egypt 368 before 
Christ. 

Chain-shot invented by Adm. de Wit, 1666. 

Chairs, sedan, first used in London ; a fourteen years patent for sell- 
ing them granted to Duncombe, 1634. 

Charity schools first begun in England, March 25, 1683 ; 160 schools 
within London, Westminster, and the bills of mortality, established 
between 1688 and 1767, inclusive. 

Charters were first granted to different cities in England, 1179; 

Cheltenham mineral spring discovered, 1740. 

Chemistry and distillery introduced into Europe by the Spanish Moors 
who learned it of the African Moors, and these of the Egyptians, 
1150 — Hydraulic chemistry was invented in 1746. 

Cherries brought from Pontus by Lucullusto Rome, 70; apricots from 
Epirus, peaches from Persia, the finest plums from Damascus and 
Armenia, pears and figs from Greece and Egypt, citrons from Me- 
dia, pomegranates from Carthage, about 114 years before Christ. 

Cherry-trees first planted in Britain, 100 before Christ; broughtfrom 
Flanders and planted in Kent, with such success, that an orchard of 
32 acres produced in one year 1000Z. 1540. 

Chess, the game of, invented, 60S before Christ. 

Chest, at Chatham, for the relief of seamen, instituted, 158S. 

Chiaro-obscuro, the art of printing in, with three plates, to imitate 
drawings, first used 5 1500. 

Chimes on bells invented at Alost, in 14S7. 

Chimnies first introduced into buildings in England, 1200 ; there was 

only one in the middle of the building till 1300. 
China made in England at Chelsea, in 1752; at Bow, in 1758; and in 

several parts of England in 1760 ; by Mr. Wedgwood, 1762 ; at 

Dresden, in Saxony, in 1706. 

porcelain first spoken of in history, 1591. 

Chivalry began in Europe, 912. 

Chocolate introduced into Europe from Mexico in 1520. 

Cinnamon trade first began by the Dutch, 1506; but had been known 

in the time of Augustus Cassar, and long before, 
Cinque ports vested in barons for the security of tbe coasts, 1078; first 

received their privileges, 1216. 
Circuits, Judges of the, first appointed, 1176. 

Circumnavigators of England were, Drake, undertaken in 1577; Ca- 
vendish, 1586; Cowley, 1683; Dampier, 1686: Cooke, 170S; Clipper- 
ton and Sheloock, 1719; Anson, 1740; Byron, 1764; Wallis, 1766; 
Carteret, 1766; Cook, 1768, 1772, 1776; continued by King, 17S0 ; 
and since by Portlocke, &c. in 17S8. Fhstthat entered the Pacific 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 9i 

Ocean was Magellan, a Spaniard, 1520. Other Spanish circumnavi- 
gators were Groalva, 153?; Avalradi, 1337; Mendana, 1567 ; Quiros, 
1625. The Dutch circumnavigators were Le Maire, 1615; Tasman 
1642; Roggewin, 1121. M. Bougainville, the Frenchman, 1776, and 
several others since. 
Cities first incorporated, 1201. 

Cities and boroughs first represented in Parliament, 1366. 

Civil law revived in Italy, Germany, &c. 1127. 

Clock-makers, three, from Delft, first in England, 1568. 

Clocks, called water-clocks, first used in Rome, 158 before Christ ; 
clocks and dials first set up in churches, 913; clocks made to strike 
by the Arabians, 801 ; by the Italians, 1300 ; a striking clock in 
Westminster, 1368; the first portable one made, 1530; none in Eng- 
land that went tolerably, till that dated, 1540, now at Hampton- 
court palace ; clocks with pendulums, &c, invented by one Fro- 
mantil, a Dutchman, about 1656 ; repeating clocks and watches in- 
vented by one Barlow, 1676. Till about 1631, neither clocks nor 
watches were general. 

Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into England, 1191 ; first made at 
Kendal 1390; medleys first made, 1614. 

Coaches first used in England, 1580 ; an act passed to prevent men 
riding in coaches as effeminate, in 1601; began to be common in 
London, 1605; hackney coaches began in 1634; when captain Baily 
set up four in number; were prohibited in 1635; fifty hackney 
coachmen only were allowed in 1637 ; limited to 200 in 1652 ; to 300 
in 1654 ; to 400 in 1661 ; to 700 in 1694, when they were first licensed; 
to 800 in 1710; to 1000 in 1771 ; to 1200 in 1799. Hackney chariots, 
not to exceed 200, licensed, 1814. 

In the year 1736, the number of coaches made in this kingdom 
amounted to 40,000, one half of which, and upwards, were export- 
ed. By the duty on coaches it appeared, in 1778, 23,000 were kept 
in England, when their duty amounted to 117,000^. The duty on 
coaches in 1785, was 154,983/. in England, and in Scotland, only 
9000/. 

Coals discovered near Newcastle. 1234; first dug at Newcastle by a 
charter granted the town by Henry IIL; first used, 1280; dyers, 
brewers, &c. in the reign of Edward the First, began to use sea- 
coal for fire in 1350 ; but in consequence of an application from the 
nobility, &c. he published a proclamation against it as a public 
nuisance, 1398. Imported from Newcastle to London in any quanti- 
ty, 1350; in general use in London, 1400; 600,000 chald. used in 
London 1773; and 766,880 chald. in 1788; in 1792, there was 841,380 
chalders; cinders, 6270 chaldrons; and Scotch coals, 2,449 tons; in 
1793, there were 800,510^; in 1794, 788,744^; in 1795, 887,759 chal- 
drons, besides cinders, &c. ; and in 1791, the quantity of 450,000 
chaldrons, Newcastle measure, was cleared out, in 4956 vessels, for 
over-sea and coastways; in 1791. there were334,513i chaldrons, be- 
sides cinders, &c. The duties on coals carried coastways, besides 
those in Loudon, amounted in 1788 to 182,745/. 15s. 0^d. at 5s. 6d. per 
chaldron. Those brought to London pay 10s. 8rf. per chaldron. All 
the duties on coals in England, amounted in 1783, to 445,811'. and 
in 1784, to 462,550/. And in Scotland, for both these years, to 3000/. 
The sum total of the duties in 1788 was 306,728/. 

The coals imported into the port of London, from the 1st of March 



1790, to the 1st of March 1800: 

Chaldrons. Tons. 

From 1st March 1790 to 1st March 1791 754,307 2,345 

1791 to 1792 814,622 2,251 

1792 to 1793 832,35S 2,403 

1793 to 1794 815,318 1,540 

1794 to 1795 732,846 1,718 

1795 to 1796 928,743 578 

1796 to 1797 829,684 931 

1797 to 1798 897,037 814 
179S to 1799 769,047 393 
1799 to 1S00 865,804 493 



The daily consumption is about 2,300 chaldrons in London. 
Cock-fighting instituted by the Romans, after a victory over tne Per- 
sians, 476 before Christ. 



92 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Coffee-house, the first in England, was kept by Jacob, a Jew, at the 
sign of the Angel, in Oxford, in 1650; Mr. Edwards, an English 
Turkey merchant, brought home with him a Greek servant, who 
kept the first house for making and selling coffee in London, 1652. 
The Rainbow coffee-house, near Temple-bar, was, 1657, repre- 
sented as a nuisance to the neighbourhood. 

Coffee first brought to England by Mr. Nathaniel Canopius, a Cretan, 
who made it his common beverage, at Baliol College, Oxford, in 
1641; coffee was first brought to Marseilles, 1644. 

Coffee trees were conveyed from Mocha to Holland, in 1616; and car- 
ried to the West Indies in the year 1726 ; first cultivated at Suri- 
namby the Dutch, 1718; its culture encouraged in the plantations,! 732. 

Coif, the Serjeant's, was originally an iron scull-cap, worn by knights 
under their helmets. Blackstone says it was introduced before 1259, 
to hide the tonsure of such renegado clerks as chose to remain as 
advocates in the secular courts, notwithstanding their prohibition 
by canon. 

Coin — silver, first coined by Phidon, king of Argos, 869 before Christ ; 
silver money coined at Rome, 269 before Christ; before then brass 
money only was used, a sign of no correspondence with the East, 
where gold and silver were used long before: coin first used in Bri- 
tain, 25 before Christ; in Scotland of gold and silver, 220 after 
Christ; coin was first made round in England in 1101; silver half- 
pence and farthings were coined in the reign of John, andpence the 
largest current coin; gold first coined in England, 1087; groats first 
coined in Bohemia, 1301 ; copper money used only in Scotland and 
Ireland, 1399; gold next coined in England, 1345; groats and half 
groats the largest silver coin in England, 1531; in 1347, a pound of 
silver was coined into 22 shiUings, and in 1352, a pound was coined 
into 25 shillings ; in 1414, they were increased to 30 shillings ; and in 
15C0, a pound of silver was coined into 40 shillings. In 1530 they 
were extended to 62, which is the same now. The money m Scot- 
land, till now the same as in England, began to be debased, 1354; 
gold first coined in Venice, 1476; shillings first coined in England, 
1068; crowns and half crowns first coined, 1551; copper money in- 
troduced into France by Henry III. 1580; the first legal copper coin 
introduced, which put an end to private leaden tokens, universally 
practised, especially in London, 1609 ; copper money introduced into 
England by James I. 1620; milling coin introduced, 1662; halfpence 
and farthings first coined by government, August 16, 1672; guineas 
were first coined, 1673 ; silver coinage, 1696 ; broad pieces of gold 
called in by government, and coined into guineas, 1732. Five shil- 
lings and three-penny pieces in gold were issued in 1715 and 1761. 
One million was coined in 1710, from French Louis d'ors. Halfpence 
issued for the Isle of Man by England, 1786. Dollars were issued by 
the bank at 4*. 9d each, March 4, 1797. Seven shilling pieces were 
issued in December, 1797. 
The whole money coined in England since the beginning of the reign 
of queen Elizabeth, including the debased silver of the three pre- 
ceding reigns, up to the year 1793, was as follows: 



By Queen Elizabeth 5,832,932 

King James I. ----- 2,500,000 

Charles I. ----- 10,199,544 

Cromwell - 1,000,000 

Charles II 7,524,105 

James II 3,737,637 



Before the Revolution - 31,094,215 

By King William III. including re-coinage 10,511.963 

Queen Anne ------ 2,691,626 

King George 1 8,725,921 

Kiug George II 11,966,576 

Before the present reign - - - 33,896,086 

Total during the present reign, till 25th 

March 1793, including re-coinage - - - 51,073,352 



Total coined from the year 1558 to 1793, 

being 235 years 116,063,666 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



93 



Of tliis 116,063,6662. sterling, there were 32,000,0002. in silver, long be- 
fore the revolution. The whole gold coinage did not exceed six 
millions, all payments till then being mostly made in silver; and so 
much is the nature of our coinage changed, that, during the reign 
of Georg e III. the whole silver coinage only amounted to 63,1012. 
The coinage of gold and silver in four years amounted to 6,191,8352. 



8,192,122 0 0 

Davenant estimated the coin in the kingdom in 1711 to be about 
12,000,0002. Anderson estimates it, in the year 1762, at 16,000,0002. ; 
and Mr. Chalmers supposes it, in 1786, to amount to 20,000,0002 , and 
at present at 37,000,0002. 

The gold coin brought into the mint by proclamation, in 1773, 1774, 
and 1776, amounted to 15,563,5932. 10*. Sd. The expence attending 
the loss in collecting, melting, &c. to government, was 754,0192. 19*. 6d. 

The mint of the United States of America, established 1793, issued 
gold and silver coin; the copper had been delivered before. The 
gold coins are eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles. The first is 
exactly five and forty shillings, English money, or ten dollars Ame- 
rican coin. The dollars are coined in the same divisions of half, 
and quarter, which makes the course of exchange simple, and suits 
the reckoning to every capacity ; ten quarter dollars make the 
quarter eagle, ten half dollars the half eagle, and ten dollars the 
eagle. There is, beside, one more silver coin, which is called a 
dime, and is the tenth part of a dollar. The copper coin is called 
a cent, and is the tenth part of a dime. 

Coin in bullion first legally permitted to be exported, 1663. 

Coining with a die first invented, 1617; first used in England, 1620. 

Collars of S. S. in honour of St. Sulpicius ; the fashion of wearing be- 
gan, 1407. 

Commerce of England in 1791 : 



Exports - - - - 7,000,000 
Imports - 5,000,000 

2,000,000 

Re-imported goods - - 1,000,000 



Balance in favour - - 3,000,000 



Companies, twelve, first established in London, 1194. 
Comedy, the first acted in Athens, on a scaffold, by Susarian and Da- 
Ion, 562 before Christ; those of Terence first acted, 154 before 
Christ ; the first in England, 1551. 
Comets had their parabolic orbits demonstrated m 1680. 
Comet, a new, discovered by Mr. Firminger, at the Royal Observa- 
tory, Greenwich, December 8, 1805. 
Compass, seaman's, invented in China, 1120 before Christ ; said to be 
used at Venice, 1260; improved at Naples, 1302; its variation ob- 
served, 1500; its dipping, 1576. 
Concert, the first subscription one was at Oxford, 1665; the first in 

London was 1678. 
Conic section, the first idea of, given 240 years before Christ. 
Consul, the English, first one by that name in Italy, 14S5; in Portugal, 
1633. 

Convicts first sent to Botany Bay, 1787. 

Copper first imported from Virginia, October 1730. 

Copper money first coined in Scotland by order of Parliament, 1466 , 
in Ireland, 1399; in France, 1580; in England, the first legal, in 
1689 — Tradesmen's tokens, or halfpence, were coined in 1672. 
Penny pieces first issued July 26, 1797; halfpeiice, on the same prin- 
ciple issued, Jan. 1800. 

Copper mines first discovered in Sweden. 1396; in England, 1561 ; re- 
vived in England, 1689. Found in New' York, 1 722. The Paris cop- 
per mine in Anglesea, has a bed of copper ore forty feet thick, tv.\d 



Of which was coined in 1793 - 
in 1794 - 
in 1795 - 
in 1796 only 
in 1197 - 



2,747,430 0 6 

2,553,894 12 0 

497,711 5 6 

391,789 2 0 

2,000,297 0 0 



94 



CHRONOLOGY. 



supplies between 29 and 30,000 tons annually, 1T90. The quautity 
exported in 1799 was 97,125 cwt. 2 qrs. 7lbs. at 61. 9s. per cwt. 
amounted to the value of 626,459/. 19*. 6c?. 
Account of the quantity and prices of the different articles of copper 
purchased for the use of his Majesty r s navy, from the 29th of April. 
1799, to the 17th of March, 1800 ; and also of old copper delivered in 
payment for the same, with the prices, as far as it can be made up : 
Tons. cwt. qrs. lbs. 
Copper sheets - 615 15 0 131 

Copper bolts and ring's - 123 9 3 25 ( 
Copper nails - - - 15 17 2 23 1 
Mixed metal nails - - 15S 14 0 12 * 
Old copper returned to the contractors in part ^ 
payment for the new - 



d. 



125,325 14 



596 2 11 



,£90,729 11 S 

Cotton- wool, used in English manufactures in 1787, was valued at 
7,500,000/. and weighed 22 ,600 ,0001 bs. The quantity manufactured 
in 1791 was 32,14S,906lbs. One pound of cotton-wool, when spun, has 
been worth live pounds sterling ; and when wove into muslin and 
ornamented in the tambour, is worth 15 pounds, yielding 5,900/. per 
cent, on the raw material. Again, one pound of cotton has pro- 
duced 205 hanks, each hank, when extended, measured 203,000 
yards. In this manufacture, in 1787, there were in England and 
Scotland 143 water mills, which have cost - £715,000 
And 550 mule jennies, of 50 spindles each, worth - 19,250 

20,070 hand jennies, of 80 spindles each, worth - - 140,490 
Buildings, carding machines, <fcc. worth - 125,260 

Money employed in the manufacture - - - £1,000,000 

which gives employment to above 60,000 for spinning, and with its 
subsequent stage for preparation, employs near 360,000 men, wo- 
men, and children. 

The increase of this manufacture is as follows : 



Pounds Wt. 

1781 - 5,101,920 

1782 - 11,206,810 

1783 - - * - 9,546,179 

1784 - - - 11,280,236 

1785 - 17,992,888 

1786 - - - 19,151,867 
17S7 - - - 22,600,000 

The quantity imported was 
British islands - 
French and Spanish settlements 
Dutch settlements - 
Portuguese settlements - 
East Indies - 
Smyrna and Turkey cotton 



Value. 

£2,000,000 
3,900,000 
3,200,000 
3.950.000 
6,000,000 
6.500.000 
7,500,000 
lbs. 
6,600,000 
6.000,000 
1.700,000 
2.500,000 
100,000 
5,700,000 



And was applied as follows i 
To the candlewick branch 
To the hosiery branch - 
To silk and linen mixtures 
To the fustian branch - 
To calicoes, muslins, &c. 



22,600,000 

1,500,000 
1,500.000 
2,000,000 
6,000,000 
1,600,000 



22,600,000 

Counties, first division of, in England, 900. 

Counties first sent members to parliament, 125S. 

County gaols have cost building as follows, viz. 

Gloucester - - £lS,009 contains 170 cells, 
Monmouth - - 4,000 — 26 
Ipswich - 13,000 — S6. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



95 



Sussex 


- ^5,500 


— 30 cells 


Oxford, City 


4,500 


— 30 


Oxford, County 


10,000 


— SO 


Manchester 


15,000 


— 140 


Preston 


9,000 


— TO 


Stafford - 


18,000 


— 140 


Liverpool 


25,000 


— 300 


Dorchester 


12,000 


— 100 


Devon 


20,000 


— 160 



Cows, there were, in 1795, 8500 kept near London, which yielded 
about 28,713,000 quarts of milk, which sold to the milk people for If d. 
per quart, and yielded 209,365/. 12s. 6d. or 24/. 136'. 0^d. per an- 
num per cow, at about 9 quarts a day. The consumers paid 3d. 
per quart, which amounted to 358,912/. 10s. yielding a profit of 
149,547/. 175. 6d. 

Cow-pox, inoculation by, as a security against the small-pox, intro- 
duced by Dr. Jenner, 1800. 
Couriers, or posts, invented by Charlemagne, SOS. 
Crayons, art of fixing- them discovered, 1748. 
Crockery ware invented, 1309 B. C, 

Crown, the first Roman that wore one was Tarquin, 6l6 B. C; first 
used in England, 872 ; the first tiara or triple one used by the pope, 
1364; the first single one used by them was in 553; the first double 
one, 1303. 

Crown lands in England, valued at per annum, 120,626/. 14*. Id. or- 
dered by parliament to be sold, whose leases are between 3 and 31 
years unexpired, 1788. 

Croisades to Palestine first began, 1095, 

Culverins first made in England, 1534. 

Currants first planted in England, 1533; brought from Zante Isle, 1482. 

Customs on exports and imports first collected in England, about 979, 
first granted, 1274; amounted to but 14,000/. in 1580; farmed for 
many years for 20,000/. till 1590; to 50,000/. in 1592; to 148,000/. in 
1614; to 168,000/. in 1622; to 300,000/. in 1642; farmed for 390,000/. in 
1666; amounted to 557,752/. in 1688; from 1700 to 1714, the net 
amount was 20,241,468/. which, on a medium, was 1,352,764/.; to 
1,555,600/. in 1720; to 1,593,000/. in 1721; to 1,904,000/. in 1744; to 
2,000,000/. in 1743; to 4,609,300/. in 1786; to 4,965,000/. in 1787; to 
4,887,000/. inl7S9; to 6,890,000/. in 1790; to 4,044,923/. 15*. 6d. in 1794; 
and to 3,412,255/. 6*. Sd. in 1795. 

Its officers deprived of voting for members of parliament, 1782; 
seizures at the custom-house amounted to 26,000/. in 1742. 

The report of the committee on the wet dock bill has furnished the 
public with the most authentic evidence of the immense increase of 
our commerce. In 1790, the tonnage of foreign vessels cleared out 
from London was precisely double what it was in 1751. In 1705, this 
tonnage was more than one-third greater than in 1790. 

Custom-hOuse, London, first in England, 1559; burnt down and re- 
built, 1718. Again burnt down 1814, and rebuilt 1817. 

Cutting for the stone was first performed on a criminal, at Paris, in 
1474, with success. 

Cyder, called wine, made in England, 1234. 

Cyphers, digits, or figures in arithmetic, invented by the Arabic Moors, 
813. 

Dancing by cinque paces introduced into England, from Italy, 1541 ; 

incorporated in France, 1659. 
Danegelt first paid, 999; remitted, 1050. 

Decimal arithmetic invented, 1602, by Simon Steven, of Bruges. 

De Courcy had the privilege of standing covered before the kings of 

England, granted by John, 1203. 
Dedications to books introduced in the time of Mecaenas, A.D. 17; 

practised for the purpose of obtaining money, 1600. 
Deeds in Old English, in Rymer's Foedera, 1385. 
Degrees, academical, first introduced at Paris, before 1213. 
Delft earthenware invented at Firenza, 1450. 

Depredations, of which the following are said to be committed an- 



06 



CHRONOLOGY. 



mially in the metropolis . Among- the small thefts are included pew- 



ter pots, stated at 55,000/. 

Small thefts ,^710,000 

Thefts on rivers and quays - - 500,000 

In dock yards, &c. on the Thames - 300,000 

Burglaries, highway robberies, &c. - 220,000 

Coining base money - 200,000 

Forging bills, swindling, &c. - - 70,000 



3^2,000,000 

Diamonds first polished and cut at Bruges, 14S9. 

Diamond mines discovered in Brazil, 1730; that at Coulour, in the 
East Indies, 1640; that at Gaolcondo, 1554; one sent from Brazil for 
the court of Portugal weighed 1680 carats, or 12 ounces and a half, 
valued at 224 millions sterling. Governor Pitt's weighed 127 carats, 
and 106 after cutting, and sold for 135,000/. to the king of France. 
That which belonged to Aureng-Zeb weighed 793 carats. The mo- 
gul's weighed 279 carats, 779,244/; The grand duke of Tuscany's 
weighed 139 carats. 

Dice invented, 1500 B. C. ; 3000 pair stamped in England, 1775. 

Dieu et mon droit, first used as a motto by Richard I. on a victory 
over the French, 1194. 

Dipping-needle, invented by Robert Norman, a compass-maker, of 
Radcliffe, 1580. 

Distaff spinning first introduced into England by Bonavera, an Italian, 
1505. 

Distilling first practised in Spain by the Moors, 1150. 
Distillation of spirituous liquors began in the 12th century ; in Ireland, 
1590. 

Distillery in 1786 yielded in England, 421,193?. 1*. S\d. and in 1794, it 
yielded 680,573/. 165. Sd. If the tax on malt, and the product ot the 
Scotch distilleries are included, it will be 900,000/. Os. 9d. 

Divorce, the first at Rome, 2-29 B. C. 

Docks, London, the first stone of the, laid June 26, 1802; opened 
Jan. 30, 1805. 

, West India, in the Isle of Dogs, opened Aug. 21, 1802. 

, East India, opened Aug. 4, 1806. 

Dresden china invented, 1702. 

Duelling, the first public one, 1096; with small swords introduced, 
15SS. 

Duties, termed incident duties, in 1787, yielded 2,000,000/. 

Dying and dipping their own cloaths, the English so little skilled in, 

1608, that they were usually sent white to Holland, and returned to 

England for sale. 

Earthen vessels first made by the Romans, 715 B. C. ; the first made in 
Italy, 1710; the present improved kind began in 1763, by Mr. Wedg*- 
wood. 

East India voyage, the first from England, 1591. 

Electricity, first idea of, given by two globes of brimstone, 1467; elec- 
tric stroke discovered at Leyden, 1746; first known it would fire 
spirits, 1756; that of the Aurora Borealis and of lightning, in 1769. 

Eleusinian mysteries first introduced at Athens by Eumolpus, 1356 
B.C. 

Ell, or yard, in measure, fixed by the length of Henry the lst's arm. 
1101. 

Engines to extinguish fires invented, 1663. 
England, the first geographical map of it, 1520. 

, first so named by Egbert, 829; first divided into counties, 

tythings, and hundreds, 390. The island of Great Britain i3 about 
590 miles in length, and the circuit of its coast makes about 1800 
miles. The part constituting England and Wales is in length, from 
Newhaven in Sussex, to Berwick-upon-Tweed, 355 miles, and in 
breadth, from the South Foreland in Kent, to the Land's End iu 
Cornwall, 325 miles 

The area of England and Wales, computed in acres, has been very 
differently stated by different authors ; for as it has never been as- 
certained by an actual survey, various modes of computation have 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C 97 

been adopted, which have disagreed materially in the result. The 
following are the principal estimates on this point. 

Acres. 

By Sir William Petty - - 28,000,000 



Dr. Grew 
Dr. Halley 
Templeman 
Arthur Young 1 
Rev. H. Beeke 



46,000,000 
39,938,500 
31,648,000 
46,916,000 
38,498,572 



In the returns relative to the poor, laid before the house of com- 
mons in 1804, it was stated, that by the best computation England and 
Wales contained 58,335 square statute miles, and 37,834,400 statute 
acres. Scotland, with its islands, contains about 21,000,000 of acres. 

The soil of South Britain is annually cropped in the following pro- 
portions ; 

Acres. 

Wheat 3,080,000 

Barley and rye - 850,000 
Oats and beans - 2,800,000 
Clover, rye-grass, &c. - - 1,120,000 
Turnips, carrots, cabbages, &c. 1,120,000 
Fallow ----- 2,100,000 
Hop grounds . - - - 35,000 
Nursery grounds - 8,500 
Fruit and kitchen gardens - 45,000 
Pleasure grounds - - - 16,000 
Land depastured by cattle - 17,000,000 
Hedge-rows, copses, and woods 1,600,000 
Ways, water, &c. - 1,282,100 

Cultivated land 31,056,600 
Commons and wastes 6,277,800 

37,334,400 

The number of horses for which duty is paid is 1,780,000. Their an- 
nual consumption of food, reckoned by the produce of acres, is 

Acres each. Acres. 

200,000 Pleasure horses 5 1,000,000 

30,000 Cavalry 5 150,000 

1,200,000 Husbandry 4 4,800,000 

350,000 Colts, mares, &c. - 3 - 1^050.000 



7,000,000 

The total population of Great Britain, as it appeared by the returns 
made in 1801, including the army, navy, and merchant seamen, was 
10,912,64:6 ; to which, if the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and 
the Scilly islands, are added, it may be taken at 11,000,000. — See Po- 
pulation. But it is evident that the welfare of a nation, and its poli- 
tical strength, do not depend so much on its numerical population, as 
on the manner in which that population is employed ; the proportion 
of productive to unproductive labourers of which it consists. No ac- 
curate account of this kind lias ever been taken, but the following es- 
timate of the different classes of persons who compose the present 
population of Great Britain, cannot be far from the truth : 



Nobility and gentry - 5,000 

Clergy of the churches of England and Scotland 18,000 

Ditto dissenters of every description - 14,000 

Army and militia, including half-pay, &c. - 240,000 

Navy and marines ? 130,000 

Seamen in the merchants' service - 155,000 



Carried over 562,000 

E 



» CHRONOLOGY. 

Brought over 562,000 

Lightermen, watermen, &c. - - 3,500 

Persons employed in collecting- the public revenue 6,000 

Judges, counsel, attorneys, &c. - - 14,000 

Merchants, brokers, factors, &c. - - 25.000 

Clerks to ditto, and to commercial companies - 40,000 

Employed in the different manufactures - 1,680,000 

Mechanics not immediately belonging to ditto 50,000 

Shopkeepers - 160,000 

Schoolmasters and mistresses - - 20.000 

Artists ----- 5,000 

Players, musicians, &c. - 4,000 

Employed in agriculture - 2,000,000 

Male and female servants - - 800,000 

Gamblers, swindlers, thieves, prostitutes, &c. 150,000 

Convicts and prisoners - 10,000 

Aged and infirm - 293,000 

Wives and daughters of most of the above - 2,427,500 

Children under ten years of age - - 2,750,000 



11,000,000 



The total income of all classes of the community, both as arising 
from capital and labour, appears to be nearly as follows : 

From rent of lands . - - ^29,000,000 
From rent of houses - 8,500,000 
Profits of farming, or occupation of land - 6,120,000 
Income of labourers in agriculture - 15,000,000 
Profits of mines, canals, collieries, &c. - 2,000,000 
Profits of merchant shipping and small craft 1,000,000 
Income of stockholders - - 20,500,000 
From mortgages and other monies lent - 3,000,000 
Profits of foreign trade - - 11,250,000 
Profits of manufactures - - 14,100,000 
Pay of army, navy, and merchant seamen 5,000,000 
Income of the clergy of all descriptions - 2,200,000 
Judges, and all subordinate officers of the law 1,800,000 
Professors, schoolmasters, tutors, &c. - 600,000 
Retail trades not immediately connected with fo- 
reign trade or manufactures - - 8,000,000 
Various other professions and employments 2,000,000 
Male and female servants - - 2,400,000 



5^132,470,000 



If this statement, the total ©f which is corroborated by the produce 
of the late income or property tax, is not far from the truth, it will 
not be difficult to form a similar estimate of the total national capi- 
tal, viz. 

Value of the land, at 28 years purchase - ^812,000,000 
Value of houses, at 20 years purchase - 170,000,000 
Manufactories, machinery, steam engine, &c. 20,000,000 
Household furniture - 42,500,000 
Apparel, provisions, fuel, wine, plate, watches, and 

jewels, books, carriages, and other articles 40,000,000 
Cattle of all kinds ... 90,000,000 

Grain of all kinds ... 10,600,000 

Hay, straw, &c. ... 6,600,000 

Implements of husbandry - - 2,000,000 

Merchant shipping ... 12,SOO,000 

The navy - - - - 6.000,000 

Coin and bullion ... 24,000,000 

Goods in the hands of merchants, &c. - 16,300,000 
Goods in the hands of manufacturers and retail 

traders .... 20,000,000 



,£1,272,800,000 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C, 99 

By the calculations of the committee, it is computed that the cultiva- 
tion of the waste lands would yield to the nation an income of above 
20,000,000/. a year. 

The following was delivered by the committee of agriculture, being 
a general view of the extent of the island of Great Britain, and the 
proportion between the waste, and uninclosed, and the cultivated 
part thereof: 

Acres 

Uncultivated* Cultivated. Total Extent. 
England and Wales 7,888,777 39,027,156 46,915,933 

Scotland - 14,213,324 12,151,471 26,369,695 



22,107,001 51,178,627 73,285,628 



The above estimate will give some general idea of the magnitude of 
this great source of national wealth. 

Of the value of these wastes, were they improved in the manner of 
which they are capable, it is difficult to form any adequate idea. 
At the same time it may be of service to submit some data, as the 
basis of future calculation. On the supposition, therefore, that there 
are 22,000,000 of acres of waste and uninclosed lands in the kingdom, 
the whole may be divided, according to the various qualities of the 
soil and surface, in the following manner : 

Number of Acres. 
Lands incapable of all improvement - 1,000,000 

Lands fit to be planted - 3,000,000 
Lands fit for upland pasture - - 14,000,000 

Lands fit for tillage - - , 3,000,000 

Lands capable of being converted into meadow, or 
water-meadow • - - 1,000,000 



Total 22,000,000 

The 3,000,000 of acres, as being incapable of cultivation, must be es- 
timated as of no annual value. 

The 3,000,000, supposed to be fit for plantation, according to the inge- 
nious calculation of the late bishop of LlandafF,may be worth 8$. per 
acre, or, in all, 1,200,000/. per annum. This however is the value of 
the annual produce, and not rent. 

The 14,000,000 of acres of upland pasture, when improved, cannot be 
calculated at less than 5*. per acre of rent, or 3,500,000/. per ann. 

The 3,000,000 of acres supposed to be convertible into arable land 
would certainly, when inclosed, be worth at an average 10*. per 
acre, or 1,500,000/. per annum. 

The 1,000,000 of acres supposed to be converted into meadow, or wa- 
ter-meadow, cannot be calculated at less than 1/. I0.y. per acre, or 
1,500,000/. in all. 

The account may then be thus stated: 

Rent of the upland pasture - - ^3,500,000 

Rent of the arable land - - 1 ,500,000 

Rent of the meadows - - 1,500,000 

6,500,000 

This must be multiplied by 3, in order to give 
the annual produce * - ' 3 



19,500,000 

Add the annual produce of 3,000,000 of acres, 
supposed to be planted, amounting to 1,200,000 

Total 20,700,000 



Engines to extinguish fire invented as now used, 1752, 
Engraving on metal invented, and consequently rolling-press print- 
ing, 1423 ; on copper, as now used, 1511; in mezzotinto, and im- 
proved by prince Rupert of Palatine, 1648: to represent wash, in- 
vented by Barable, a Frenchman, 1761 ; crayon engraving, invented 
at Paris, by Bonnet, 1769 ; engraving on steel plates first practised. 
1818, by Mr. Perkins. * 
E 2 



100 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Engraving on wood invented in Flanders, 1423 ; revived by Alb. DuFei% 

1511 ; on glass, invented at Paris, by Boudier, 1799. 
Epsom mineral first discovered, 1630. 

Era, that uf Nabonassar, 747 B. C. — Philippic, or death of Alexander, 
324 B. C— Of contracts, orSelucldas, 312 B. C— The Christians made 
their era the birth of Christ, which was A. M. 3962, but did not nse 
this reckoning till the year 600, using in the mean time the civil ac- 
count of the empire. — The Mahometans began their Hegira (for so 
they term their computation) from the flight of their prophet from 
Mecca, when he was driven thence by the Philarchas, A. D. 617. — 
The Greeks reckon by Olympiads, the first of which is placed in the 
year of :he world, 3187 ; but this account perishing under the Con- 
stantinopolitan emperors, they reckoned by indictions, every in- 
diction containing 15 years, and the first beginning A. D. 313, whick 
among chronologers are still used. — The Romans reckoned first 
from the building of their city, which was A.M. 3113, and afterwards 
from the 16th year of the emperor Augustus, A. M. 3936, which reck- 
oning was used among the Spaniards till the reign of Ferdinand the 
Catholic. — The Jews had divers epochs, as 1. from the beginning of 
the world, in the beginning of time ; 2. from the universal deluge, 
ann. 2656; 3, from the confusion of tongues, ann. 2786; 4. from 
Abraham's journey out of Chaldea into Canaan, ann. 2021 ; 5. from 
the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt, aim. 1451 ; 6. 
from the year of the jubilee, ann. 2499 ; 7. from the building of So- 
lomon's temple, ann. 2932; and 8. from the captivity of Babylon, 
A. M. 3357 ; but in historical computation of time, are used only the 
two most ordinary epochs, the world's creation, and Christ's ap- 
pearance in the flesh. — The Christian era began to be used in Italy, 
&c. in 525; and in England in 816. 

Equestrian statue, the first that was of Louis XIV. of France, founded 
at one cast, 1699. 

Etching on copper invented, with aqua fortis, 1512. 

Excise, the first used in England, 1643. 

Exchequer, court of, instituted on the model of the Normans, 1074; 
exchequer bills invented, 1695 ; first circulated by the bank, 1706. 

Expences during the wars in 

William Illd's reign - ^30,446.382 

During Queen Anne's reign 43,360,008 
During George lst's reigu - 6,048,267 
War began 1739 - - 46,418,659 

War began 1756 - - 111.271,996 

The American war - 139,171,876 

Spanish and Russian armaments 2,600.000 
Debts contracted from 1792 to the 
conclusion of the war with France 374,7S9,425 

Exports.— The following official list shews the real value of the exports 
for one year of British produce and manufactures : 

I. Class. — Manufactures. 

1. Cotton manufactures - - ,^23,537,000 

2. Woollen manufactures - - 5,500,921 
i. Linen manufactures - - 2,303.442 
4. Silk manufactures - - 136,402 

II. Class.— Produce of Mechanic Industry. 

1. Kai'd ware and cutlery exported - 455,494 

2. Brass and copper goods - - 672,495 

3. Iron and steel, wrought and unwrought 1,059,123 

4. Plated ware, jewellery, and watches 200,000 

5. Tin ore, and pewter and tin wares - 2S3,391 

6. Hats of all sorts - - - 204,000 

7. Leather and Saddlery - - 213,000 
£ Salt ... - 207,000 

Faenza earthenware invented, 1299. 

*£bi and markets first instituted in England by Alfred, about SSo. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



101 



?The first fairs took their rise from wakes; when the number of the 
people then assembled brought tog-ether a variety of traders an- 
nually on these days. From these holidays they were called ferine, 
or fair. 

Fans, muffs, masks, and false hair, first devised by theharlots in Italy, 

and brought into England from France, 1572. 
Farthings were coined in silver by Henry VIII. 1522 ; in copper by 

Charles II. 

Feudal system first introduced into England, 1066; into Scotland, 
1090. 

Figures in arithmetic introduced into Europe from Arabia, 991; into 
England, 1253. 

Fire artillery in England, the first in Europe, 1347. 

Fire engines to force water invented, 1663; those now in use, 1752. 

Fire, method invented to prevent its spreading-, by Mr. David Hart- 
ley, 1764. 

Fire-ships invented by Drake, 1538. 

Fire under water invented, 622. . 

Fire watch first established in London, Nov. 12, 1791. 

Fish brought to London by land-carriage, first practised, 1761. 

Fish oil used in London, amounted annually to 300,O0OZ. 

Fish, the increase of, is«aid to be iu the following proportion; a floun- 
der of 2 ounces contains 133,407 eggs or spawn; one of 24 ounces, 
1,357,403. Herrings weighing from 4 ounces to 5|, from 21,285 to 
36,960. Lobsters from 14 to 36 ounces, contain 21,699. Mackerel 20 
ounces, 454,961. Prawn about 3806. Shrimps from 2849 to 6807. 
Smelts from 14,411 to 38,278. Seal of 5 ounce, 38,772; one of 14^ 
ounces contains 100,362. To which may be added the cod, which 
produces 3,686,700; and a ling .19,248,625. 

Flag, the honour of, given by the Dutch to England, 1674. 

Flowers, the art of preserving them in sand observed, 1633. 

Forest, New, Hampshire, made, 1081. 

Fortification, the present mode introduced, about 1500; Albert Durer 
first wrote on the science, 1527; many improvements made by Vau- 
ban, towards 1700» 

Foundling hospital first erected in Paris, 1677. 

Foundling hospital in London was founded in 1736 ; began to receive 
children 1756; let part of their estate in 1797, which yields 2000^. a 
year addition to their income. 

French language and customs first introduced into England, 1060. 

Fruits of foreign countries first brought into Italy, 70 B. C. 

Fruits and flowers, sundry sorts, before unknown, were brought into 
England in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII. from about 1500 to 
1578. Among others of less note, the musk and damask roses, of 
great use in medicine, and tulips. Several sorts of plum-trees and 
currant-plants; also saffron, woad, and other drugs, for dying, at- 
tempted to be cultivated, but without success. 

Fulling of cloth invented by the Romans. 

Galleys first used, with three rowers to each oar, 786 B.C. They 

came from Corinth. 
Gamut, in music, invented by Guy L'Aretin, 1025. 

Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence 
vegetables were imported till 1509 ; musk melons, and apricots, 
-cultivated in England; the pale gooseberry, with sallads, garden- 
roots, cabbages, &c. brought from Flanders, ; and hops from Artois, 
1520; the damask rose brought here by Dr. Linacre, physician to 
Henry VIII. ; pippins broug-ht tG England by Leonard Mascal, of 
Plumstead, in Sussex, 1525; currants, or Corinthian grapes, first 
planted in England, 1555 ; brought fiom the isle of Zante, belonging- 
to Venice ; the musk rose, and several sorts of plums, from Italy, 
by lord Cromwell ; apricots brought here by king- Henry VHIth's 
g-ardener ; tamarisk plant from Germany, by archbishop Grindal ; 
at and about Norwich the Flemings first planted flowers unknown, 
in England, as gilly-flowers, carnations, the Provence rose, &c. 
1567 ; woad originally from Toulouse, in France ; tulip-roots first 
brought into England from Vienna, 1578; also beans, peas, and 
salads, now in common use, 1660. 

E 3 



102 



CHRONOLOGY. 



To which we will subjoin the following list, with the countries from 
whence they originally came : 

Rye and wheat from Tartary and Siberia ; where they 
are yet indigenous. 

Barley and oats unknown, but certainly not indigenous in 
this country, because we are obliged to cultivate them. 

Rice, from - - Ethiopia 

Buck Wheat - * Asia 

Borage - - Syria 

Cresses - - Crete 

Cauliflower - - Cyprus 

Asparagus - - Asia 

Chervil - - Italy 

Fennel - - Canary Islands 

Annise and parsley - Egypt 

Garlick - - The East 

Shallots - - Siberia 

Horseradish - - China 

Kidney -beans - - East Indies 

Gourds - * Astracan 

Lentils - - France 

Potatoes - - Brazil 

Tobacco * - America 

Cabbage, lettuce, &c. - Holland. 
Nor are we less indebted to other and distant countries for our 
finest flowers: 

Jessamine comes from - 

Elder-tree 

Tulip - 

Daffodil 

Lilly - 

Tube-rose 

Carnation and pink 

Ranunculus 



Apples 
Apricots 

Artichokes - » 

Celery * ■* 

Cherries t <* 

Currants - 

Damask and musk roses, plums 

Hops - 

Gooseberries 

Gilly-flowers, carnations, the > 
province rose, &c. J 
Oranges and lemons * 
Beans and peas 



East Indies 
Persia 
Cappadocia 
Italy 
Syria 

Java and Ceylon 
Italy, &c. 
Alps 
Syria 
Epirus 
Holland 
Flanders 
Pontus 
Zante 
Damascus 
Artois in Franee 
Flanders 

Toulouse in France 

Spain 
Spain. 



Gas, use of, introduced in London, for lighting shops and streets, 1814. 

Gauging of wine, &c. established by law, 27 Edw. III. 1350. 

Gauze, lawn, and thread manufactures, began at Paisley, in Scotland, 
1759; which in 1784 yielded 575,185/. and employed 27,664 hands. 
In gauze alone, 350,900Z. 

Gazettes, of Venetian origin, and so called from the price being ga- 
zetta, a small piece of money; the first published in England was 
at Oxford, Nov. 7, 1665 ; the London Gazette was first published, 
Feb. 5, 1665-6. One was ingeniously forged for a stock-jobbing pur- 
pose, Nov. 1787. The first published at Paris was in 1723; at Leip- 
zic in 1715. 

Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniac, art of, invented by Marga- 
ritone, 1273 ; on wood, 16S0. 

Glass, the art of making it known to the Romans, at least before 79; 
known to the Chinese, about ioo ; introduced into England by Be- 
nedict, a monk, 674; glass windows began to be used in private 
houses in England, 11S0 ; glass first made in England into bottles 
and vessels, 1557; the first plate glass for looking-glasses and coach- 
windows, made at Lambeth, 1673; in Lancashire, 1773. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 103 

Glasses, musical, are of German origin, but revived by Dr. Franklin, 
1760 ; brought to a higher state of exquisiteness by the Cartwrights 
in England, 1799. 

Globe of the earth, first voyage round it, was by sir Francis Drake, 
1580; the second by Magellan, 1591; the third by sir Thomas Ca- 
vendish, 1586; by lord Anson, 1740; by captain Cook, 1768; and by 
Perouse, 1793-4. . 

A late publication makes the number of inhabitants on this globe 
to be 896,000,000. Of these 226,000,000 are Christians; 10,000,000 of 
Jews; 210,000,000 Mahometans; 450,000,000 of Pagans. Of those 
professing the Christian religion there are 50,000,000 of Protestants, 
30,000,000 of the Greek and Armenian churches, and 90,000,000 of 
Catholics. The aggregate population on the surface of the known 
habitable globe, is estimated at 896,000,000 souls. If we reckon with 
the ancients, that a generation lasts 30 years, in that space 896,000,000 
human beings will be born and die; consequently 81,760 must be 
dropping into eternity every day; 3497 every hour, or about 36 
every minute. 

Gold first coined at Venice, 1276. 

Gold first coined in England, 1344; and raised from 405. to 48*. per 
ounce, in 1546. 

Gold mines was discovered by the Spaniards in America, 1492; from 
which time to 1731 they imported from thence into Europe above 
6000 millions of pieces of eight, in register gold and silver, exclu- 
sive of what were unregistered. 

Gold discovered in Malacca, Oct. 27, 1731 ; in New Andalusia, 1785; 
in Ireland, in the mountain called Craghawn, in Wicklow, in Sept, 
1795 ; in Ceylon, 1800. 

Golden bull of the empire commenced, 1356. 

Goodwin Sands first overflowed, 1100. 

Grammarians, the first regular ones flourished, 276 B. C. 

Grapes brought to England, and planted first at Blackhall, in Suffolk, 
1552 ; cultivated in Slanders, 1276. 

Great seal of England first used, 1050. 

Green, Saxon, invented, 1744. 

Green dye for cotton, invented by Dr. R. Williams, 1777. 
Gregorian calender first used in the catholic states of Europe, 1582 ; 

in most of the others, 1710; in England and in Sweden, 1752. 
Greek first introduced into England, 1491. 
Grist mills invented in Ireland, 214. 

Guards for the king's person first instituted, I486 ; had their pay ad- 
vanced, April, 1797. 

Guineas were first coined, 1673, from gold brought from the coast of 
Guinea; worth 30s. 1696; reduced by parliament from 22,y.to2Ls. in 
1717; called in, 1776. 

Guinea, the first slave-trade on this coast by the English was opened 
by John Hawkins, assisted by a subscription of sundry English gen- 
tlemen. He sailed from England with three ships, purchased ne- 
groes, sold them at Hispaniola, and returned home richly laden 
with hid«s, sugar, and ginger, 1563. 

Gunpowder invented by Schwartz, a German, 1330; first made in 
England, 1418; first used in Spain, 1344. 

Guns, great, invented, 1330 ; used by the Moors at the siege of Alge- 
siras in Spain, 1344; used at the battle of Cressy in 1346, when Ed- 
ward had four pieces of cannon, which gained him the battle ; they 
were used at the siege of Calais in 1347; in Denmark, 1354 ; at sea, 
by Venice against Genoa, 1377 ; first used in Spain, 1406 ; first made 
in England of iron, 1547; of brass, 1635; invented to shoot whales, 
1731; first used in England at the siege of Berwick, 1405; bombs 
and mortars invented, 1634; first used by the Catholic missionaries 
in China, 1636. 

Hackney coaches first used, 20 in number, in London, 1625 ; their in- 
crease prohibited by Charles I. 1635. 

Handkerchiefs first manufactured in Paisley in Scotland, 1743, when 
15,8S6J. worth were made ; in 1784 the manufacture yielded above 
164,385^. 

Hair powder in use, 1590. 

B 4 



104 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Harmonica, or musical glasses, re-invented 1760, by Dr. Frankliu ; in- 
troduced into France, 1765. 
Harrowgate mineral spring- discovered, 1571. 
Hats invented at Paris 1404 ; first made in London, 1510. 
Heidelberg's first great wine vessel or tun built, 1343. 
Helioscope invented, 1625. 
Hebrew points invented, 475. 

Hemp and flax first planted in England, 1533. There are 180,000lbs» 
of rough hemp used in the cordage and sails of a first rate man of 
war. In 1783, the nation paid 1535?. to encourage its cultivation. 
In 1784 , 21652. were paid, and in 1785 there was 23962. paid. Hemp 
manufactured from common bean straw, discovered by the Rev. 
James Hall, 1807. 

Heraldry had its rise, 1100. 

Heraldic lines for colours in coats of arms invented, 1639. 

Here ulaneum, the ancient city of, discovered, 1730, which had been 

buried in the lava of an eruption of mount Vesuvius, Nov. 1, 79. 
Herring fishery first practised by the Hollanders, 1164. 
Herring pickling first invented, 1397. 
Holborn first paved, 1417. 
Holy war first undertaken, 1096. 
Holt mineral springs discovered, 1728. 

Hops, the parliament first petitioned against it as a wicked weed, 
1428 ; first used in malt liquors in England, 1525. The duty for those 
produced in Kent and Sussex in 1792, yielded 170,000/. ; in 1773 was 
162,112*. \9s. bd.\ 1794 it was 190, 1962. Is. 4rf. ; in 1795 it was 82*3232. 
19s. 4tf. ; in 1798 it yielded 46,3222. 15s. 2d. ; in 1799 it yielded 77,2792. 
bs. 4tf. 

Korse-guards instituted, 1553. 

Horses exported from England, from 1750 to 1772, were 29,131. 
Horse-shoes were introduced into general use in the 9th century ; first 

made of iron, 481. 
Hospitals in England have a revenue of above 250,0002. , Greenwich 

alone has near 70,0002. 
Hour-glasses were invented in Alexandria, 150, and introduced into 

Rome 158 B. C. 

Houses— 1681 were erected in St. George's Fields, between the years 

1782 and 1792. 
Hydraulic chemistry invented, 1746. 
Hydraulic fire-engines invented, 1682. 
Hydrostatics taught by Archimedes, 200 B.C. 
Iambic verse, invented by Archilochus, who flourished 686 B. C. 
Ich Dien, the Bohemian motto, first used by the prince of Wales, after 

the battle of Cressy, 1346. 
Jesuit's bark introduced into France in 1650 ; in general use, 16SO. 
Impalements in heraldry introduced, 1206. 
Indigo first produced in Carolina, 1747. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities of Europe, at the distance of a cen- 
tury, from the most approved authors, are 



In 1688. In 1788. 

London - 696,000 - 1,100,000 

Paris - 438,000 - 800,000 

Madrid - 400,000 - 160,000 

Marseilles 200.000 - 180,000 

Lyons - 250,000 - 150,000 

Naples - 200,000 - 354,000 

Rome - 200,000 - 157,000 

Amsterdam 187,000 - 185,000 

Venice - 134,000 - 100,000 

Bourdeaux 100,000 - 200,000 

Dublin - 69,000 - 170,000 

Rouen - 66,000 - 100,000 

Bristol - 48,000 - 50,000 

Cork - 40,000 - 90,000 

Liverpool 20,000 - 60,000 



Inoculation first tried on criminals, 1721 ; the vaccine introduced, 1799. 
Inscriptions first collected for publications, 1505. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 105 

Insurance on ships and merchandize, Suetonius conjectures that Clau- 
dius was the first contriver of, 43. 
Insurance on shipping- began in England, 1560. 
Insurance offices first set up in London, as follows: 



Hand in Hand - - 1696 

Sun - - - 1710 

Union - - - 1714 

Westminster - - 1717 

London - 1719 

Royal Exchange - 1719 

Phoenix - - - 1782 

British - - - 1800 

Globe - - - 1503 

Imperial - 1803 

Albion - 1S05 

County - - - 1807 

Eagle - - 1807 

Hope - - - 1807 



Since 1807, there have been established several offices in London, 
?imong which may be named, the Norwich Union, the Guardian, and 
the Rock. Insurance Companies, with large capitals,have also been 
formed in various parts of England , and with much success. A Com- 
pany on a gigantic scale has recently been projected by several of 
the most eminent mouied men of the metropolis. Its capital is to 
be no less than five millions, and its sphere of action is designed to 
extend over the whole of the Continent. 

Insurance policies were first used in Florence, 1523 ; first society was 
established at Hanover, 1530, that at Paris, 1740. 

Interest first mentioned for the word usury, 1624. 

Interest first mentioned as legal, 1199, at 10 per cent. ; in 1300, at 20 
per cent ; in 1558, at 12 per cent. ; in 1571, at 10 per cent. ; in 1625, 
at 8 per cent. 

Interest of money reduced from 10 to 8 per cent, in Scotland, 1633. 
Iron discovered by the burning of Mount Ida, 1406 B.C. 
Iron first cast in England, at Blackstead, Sussex, 1544. 
Iron first discovered in America, in Virginia, 1715. 
Iron bullets first used in England. 1550. 

Iron wire, English— before 1568, all made and drawn by main strength 
alone, in the forest of Dean, and elsewhere until the Germans in- 
troduced the drawing it by a mill. The greatest part of iron-wire, 
and ready-made wool-cards hitherto imported. 

Iron mill for slitting bars, the first in England was set up at Dart- 
mouth, 1590. New method of making bar-iron from pig-iron, by Mr. 
Cort of Gosport, in 1185, and superior to Swedish iron. 

Isthmian games instituted by Sysiphus, king of Corinth, 15 years after 
the rape of Ganymede, 1326 B. C. 

Italian method of book-keeping published in England, 1556. 

Jewels were first worn in England by Agnes Sorrel, 1434. 

Journals of the house of peers, the first taken, 1550. 

Jupiter's satellites discovered by Jansen, 1590. 

Juries were first instituted in England, 970. 

Kingdoms, origin of, by Nimrod, at Babylon, 2233 B. C. 

King's speech, the first delivered, 1107, by Henry I, 

Knitting stockings invented in Spain, about 1550. 

Knives first made in England, 1563. 

Lace, Flanders, more valuable than gold. One ounce of fine Flanders 
thread has been sold in London for 4^. ; such an ounce made into 
lace may be here sold for 40£. which is ten times the price of stand- 
ard gold, weight for weiglit. 

Lacteals, the, discovered by chance in opening a dog, by Asellius, 
July 23, 1662 ; in birds, fish, &c. by Mr. Hewson, a surgeon of Lon- 
don, 1770. 

Land carriage, fish first brought to London by, 1761. 
Land-tax was established in 1688,at the Revolution, from which period 
it has yielded, to the year 1800, above 227,000,000^ 
E 5 



106 



CHRONOLOGY. 



The proposed augmentation and equalization of this tax render- 
ing- it a subject of much interest to the public, it may not be unac- 
ceptable to many of our readers to be informed, that the cause of 
the disproportion of its operation proceeds from its having been ori- 
ginally a kind of voluntary contribution, levied for the service of 
the state, in the reign of king William. The sum agreed to be rais- 
ed by it (viz. 2,000,000Z.) was divided into five hundred and thirteen 
parts, beiug the number of the members for England and Wales ; 
and it was left to the option of the several counties to pay as many 
of those parts as they thought proper, or could afford. The conse- 
quence was that some of them, celebrated for their loyalty, took 
upon them the payment of immense sums, while others, although 
equally capable of bearing the burden, contributed very sparingly 
indeed. For instance, Middlesex agreed to pay eighty parts, Essex 
and York twenty -four each, and Norfolk and Kent twenty- two each, 
whereas Westmoreland and Cumberland would subscribe only one 
each, Rutland two, and Durham three. In this manner it has ever 
since been voted from year to year down to the present time. 

The following table shews the quantity of land in the several 
QOunties, the number of members returned by each, and the parts 
paid by them, together with the amount of the produce : 



Counties* 


Acres. 


Memo. 


Parts. 


Produce, 




Yorkshire 


3,7T0,000 


30 


24 


^92,631 


4 


S 


Devonshire 


1,920,000 


26 


21 


81,052 


6 


0 


Lincoln 


1,440,000 


12 


19 


73,333 


0 


S 


Nor thumberland 


1,870,000 


8 


4 


15,438 


10 


s 


Hants 


1,312,000 


20 


8 


30,877 


1 


4 


Kent 


1,248,000 


18 


22 


84,911 


IS 


s 


Essex 


1,240,000 


8 


24 


92,631 


4 


0 


Lancashire 


1,150,000 


14 


14 


54,034 


17 


s 


Norfolk 


1,148,000 


12 


22 


84,911 


IS 


4 


Sussex 


1,140,000 


28 


16 


61,754 


9 


s 


Cumberland 


1,040,000 


6 


1 


3,859 


12 


s 


Suffolk 


995,000 


16 


20 


77,192 


13 


4 


Cornwall - 


960,000 


44 


8 


30,S77 


1 


4 


Salop 

Wilts - 


890,000 


12 


7 


27,010 


S 


S 


876,000 


34 


13 


50,175 


4 


S 


Gloucester 


800,000 


8 


12 


46,315 


19 


s 


Dorset 


772,000 


20 


9 


34,736 


14 


0 


Cheshire - 


720,000 


4 


7 


27,017 


S 


s 


Derby 
Warwick 


680,000 


4 


6 


23,157 


16 


0 


670,000 


6 


10 


38,586 


6 


s 


Herefordshire 


660,000 


8 


5 


19,298 


3 


4 


Nottinghamshire 


632,100 


8 


7 


27,017 


8 


s 


Durham 


610,000 


4 


3 


11,578 


IS 


0 


Surrey 


592,000 


14 


18 


69,473 


S 


0 


Cambridge 


570,000 


6 


6 


23,157 


16 


0 


Leicester 


560,000 


4 


9 


34,736 


14 


0 


Northampton - 


550,000 


9 


12 


46,315 


12 


0 


Worcester 


540,000 


9 


9 


34,736 


14 


0 


Oxford 


534,000 


9 


10 


38,596 


6 


s 


Berks 


527,000 


9 


10 


38,596 


6 


s 


Westmoreland 


510,000 


4 


1 


3,S59 


12 


s 


Herts 


451,000 


6 


11 


42,455 


19 


4 


Bucks 


441,000 


14 


12 


46,315 


12 


0 


Bedford 


247,000 


4 


7 


27,017 


S 


s 


Middlesex 


241,000 


8 


so 


398,770 


13 


4 


Huntingdon 


240,000 


4 


4 


15,438 


10 


s 


Stafford 


180,000 


10 


7 


27,017 


8 


s 


Somerset 


175,000 


18 


19 


73,333 


0 


s 


Monmouth 


160,000 


3 


3 


11,57S 


IS 


0 


Rutland 


110,000 


2 


9 


7,719 


4 


4 


South Wales - 


3,210,000; 


24 


11 


42,455 


19 




North Wales - 


2,160,000 











613 513 ^2,000,000 0 0 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 107 

Before the union with Scotland, England sent 514 representatives 
to parliament, and by the act of union, 45 Scotch were added to 
them ; which, if they had gone by the land-tax, ought not to have 
beensomauy; but it seemed the intention of the then legislature 
that but 45 Scotch should sit in the house, for at that time few or no 
Scotchmen had estates in England, nor had any of them, till some 
years afterwards qualifications to be chosen for any English bo- 
rough. The whole kingdom of Scotland pays but 47,9542 Is. 2d. to- 
wards the land-tax. How unequally this tax falls will appear by 
the following statements. 

The land-tax being nominally 4*. in the pound, London, West- 
minster, and Middlesex, do not pay 3s. 

No county in England pays more than 2s. except Surrey, Sussex, 
Hertford, Bucks, Berks, Oxford, and Warwickshire. They pay 
somewhat above 2s. 

Kent, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hampshire, and the inland counties, pay 
20d. to 22d. 

The great counties of York, Devon, and Somerset, pay Is. 6d. 
Cornwall pays less. Wales, Lancashire, and the northern counties, 
pay under IS. 

Scotland pays about the forty-first part of the land-tax, though the 
value of their lands is about one-sixth of that of England. 

Several parishes in London and Westminster pay full or more than 
4s. in the pound, while others scarce pay a third part, and some less 
than half that sum. 

Marybone parish, consisting of 2500 acres, of which one-third is occu- 
pied by buildings, pays the enormous sum of one penny farthing ; 
when they make it a halfpenny there is an overplus. 

Serjeants-Inn, Chancery-lane, containing about 15 apartments, for- 
merly for the judges and Serjeants, worth about 50/. per annum, one 
with another ; the whole is about 900/. per annum. A tax of 4s. in 
the pound would be ISO/. They pay no more than 31/. which is about 
9d. The three Temples pay about lOd. 

Pembrokeshire pays 6d. Cardiganshire, 4rf. Part of Radnorshire 
pays 2s. ; other parts 4rf. in the pound. 



LAND-TAX OF ALL THE PARISHES WITHIN TWELVE 21IL1- S OF THE METROPOLIS. 

Middlesex. 



s. a. 

Acton - - 2 3 

Barnet-Friern - 3 6 

Bethnal-Green - 14 

Brentford - 2 4£ 

Bromley (by Bow) - 19 

Chelsea - - 16 

Chiswick - - 16 

Ealing - - \ 2 

Edgeware - • 2 3 

Edmonton - 20 

Enfield - * 2 11 

Finchley - 3 0 

Islington - • 16 

Kensington - 1 0 

Kingsbury 2 6 

Limehouse - 3 4 
Marybone One Farthing. 

Newington (Stoke) - 1 10 

Nortball - - 2 6 

Norwood - - 2 4 

Paddington . 0 10 





s. 


(i. 


Fulham 


1 


7 


St. George's in the East 


1 


10 


Greenford 


2 


6 


Hackney 


1 


3 


Hadley 


2 


i 


Hampstead 


0 


10 


Han well 


-2 


6 


Harrow on the Hill - 


3 


0 


Hayes 


2 


7 


Hendon 


1 


11 


Heston 


2 


S 


Horns ey - r 


2 


t 


Isleworth - 


1 


4 


Pancras 


0 


3 


Shadwell - 


3 


0 


Stanmore Magna 


2 


0 


Stanmore Parva 


2 


9 


Stratford, Bow 
Teddington 


1 


6 


0 


94 


Tottenham 


1 


10 


Wilsdon and West Twyfovd 


2 


0 



Hertfordshire. 

s> d. \ s. d. 

Chipping-Barnet - 3 2 Elstree . - 19 

East-Barnet 2 3 1 Totteridge 2 9 

E 6 



f 



108 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Essex. 





s. 






s. 




xiarking m - 


% 


6 


Romford - 


2 


6 


Chigwell ~ " 


~* 


0 


Walth amsto w 


2 


0 


Chingford - 


2 


6 


Wanstead 


3 


6 


East Ham - 




3 


West Ham 


2' 


0 


Iiford - - 




2 


Woodford 


1 




Leyton 


2 


0 












Kent. 








S. 


d. 




s. 




Beckenham * 


2 


2 


Hayes 


1 


3 


Bromley 


0 


9 


Lee 


2 


0 


Charlton 


2 


8 


Lew is ham 


1 


6 


Chislehurst 


1 


2 


Piumstead 


1 


9 


X/cpiIoru. " 




0 


East Wickham 


2 


l) 


-Tv I III '1 1TI - 


1 


9 


West ditto 


0 


9 


Greenwich 


1 


2 


Woolwich 


1 


2 














J. 


d. 




s. 


<?. 


Addington 


2 


0 


Kew 


0 


9 


Barnes 


g 


0 


Kingston - 


2 


7 


Batter sea 


1 


9 


Lambeth, viz. 






Bedding-ton 


1 


6 


s Bishop's Liberty 


1 


4 


Camberwell 


1 


9 


% Prince's Liberty 


1 


1 


Dulwich 


4 


0 


/ Vauxhall 


2 


2 


Carshalton 


1 


7 


\ Marsh and Wall Lib. 


1 




Cheam 


2 


0 


§ Lambeth Dean - 


2 


n 


Clapham - 


1 


9 


" Stockwell 


1 


6 


Croydon 


2 


0 


Maiden 


3 


i0 


Merton 


o 


5 


Roehampton 


2 


3 


Mitcham - 


1 


6 


Richmond - 


1 


0 


Mordon 


2 


1 


Rotherhithe 


3 


0 


Mortlake - 


2 


6 


Streatham 


2 


3 


Newington, Butts 


1 


2 


Sutton 


2 


0 


Peckham - 


2 


0 


Tooting 


1 


0 


Petersham 




0 


Wandsworth 


2 


0 


Putney 


1 


3 


Wimbledon 


4 


0 



Lanterns invented by king Alfred, 890. 
Lapis calaminaris discovered in England, 1561. 
Laquer varnish first used in the stead of gildiug, 1633. 
Latin ceased to be spoken in Italy, 581. 

Lawns and thread gauze were, in 17S4, manufactured at Paisley, to 
the value of 164,385/. 169. 6|d. 

Leaden piijes for conveying water inveuted, 1236. 

Leo IX. the first Pope that kept up an army, 1054. 

Letters invented by Mevnnon the Egyptian, 1S22 before Christ. 

Library, the first private one, the property of Aristotle, 534 before 
Christ ; the first public library of which we have any certain account 
in history, was founded at Athens, by Hipparchus,526 B. C. — The se- 
cond of any note was founded at Alexandria by Ptolemy Philadel- 
pbus, 284. — It was burnt when Julius Caesar set fire to Alexandria, 
47 B. C. — The first library at Rome was established, 167. — At Con- 
stantinople, founded by Constantine the Great,about A. D. 335 ; de- 
stroyed, 477. — A second library formed from the remains of the first 
at Alexandria, by Ptolemy's successors; was totally destroyed by 
the Saracens, 640.— The Vatican at Rome, by Pope Nicholas V. 1446. 
— Rebuilt, and the library considerably improved, by Sixtus, V. 15S8. 
— The Imperial of Vienna, by Maximilian I. about 1500. — The Royal 
of Paris, by Francis T. about 1520. — The Escurial at Madrid, by Phi- 
lip II. 1557. — Of Florence, by Cosmo de Medicis, 1560. — The Bodleian 
at Oxford, founded 40 Eliz. 159S.— The Cottonian, formerly kept at 
Cotton-house, W estminster, founded by Sir Robert Cotton, about 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 109 

1600.— Appropriated to the public use and benefit, 13 William III. 
1701 ; partly destroyed by fire, 1731; removed to the British Mu- 
seum, 1753.— The Radcliffeian, at Oxford, founded by the will of Dr. 
Radcliffe, who left 40,000^. to the University for that purpose, 171*. 
At Cambridge, 1750, to which Geo. I. gave 5000Z. to purchase Dr. 
Moore's collection. 

Life-boats invented by Mr. Greathead, who received a premium from 
parliament in May, 1802. 

Life-preserver, a new safety jacket, invented by an ingenious me- 
chanic of Bath. 1823. 

Light of the Zodiac discovered, 1659. 

Linen first made in England, 1253. Now began the luxurious to wear 
linen, but the generality woollen shirts. Table linen very scarce 
in England, 1386. 

Linens stamped for sale in Scotland, from 1772 to 1784: 



Yards. 

1773 10,748,1101 

1774 11,422,115 

1775 12,134,683f 

1776 13,571,948* 

1777 14, 193,8881 

1778 13,264,410§ 

1779 12,867,238 
17S0 13,410,9341 

1781 15,177,800^ 

1782 15,348,744^ 

1783 17,074,777f 

1784 19,138,593 



Value* 
^462,751 0 II J 
492,055 13 8| 
561,527 10 2f 
638.873 9 6 
710,633 18 7£ 
592,023 5 4| 
551,148 3 3£ 
6^2,187 16 4| 
738,482 13 1U 
776,098 7 5| 
868,883 10 6 
932,617 1 11 



Linen weavers, a company of, from the Netherlands, established in 

London, 1386. 
Linen-staining first known in England, 1579. 

Literary and Scientific Institution formed at Bath, under the patron- 
age of the Duke of Yoik, 1823. 

Lithographic printing, art of, first brought into England, 1801. 

Load-«tone, polar attraction of, known in France before 1180. 

Logarithms invented by Sir John Napier, of Scotland, 1614. 

Logwood first cut in the bays of Honduras and Campeachyby the Eng- 
lish, 1662. 

Log line in navigation used, 1570 

London streets new paved, and signs removed, 1764. 
London, length of streets lighted with gas, ascertained to be 25 miles, 
1823 

Longitude pretty exactly calculated by Harrison's time-piece, 1764, 
for which he received the reward offered by parliament in 1714; Le 
Roi of Paris invented a watch that keeps time better, 1776. 

Looking--glasses made only at Venice, 1300. 

Lord Mayor's shews instituted, 1453 ; the feast instituted 1501. 
; Lotteries, the first mentioned by historians, for sums of money 1630 ; 
established, 1693. 

Lotteries, the first public one in England, 1569; that for the British 
Museum, was in 1753; for Cox's jewellery, 1774; for the Leverian 
Museum, 1784; for the Poets gallery of pictures, 1798; for the Pig^ot 
Diamond, 1801 ; for Alderman Boydel's collection of pictures and 
prints, 1805. 

Lotteries, for repairing the fortifications on the coasts of England, in 
1569; and drawn at the west end of St. Paul's cathedral, was for 
pieces of plate. The first in France was in 1657. 

Machine invented for beating- books, by which as many may be beat- 
en in one day as would occupy two men a week in the ordinary way, 
1823. 

Machine for mowing grass, invented in Pensylvania, by which one 

man and one horse can mow eight acres per day, 1823. 
Mag-nets, artificial, invented in England, 1751. 
Magnifying- glasses invented by Roger Bacon, 1260. 



no 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Magic lantern first invented by Roger Bacon, 1252. 
Malacca gold mines discovered, 1731. 

Malmesbury, a museum formed at, by Sir R Colt Hoare, for antiqui* 
ties collected by himself, 1823. 

Malt liquor used in Egypt in 450 before Christ; excise on it in Eng- 
land, 1697 ; the duty is 14s. 6d. The duty on malt spirits for 1183-4-5 
and 1786, amounted to 1,451,9982. Is. Id. The duty on malt for 11S4 
and 1785, was 514,6682. In 1788 the duties on beer yielded about 
1,166,6522. In 1807, the duty on malt amounted to 750,0002. 

Manchester navigation opened, June 17, 1761. 

Manufactures in England produced annually, in 1810 ; and number of 
persons employed in each branch : 

Number employed. 



Woollen - ^17,250,000 - 440.340 

Leather - 10,500,000 - 241,818 

Cotton - 11,000,000 - 347,271 

S41k ' - 2,700,000 - 65,000 

Linen - 3,000,000 - 95,000 

Hemp - 1,600,000 - 35.000 

Paper - 900,000 - 30,000 

Glass - 1,500,000 - 36,000 

Earthenware and porcelain 2,000,000 - 45,000 

Iron, tin, and lead 10,000,000 - 200,000 

Copper and brass 3,600,000 - 60,000 
Steel, plating, hardware, 

and toy trade - 4,000,000 - 70,000 

Other manufactures 5,300,000 - S0,000 



Map of England, the first, 1520, by George Lilly; the first of Russia, 
1560. 

Maps and Globes invented by Animaxander, 600 before Christ ; that 
of the moon's surface invented at Dantzic, 1647. 

Maps and sea-charts first brought to England by Bartholomew Colum- 
bus, to illustrate his brother's theory respecting a Western Conti- 
nent, 1489. 

Marble, quarries of white and green, discovered in the West of Ire- 
land : the latter of whichrivals the finest specimens of verde antique^ 
1S23. 

Mariner's Compass. See Compass. 

Masquerades, the first in Scotland, Friday, Jan. 15, 1773. 
Mechanics' Institute formed in London and Glasgow, on an extensive 

scale, and with great success, 1823. 
Mechanics' and apprentices' library established at Lancaster, 1823. 
Mechanical arts in Britain in greater perfection than in Gaul, 298. 
Medicinal simples first brought from the East into Europe, 1200. 
Mercator's charts invented, 1556. 
Merchant Tailors, first so named, 1501. 

Mercury discovered to be anti-venereal, by Corpus, an Italian sur- 
geon, 1512 ; first given to patients under inoculation in 1745. 

Mercury rendered malleable, discovered by Mrs. Orbelin, at Vienna, 
17S5. 

Mermaid hoax exploded, 1823. 

Methodists. — It appears, that in the year 1767, the number of itinerant 
preachers was not more than 92, and of the people in the societies 
25,911 ; but that in 1795, the number of preachers was 357, and that 
of the people of the societies 83,368. By the reports produced at 
the Methodist conferences held at Bristol, it appears, that the num- 
bers in the methodist societies amount to 172,334, viz. 

In Great Britain - - 83,368 

In Ireland - 16,540 
In the West Indies - - 11,9S6 
In the United States of America 58,653 

Microscopes first used in Germany, 1621 ; the double ones, discovered 
by Torricelli, 1624; solar microscopes invented, 1740. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



Ill 



Mile, the length of it first determined, 1393, to consist of 5280 feet, or 
1760 yards ; so that a square mile contains 27,178,400 square feet, or 
640 square acres. 

Militia, one established in Ireland by king Cormac O'Con, about 254 ; 
in England, Alfred the Great enrolled a militia, which continued till 
the reign of James I. ; revived under Charles II.; supplementary 
militia embodied, 1797; the whole number was 104,000 in 1S00. 

Military uniforms first used in France by Louis XIV. 

Milk consumed annually in London yielded 481,666/!. 

Mirrors invented in silver by Praxiteles, 228 before Christ. 

Mississippi trade began Nov. 28, 1716. 

Monastery, the first founded, to which the sisters of St. Anthony re- 
tired, 270 , the first in Britain, 596. 

Money first mentioned as a medium of commerce in the 23d chapter 
of Genesis, when Abraham purchased a field as a sepulchre for Sa- 
rah, in the year of the world 2139 ; first made at Argos, 894 before 
Christ; has increased eighteen times in value from 1290 to 1789; 
and twelve times its value from 1530 to 1789. Silver has increased 
thirty times its value since the Norman conquest, viz. a pound in 
that age was three times the quantity that it is at present, and ten 
times its value in purchasing any commodity. 

Monk, the first was Paul of Thebais, about 250. 

Months first received their names from Charlemagne, 790; altered by 

the French in 1792. 
Monument completed at Ayr to the memory of Robert Burns the poet, 

July 4, 1823. 

Moorfields levelled and first planted, 1614; converted to Finsbury- 
square in 1789. 

Morning Chronicle, the property of the, sold for 40,000/. 1823. 

Mortars for bombs first made in England, 1543. 

Mourning, white, used in Spain for the last time, 1495. 

Mulberry trees first planted in England, 1609. 

Mum first invented at Brunswick, 14S9. 

Music on bells, or chimes, invented at Alost, 1487. 

Musical notes invented, 1070; such as are at present used, 1330. 

Muskets first used in France, at the siege of Arras, 1414; in general 
use 1521 ; in the Netherlands, 1567. 

Muslins from India, first worn in England, 1670; 324,352 pieces were 
sold by the East India Company in 1789. 

Muslins were first manufactured in England in 1781. 

Napier's bones, a method of computing by means of marked pieces of 
wood, invented by Sir John Napier, 1617. 

National debt, first contracted in Henry VHths reign, 1430/. the pre- 
sent national debt commenced, and was near 5,000,000/. in 1697; at 
the death of king William, in 1702, it was 14,000,000/.; at the death 
of queen Anne, in 1713, it was 50,000,000/.; reduced in 1717 to 
46,603,100/. ; in 1727, the interest of it was reduced from 4 to 5 per 
cent. Before the war in 1740, the debt was 46,382,650/. bearing the 
interest of 1,903,961/. It was 64,593,797/. 165. 9^d. in 1747. In 1749, 
after the war, it was 78,166,906/. bearing interest of 2,765,608/. 
having increased by nine years war 31,784,256/: ; at the beginning 
of the war 1755, it was 75,077,264/. bearing interest of 2,654,016/.; 
was 74,780,886^. 8*. 2\d. in 1757, when the interest was reduced to 3 
per cent. ; at the end of the war, in 1763, it was 146,982,844/. bear- 
ing interest of 4,840,822/. having increased, by eight years war, 
71,505,580/. and was 127,497,619/. in 1772, when its interest amounted 
to 4,526,392/. per annum. In 1775, it was 135,943,051/. whose interest 
was 4,440,812/ having by twelve years peace been reduced 10,639,793/. 
In 1786, three years after the American war, it was 266,725,0917. 
whose interest was 9,536,026/. having been increased by that war 
130,782,046/.; in 1T90 it amounted to 242 millions, besides the un- 
funded debt of 30 millions, including the navy and exchequer bills, 
&c. July 1796, it was 367,308,268/. 6*. 9d.; and in July 1797, it was 
402,665,570/. 18*. Id. the interest of which is 16,272,597/. 5*. Id. hav- 
ing increased in one year no less than 62,357,302/. 10*. lOrf. The 
war with France, from 1790 to 1797, cost England 130 millions. The 
national debt April 5, 1798, was 397,087,674/. 13*. 5£d. 



112 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Statement of the National Debt of Great Britain at Midsummer. ISO?: 





Capital. 




Int. MariGgement, 


Cons. 5 per cent. ann. 


^46,674,742 1 


s 


^2,354 740 


\± 


Q 


5 per cent. ann. 179T and 












ISO 2 - 


2,406,132 13 


3 


_ 121. 3S9 


r 


10 


Cons. 4 per cent. ann. 


49.7-25.0S4 17 


2 


2 011.379 


13 




Red. 3 per cent. ann. 


164,705.570 6 


b 


0,U ID .~z>± 




3 


Cons. 3 per cent. ann. 


406,116,201 IS 




12,366;23S 


6 


11 


Deferred 3 per cent. ann. 1,740,635 0 


0 






3 per cent. ami. 1726 


1,000,000 0 


0 


30,450 


0 


0 


Bank of England 


- 11,686,800 0 


0 


356.502 


3 


5 


South Sea Stock 


3,662, 7 S4 S 


*) 






Old South g ea ann. 


- 11,907.470 2 


10J 


- 735,974 


13 


11 


New South Sea ann. 


S,494,S30 2 






Soil th Sea ann. 1751 


1, '919.600 0 


0 


5S.667 


15 


6 


Value of the long-, aim. 


21.245,367 16 


0 


1,151.510 


9 


H 


Ditto of the short aun. ■ 


211.519 12 


10 


423.039 


5 


9 


Ditto of the life ann. 


279,074 7 


6 


55.^14 


17 


6 


Ann. with survivorship, 1 


765 15,000 0 


0 


540 


0 


0 


Tontine annuities, 1759 


239 A 2 S 4 


3 


19,952 


7 


01 


Funded debt 


if 732.033,231 11 


H 


- ^24,701, 4S4 




6| 



Navy, victualing, and trans- 
port-debt - 6,000,000 0 0^ 
Exchequer bills - - 12^000,000 0 0 / 

Ditto for the bank charter 3^000,000 0 0 > - - 630,000 0 0 
Ordnance debt, treasury \ 

bills, 6rc. - 3,000,000 0 0 7 



Total funded and un- 
funded debt - ^756,033,231 11 5^ ^25,331,484 7 6f 
Redeemed by the Com- 
missioners - 117,5S1,S5S 0 0 - 3,316,252 14 9 



Total unredeemed debt <5 £63S,451,373 11 5+ ^22,015.231 12 9^ 



Progress of the national debt. — In 1755 we owed 72 millions. In 1776, 
122 millions. In 17S6, 239 millions. At Midsummer 1796, 360 mil- 
lions sterling. And at Midsummer 1S07, 635.451,373^. 11 s. 5jcf. 

To pay the national debt, as it stood in 17S6, would require 
nearly forty-seven thousand pounds weight in ten pound bank 
notes, having 512 notes to one pound. This sum in cash, if put 
into carts, each containing one thousand pounds weight, and having 
two horses to draw, allowing forty feet to each cart, would load five 
thousand carts, and cover thirty-seven miles iu length, with a re- 
mainder nf lie carts in the 3Slh mile. Were it to be laid down in 
carts in a line, it would extend above 4,300 miles in length. In 1794 
the national debt was 260 millions sterling, and if a man was to 
count one hundred shillings in a minute for 12 hours a-day, it would 
take him 1797 years, 2S3 days, 3 hours, and minutes. The whole of 
this sum being 5,900 millions of shillings, and the coinage standard 
being 62 shillings in the Troy pound, its whole weight will be S3 
millions 709 thousand and 96S pounds, which will require 41,936 carts, 
each to have a ton weight, to convey it to any place; or, supposing 
a man could cany one hundred pounds from London to York, it 
would require S3S,6*0 men to perform it ; and if all these men were 
to walk in a line at only one yard distance from each other, they 
would cover 456 miles and a half and seventy yards. The breadth 
of a shilling being one inch, if all these shillings were laid in a 
straight line, clcse to one another's edge, the line they would cover 
would be S3,070 miles, more than double the circumference of the 
globe. 

Quere. — Is there in the whole universe as much gold in circulation 
as would discharge this debt ? If this is not sufficient, is there as 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 113 

much gold and silver in circulation as would be sufficient for the 
purpose ? 

Money advanced by the Bank of England for the public service, and 
outstanding- on the 7th of December, 1798: 

On land-tax, 1797 - - - ^551,000 0 0 

Ditto, 1798 - 1,880,000 0 0 

Malt, 1797 - 220,000 0 0 

Ditto, 1798 - 750,000 0 0 

Supply of bills, 1798 - - - 3,000,000 0 0 

Exchequer bills without interest 376,739 0 9 

^6,777,739 0 9 



National debt of America was only 16 millions in 1791. 
Nautical inventions and improvements considerable, 1302. 
Navigable canals, the first in England, 1134. — See Canals. 
Navy of England, at the time of the Spanish Armada, was only 28 
vessels, none larger than frigates. James I. added ten ships of 1400 
tons, of 64 guns, the largest then ever built. 

In the year 1808, the list of the Royal Navy of England was 
as follows : 

King's ships in ordinary - - - 176 

in commission - 627 

building at different places 66 

Total - 869 

Needles were first made in England by a native of India, 1545, the art 
lost at his death ; recovered by Christopher Greening in 1560, who 
was settled with his three children, Elizabeth, John, and Thomas, 
by Mr. Darner, ancestor of the present earl of Dorchester, at Long 
Crendon, in Bucks, where the manufactory has been carried on 
from that time to this present day. 

Negro adventure, the first to America, by the Spaniards, 1508 ; the 
first from England, 1562. 

Newfoundland fishery began, 1517. 

Newspapers were first published at Constantinople in 1797. The fol- 
lowing was circulated in France, as the expence of government in 
paying different journalists, in 1796. To the editor, 150,000 livres ; 
to Real, for the Journal des Patriots de 1789, 500,000; to Louvet,for 
La Seutinelle, 500,000; for Bon Homme Richard, 500,000; for an- 
other Journal, 500,000; and in the country for the following : at Rou* 
seville,|for l'Orateur Plebeien, 540,000 livres ; at Imeer la Platiere, 
for the Courier de Paris, 400,000; at Sibuee, for l'Ami des Loix, 
1,000,000; in all, 5,440,000 livres per month, which makes 65,280,000 
livres per annum. This, however, is evidently exaggerated. 

Newspaper, first published in England, by order of queen Elizabeth, 
and was titled the English Mercury, one of which is remaining in 
the British Museum, dated July 28, 1588. 

A private newspaper, called the Weekly Courant, was printed in Lon- 
don in 1622. 

A newspaper was printed by Robert Barker, at Newcastle, in 1639. 

The Gazette was first published at Oxford, Aug. 22, 1642. 

After the Revolution, the first daily paper was called the Orange In- 
telligencer; and from thence to 1692, there were twenty-six news- 
papers. 

In 1696 there were nine weekly papers, but only one daily paper, be- 
sides the votes of Parliament, published in London. 

In 1709 there were eighteen weekly and one daily paper, the London 
Courant. 

In 1724, ihere were three daily, eight weekly, and ten evening papers 

three times a-week. 
In 1192, in London, were published thirteen daily, twenty evening, 

and nine weekly papers; in the country seventy, and in Scotland 

fourteen country newspapers. 



114 



CHRONOLOGY. 



In 1795, there were 38 published in London, 72 in the country, 13 in 
Scotland, and 35 in Ireland, in all 158 papers ; 14 in London are daily, 
10 are three times a-week, 2 twice a-week, and 12 are weekly. 
At present (1809) there are 63 published in London, 93 in the country, 
24 in Scotland, and 57 in Ireland; making a total of 217 newspapers 
in the United Kingdom. 
Their annual produce to Government in 1788, was 129,000J. 
In 1753 the number printed was 7,411,757 
1760 - - - - 9,404,790 
1790 - - - - 14,035,639 
Aug. 1791 to 1792 there were 14,794,193 

which yielded - ^118,496 0 0 

Aug. 1792 to 1793 - - 17,073,621 

which yielded - 142,280 3 7 

The number conveyed by post before the improved plan by Mr. 
Palmer, was 2,000,000 per ami. after the plan took place in 
1794, amounted to near 12,000,000 per ann. 
New Forest in Hampshire made, 1031. 

New River cut finished in three years time ; the manager, Mr. Hugh 
Middleton, knighted by king James; runs 50 miles, and has about 
200 bridges over it, 1609; brought to London, 1614. 

Northamptonshire navigation began, Aug. 7, 1761, 

Notary-public began in the first century. 

Nunnery, the first in England at Folkstone, 630. 

Nutmeg-trees were first planted in Jamaica, 1782. 

Oak saw-dust first discovered useful in tanning) 1765. 

Oil consumed in London in 1775, cost 300,000^. 

Olives first planted in Italy. 562 before Christ. 

Olympiads, first in 776; 2d in 772; 3d in 768 ; 4th in 764; 5th in 760 ; 7th 
in 752; 10th in 740; 13th in 728; 15th in 720; 16th in 716: 17th in 712; 
21st in 696 ; 23d in 688; 24th in 684 ; 25th in 680 ; 27th in 672; 28th in 
668; 29th in 664; 39th in 624; 43d in 608; 46th in 596 ; 55th in 569; 
56th in 556 ; 60th in 540; 61st in 536 before Christ. 

Opera, the first in London, was in York -buildings in 1692. The first 
at Drury-lane was in 1705; by Handel in 1735. 

Oratorio, the first in London, was performed at Lincoln's-ian play- 
house, Portugal -street, in 1732. 

Orbits of the planets first determined by a Saxon clergyman, 1681. 

Orbit, parabolic, of comets explained, 1680. 

Organs brought to Europe from the Greek empire, were first invented 

and applied to religious devotion in churches, 758. 
Orphan's fund in London began about 1391. 
Orrery invented, 1670. 

Packet to Ireland by Milford-haven began 1787. 
Padlocks were invented at Nuremberg, 1540. 

Painting, the art of, first introduced at Rome from Hetruria by Quin- 
tus, who on that account was stiled Pictor, 291 B. C. — The first ex- 
cellent pictures were brought from Corinth to Rome by Mummius, 
146 B. C— In oil, said to have been invented by John Van Eyck, who, 
with his brother Hubert, were the founders of the Flemish school, 
1415. — The first picture was an Ecce Homo, 1455. — In Chiaro Oscuro, 
1500, introduced into Venice by Venetiano, 1450 ; into Italy by An- 
t on ell o, 1476. 

Paisley, manufactory, from 1743 to 1744, produced 353,407 yards, value 
15,886/. 

Paper made of cotton was in use in 1000; that of linen rags in 1319; the 
manufacture of introduced into England, at Dartford in Kent, 1588; 
scarce any but brown paper made in England till 1690 ; white paper 
first made in England, 1690; made of the asbestos at Danbury, in 
Connecticut in North America, by Mr. Beach, who discovered a fine 
kind there in 1792. — Stamped paper first used in Spain and Holland 
in 1555; velvet or floss, for hanging apartments with, first used 1620. 

Paper money first used in America, 1740; revived in 11S8. 

Parchment invented by king Attalus of Pergamus, 19S B. C. 

Paris first paved with stones, 11S6. 

Parishes in England first laid out, 640, when it had 45,000 ; afterwards 
reduced to 9,700, besides chapels, 1527. — In 1776, there were 14,563. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 115 

Parish registers were first introduced by lord Cromwell's order, 1538. 
Park, the first in England, made by Henry I. at Woodstock, 1123. 
Park, St. James's, drained 1537, planted 1668; greatly improved, 1774. 
Parliament, the first in England, 1216; triennial, 1561; the first sep- 
tennial one, 1716; the first imperial, Jan. 1801. 

Correct Statement of the Increase of Representatives in Parliament, 
from the reign of Henry VIII. to James I. 
Henry VIII. added 3S 
Edward VI. 44 

Mary 25 

Elizabeth ----- 62 
James I. ----- 27 

Total - - - - 196 

The following remarks shew the disproportion between the represen- 
tation of Middlesex and Surrey, with London and Westminster ; and 
six boroughs, which elect an equal number of Representatives : 
Places, Electors, Members, 

London - - - 7,000 send 4 
Westminster - - 10,000 2 
Middlesex - - 3,500 2 
Surrey - 4,500 2 

Southwark - - 2,000 3 



Newton 
Old Sarum 
Midhurst - 
Castle Rising 
Marlborough 
Downton - 



27,000 13 

1 send 2 

- 1 2 

- 1 2 

- 2 2 

2 2 

- 4 3 



12 12 

Parochial assessment for the poor began, 1572. 
Parthenian games first instituted, 1262 before Christ. 
Parties, court and country, first distinguished, 1621. 
Patent granted for titles, first used, 1344; first granted for the exclu- 
sive privilege of publishing books, 1591. 
Pawnbrokers first began, 1457. 

Pearl-ashes manufactory first set up in Ireland, 1783. 
Pearls, artificial, were invented, 1686. 
Pendulums for clocks invented, 1656. 

Penny-post set up in London and suburbs, by one Murray, an uphol- 
sterer, 1681, who afterwards assigned the same to one Dockwra; 
afterwards claimed by the government, who allowed the latter a 
pension of 200/. a-year, in 1711. — First set up in Dublin, 1774. — It was 
improved considerably in and round London, July 1794. 

Pens for writing were first made from quills in 635. 

Penny-pieces, and two-penny, of copper, first coined in England, 1797. 

Pension of 20/. granted a lady for national services, 1514; another, 
6l. 13*. 4d. per ann. 1536; another, 13/. 6*. Sd. for the maintenance 
of a gentleman in studying the laws of the kingdom, 1558. 

Pepper early known to Europe, as growing in the Hither India. Black 
pepper vines discovered in Jamaica in 1793. 

Peruke, the first used in France, 1620; introduced into England, 1660. 

Persian trade began 1569; opened through Russia 1741. 

Peter's pence first paid Rome by England, 790. 

Pheasants brought to Europe by the Argonatus, 1250 before Christ. 

Phosphoric barometer, the phenomena first discovered, 1675. 

Phosphorus, artificial fire, first discovered, 1699. Hermetic phospho- 
rus was made in 1677. 

Physic garden, the first cultivated in England by John Gerard, sur- 
geon, of London, 1567, that at Oxford, endowed by the Earl of 
Danby, 1652; that at Cambridge began, 1763. Physic garden at 
Chelsea, began 1732. 



116 CHRONOLOGY. 

Physic, the practice of, was confined to ecclesiastics, from about 1206 
to about 1500. 

Pins brought from France, 1543, and were first vised in England by Ca- 
tharine Howard, queen of Henry VIII. Before that invention both 
sexes used ribbons, loop-holes, laces with points and tags, clasps, 
hooks and eyes, and skewers of brass, silver, and gold. 

Pipes of lead for the convenience of water, invented to be cast, 1539. 

Pippins first planted in England, in Lincolnshire, 15S5. 

Pistols first used by the cavalry, 1544. 

Pitch and tar made from pitcoal, discovered at Bristol, 1779. 

Plaister of Paris, the way first found out for taking- a likeness in, by 
And. Verocchio, 1470. 

Plate, silver (except spoons) prohibited in public houses by parlia- 
ment, 1696. ... 

Plated ware exported in 1799 was valued at 18,1 72^. 8s. 

Plate-glass manufactory established in Lancashire in 1773; first made 
in France, 16S8. 

Plays first performed in England, 1378 ; that by the parish clerks in 
1390. Suppressed by parliament in 1617 ; restored 1659. 

Pleadings in courts of judicature first permitted, 788; first used in the 
English tongue. 1362. 

Poet Laureat, the first, 1487. 

Policy of insurance in writing- first used at Florence, 1523. 
Politicians, the term first used in. France, 1569. 

Poor-rates in England began in 1573. — (Besides the country rates for 
their support, they have 258,710/. per annum, in charitable donations .) 



Poor rates in 1580 amounted to - 1SS,811 

16S0 665,562 

1698 819,000 

1760 - - - - 1.556,S04 

1783 - - - - 2,131,486 

1784 - - - - 2,185,889 

1785 - - - - 2,184,904 



In 1S04, it was estimated that the whole amount, including 
donations, was near four millions. 
Population. — The following is given as an estimate of Europe, in or- 
der to being contrasted with the population of China, which was 
estimated by the suite of Lord Macartney at one hundred and 
fifty millions: 



Russia in Europe - 


25,000.000 


Denmark 


3,800,000 


Sweden 


2,500,000 


Poland 


9,000,000 


Germany 


22,000,000 


Hungary 


8,000.000 


England 


11,000,000 


Holland 


3,000,000 


Switzerland - 


2,000,000 


Turkey in Europe 


9,000,000 


Italy 


13,000,000 


France - 


28,000,000 


Spain - 


8,000,000 


Portugal 


2,000,000 




144,300,000 



Population of England in 1377 was 2,092.978 souls. 

1483 4,689,000 

16S8 6,500,000 

1786 8,000,000 

1801 10.942,646 
The population in Great Britain, at the Census in 1S11, was 
11,800,000, exclusive of the army and navy, then about 50,000. From 
the returns of 1821, it appears the increase is about fifteen per 
cent. This will make th* population of Great Britain at present to 
be 14,000 000 of souls. Ireland contains 6,500.000 people, making 
the population of the British dominions in Europe 20,500 000. The 
population of our North American possessions cannot be less than 
1,500,000; the population of the West India colonies, 900,000; Africa 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 117 

about 130 000 ; in the Mediterranean, 150,000 ; colonies and depen- 
dencies in Asia 2,040,000: and our other extensive territories in the 
East Indies, perhaps TO, 000,000 of souls. The whole population of 
the British empire will, at that rate, contain 95,220,000 of souls, 
The Russian, the next highest in the scale of civilized nations, 
contains 50,000,000; France, 30,000 000; and Austria an equal num- 
ber. The Roman empire, in all its glory, contained 120,000,000, 
one half of whom were slaves. When we compare its situation 
with that of the British empire, in power, wealth, resources, and 
mdustry, in the arts, sciences, commerce, and agriculture ; the 
preponderancy of the latter in the scale of nations and empires, is 
great and most remarkable. The tonnage employed in the mer- 
chants service is about 2,640,000 tons for Great Britain ; the ex- 
ports 51,000,000; including 11,000,000 foreign and colonial ; the Im- 
port 36,000,000. The navy during the last war consisted of 1000 ships 
of war ; the seamen at present in the merchants' service are about 
174,000; the net revenue of the state 57,000,0002. The capital of 
the empire contains 1,200,000 persons, the same number which Rome 
contained in the days of her greatest strength. The value fixed 
on landed property in Great Britain, as calculated by Mr. Pitt in 
1797, was 1,600,000,0002., and it may now be fairly taken at 
2, 000,000,0002. The cotton manufactures of the country are im- 
mense, and reach in the exports to 20,000,0002. or one half of the 
whole. In short, taking every thing into consideration, the British 
empire, in power and strength, may be stated as the greatest that 
ever existed on earth, as it far surpasses them in knowledge, mo- 
ral character, and worth. On her dominions the sun never sets ; 
before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning 
beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking 
from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of 
the Ganges. 

In England and Wales the proportion is 5| persons to a house, and 
in Scotland b\. 

The proportion of inhabitants to a house differs very considerably in 
some of the counties of England; the chief cause of this difference 
is the large towns, and particularly the sea-ports which some of 
them contain, as in such places the inhabitants live more crowded 
together than in moderate sized inland towns. The difference in 
this respect between large towns and those of less extent will be 
shown with tolerable accuracy by the following statements. 



Inhabitants. Towns. Persons to a house. 

864,845 - London - - 7i 

84,020 - Manchester - - 6f 

77,653 - Liverpool 6| 

63,645 - Bristol 6 

43,194 - Plymouth - - 9f 

32,200 - Bath 7^ 

32,166 - Portsmouth - - 6 

29,516 - Hull - - 6| 

28,366 - Newcastle 9 



The other Towns in England containing upwards of 20,000 inhabi- 
tants, are the following : 



73,670 - Birmingham - - 5 

53,162 - Leeds 4| 

36,832 - Norwich - - *I 

31,314 - Sheffield - - 4| 

28,861 - Nottingham 5| 
Proportion of persons to a house in towns of a moderate size : 

7,909 - Devizes 5 

7,668 - Salisbury 5£ 

7,655 - Bury &| 

7,579 - Gloucester - - 5f 

7,531 - Wellington 5| 

7,398 - Lincoln 5 

7,020 - Northampton - 5£ 

6,828 - Hereford 5 

6,730 - Newark 5 

6,505 - Tiverton ~ - b{ 

,5,794 - Taunton 5 



118 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Porcelain and tea from Chi*ia, first spoken of in history, 1590. 
Porcelain of Saxony brought to perfection, 1706; at Chelsea in Eng- 
land, 1752. 

Port-holes in ships of war introduced, 1545. 

Post-horses and stages established, 1483; post-horse duty yielded 
147,8661. in 1787. 

Posts, regular, established between London and most towns of Eng- 
land, Scotland, Ireland, &c. 1635. 
» ■ The emperor Cyrus was the first who erected post-houses 
throughout the kingdom of Persia. Augustus was the first who 
introduced this institution among the Romans, and employed post- 
chaises. Louis XI. first established post-houses in France ; and they 
were not settled in England till the 12th Charles II. 
Post-offices first established in Paris, 1462; in England, 1581 ; esta- 
blished in Germany, 1641 ; in the Turkish dominions, 1740 ; regu- 
lated by parliament, and made general in England, 1656 ; and in 
Scotland, 1695. Increased as follows : 

1644 it yielded 5,000 per annum 

1654 — 10,000 

1664 — 21,900 

1674 — 43,000 

1685 — 65,000 

1688 — 76,318 

1697 — 90,505 

1710 — 111,461 ") 

1714 — 145,227 f 

1723 — 201,805 ( gross amount. 

1744 — 235,492 ) 

1764 — 432,048 

c 141,829 management. 
1788 — < 276,466 net produce. 

' 418,285 gross amount. 

S 132,733 management. 
308,109 net produce. 
440,842 gross amount. 
C 139,650 management. 

1790 — < 340,424 net produce. 

C 480,074 gross amount, 
f 125.070 management. 

1791 — I 336,818 net produce. 

( 481,880 gross amount. 

{ 392,884 management. 
1,277,538 net produce. 
1,670,423 gross amount, 
, 585,033 management. 
1823 — ) 1,380,434 net produce. 

( 1,965,468 gross amount. 

— The mail first conveyed by stage-coaches, began Aug. 2, 1785; 

began to be conveyed to Waterford by Milford Haven, 1787. The 
increase of the revenue by the mail coaches was above 30,OO0J. in 
1789. 

Potatoes first brought to England from America, by Hawkins, in 1563; 

introduced into Ireland by sir Walter Raleigh, in 1586, and were 

not known in Flanders till 1650. 
Pottery, great discoveries made in it, by Mr. Wedgewood, 1763. 
Presbyterian meeting-house, the first in England, at Wandsworth in 

Surry, Nov. 20, 1572. 
Pressing seamen commenced, 1355. 

Printing was early practised by the Chinese in wooden blocks ; this 
mode was invented at Strasburgh by Faust, 1440; aud next year 
they had gone so far as to make separate types of wood. — Metal 
types used by John Gottenburgh of Mentz, 1444, by whom the first 
book was printed, 1550.— Types first cast by P. Schceffer, 1452. — The 
art brought to England by William Caxton, amercer of London, 
1471. — About, that time Aldus cast the Greek alphabet, for a Greek 
book was printed (ap Aldi), 1476. — An Hebrew ditto, 1478. — Intro- 
duced into Scotland, 1509. — Stereotype first used at Paris, 1799. 
There are printed in Britain and Ireland alone, nearly 2000 books 
per annum; in France 1500; and in Germany 4OO0. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



119 



Prize-money is by government divided into eight equal parts, and 
distributed in the following proportions. — Captains to have three 
eighths, unless under the direction of a flag officer, who in that case 
is to have one of the said three eights. — Captains of marines and 
land forces, sea lieutenants, &c. one eighth.— Lieutenants of ma- 
rines, gunners, admiral's secretaries, &c. one eighth — Midshipmen, 
captain's clerk, &c. one eighth. — Ordinary and able seamen, ma- 
rines, &c. two eighths. Given at St. James's the 17th day of April, 
1793. 

Produce of Stamp Duties, imposed on law proceedings, in the seve- 
ral courts of justice of Great Britain, during the last seven years : 
—years ending Jan. 5, 1818, 167,760/. ; 1819, 152,556/. ; 1820, 159,709/. 

1821, 155,552/.; 1822, 154,6322. *, 1823, 149,207/.; 1824, 145,206/. 

— * imposed on the several branches of con- 

veyances in Great Britain, during the same period — years ending 
Jan. 5, 1818, 140,983/.; 1819,165,776/.; 1820,147,396/.; 1821, 140,118*. 

1822, 130,335/. ; 1823, 127,539/. ; 1824, 132,696/. 

Prometheus struck fire from flints, about 1715 B. C. ; he being the first 
person, is said to have stolen it from Heaven ; became author of all 
the arts among the Greeks, 1687 B. C. 

Protectorate. — That of the earl of Pembroke began Oct. 1916, ended 
by his death the same year. — Of the duke of Bedford, began 1422, 
ended by his death, Sept. 1435 — Of the duke of Gloucester, began 
April 1483, ended by his assuming the royal dignity, June 1483. — 
Of Somerset, began 1547, ended by his resignation, 1549. — Of Oliver 
Cromwell, began Dec. 1643, ended by his death, 1658.— Of Richard 
Cromwell, began 1658, ended by his resignation, April 1659. 

Protestants were in the minority in the diet of Spires, April 17, 1530, 
when the decree for supporting the doctrines of the church of Rome 
was protested against. Hence the term Protestants given to the 
Reformers. They were tolerated in Germany, 1624 ; in Bohemia, 
1707; in Hungary, 1784; in France, 1792; in Portugal, 1801. 

Prussian Blue first invented by a native of Berlin, 1707. 

Public -houses, a power of licensing them first granted to sir Giles 
Mompesson and Sir Francis Michel, for their own emolument, 1620. 
Their number in Great Britain, in 1790, was 76,000. In the city of 
London, and within the bills of mortality, there are at present 5024 
licensed public-houses ; and it is calculated that the money expend- 
ed in beer and spirits in those places, by the labouring people only, 
amounts to upwards of 3,000,000/. sterling a-year. 

Public funds originated at Florence, 1344. 

Public Funds. — In a return of the average price of the Public Ftuids, 
by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt in 
each year since 1786, it appears the 3 per cents, were 50-1 in 1798; 
and in January 1824, 80-5-10. 

Pumps first invented, 1425. 

Purple, discovery of it, about 500 B. C. 

Quadrants, solar, introduced 290 B C. 

Queen's ware pottery invented, 1763, by Wedgewood. 

Quicksilver, use of, discovered, in refining silver ore, 1540. 

Quills were first Used for pens, 635. 

Rainbow, theory of, given by Dedomenis, 1611 ; improvements, 1689. 

Rains, storms, and winds, first painted by Lorenzetti, 1330. 

Record of the acts of the crown began to be regularly kept, 1100 ; the 

first in the English language is in 1415. 
Reflecting telescopes invented, 1657. 

Reformation began in England by Wickliffe, 1370; in Germany by 
Jerome of Prague and Luther ; completed by Henry VIII. 1534 ; es- 
blished by Elizabeth, 1558. 

Regatta on the Thames, June 22, 1775. 

Registers of births, marriages, and burials, began in 1533. 

Regimental clothing for the army introduced into France by Louis 
XIV. 

Regnant, queen, the first in England, 1553. 

Rent in England 6rst made payable in money, instead of kind, 1136. 
Reprisals at sea first granted, 1295. 

Revenue and expences of England. Taxes, &c. at the Revolution did 



120 



CHRONOLOGY. 



not exceed 2,000,0001. but in 1786 yielded 12,588,48 12.— In 1787, 
1-2,546,1122.— In 1791, above 16,000,000/. 
That the church revenues afford only a moderate compe- 
tency to the clergy will befound by the presentactual value oftheir 
receipts ; from which it will appear that the revenue of the episco- 
pal clergy amounts to 120,0001. per annum. 

Deans and chapters (about 1700 persons), to 140,0002. 
Universities to 180,0002. per annum. 
Inferior clergy to 1,350,000/. 
This latter revenue is subdivided amongst 11,755 churches, of which 
at the commencement of queen Anne's bounty, there were 5597 livings, 
the incomes of each did not exceed 502. per annum. 
A general view of the progress of the public revenue since the con- 



[ quest, by sir John Siuclair, bart. 

William the Conqueror - - ^400,000 

William Rufus ... - 350,000 

Henry I. 300,000 

Stephen 250,000 

Henry II 200,000 

Richard 1 150,000 

John 100,090 

Henry III. - - - - 80,090 

Edward 1 150.090 

Edward II. 100,000 

Edward III. - - - - 154,000 

Richard II. 130,000 

Henry IV. - - - - 100,000 

Henry V. 76,643 

Henry VI. 64,976 

Edward IV. 

Edward V. 100,000 

Richard III. - 

Henry VII. ----- 400,009 

Henry VIII. ----- 800,000 

Edward VI. 400,000 

Mary 450,000 

Elizabeth 500,000 

James I. 600,000 

Charles I. 895,819 

Commonwealth - - - 1,517,247 

Charles II. 1,800,000 

James II. 2,001.855 

William III. 3,895^205 

Anne (at the Union) - 5,691,803 
George I. } f 6,762,643 
George II. > including- Scotland 1 8,522,540 
George III. 1788 3 < 15,572,971 

A general view of the public revenues of the principal states in 
Europe. 

Turkey 5,000,000 

Russia - 5,800,000 

Prussia ------ 3,600,000 

Sweden - 1,000,000 

Denmark 1,000,000 

Holland, before the Revolution - 4,000,000 

Austria 12,400,000 

Hanover 900,000 

Saxony 1,100,000 

Bavaria and Palatinate - - 1,100,000 

France, before the Revolution - 18,000,000 

Spain 5,000,000 

Portugal 1,800,000 

Sardinia 1,100,000 

Sicily 1,400,000 

Venice 1,000,000 



Rice had its first cultivation in South Carolina, by chance, 1703 ; cul- 
tivated iu Ireland, 1585; in England, 1690. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



121 



Rivers in England began to be made navigable, 1135. 

The proportional lengths of course of some of the most noted 
rivers in the world are shewn nearly by the following numbers, ex- 
tracted from Mr. Rennell's paper, 71st vol. Phil. Trans. 



European Rivers. 



Thames - 


1 


Rhine - 




Danube - - - - 




Wolga - 




Asiatic Rivers, 




Indus - 


b i 


JSVlpIimt(3S m m m m 


a 3 




91. 


Burrampooter - 




Nou Kian, or Ava River - 


94 


Jenisea - 


10 


Oby 


104 


Amoor - - 


11 




Ilk 


Hoanho (of China) 




Kian Keu (of ditto) - 


15£ 


African River. 






12 


American Rivers. 




Mississippi - - - - 


8 


Amazons - 


15| 



Roads in the Highlands of Scotland were begun by general Wade, in 

1726, and finished 1737. 
Roads in England first repaired by act of parliament, 1594. 
Roman emperor, the first that properly had that title was Augustus 

Octavius, 27 B. C. 
Roses first planted in England, 1522. 

Roses first consecrated, as presents from the pope, and placed over 
confessionals, as the symbol of secrecy, 1526 ; hence the phrase 
" under the rose." 

Royal Navy of England, the first so called, 1512. 

Royal records of England first commenced, 1101. 

Royalty theatre, in Well-street, Rosemary-lane, opened April 20, 
1187. 

Ruling Machines invented by a Dutchman at London, 17S2 ; greatly 
improved by Woodmason, Payne, Brown, &c. ; introduced into 
Scotland, 1803. In 1806, three employed at Edinburgh, which gave 
bread to 30 persons weekly, and facilitates labour to an incredible 
extent. 

Rum imported into England in 1789, was* 3,300,000 gallons, besides 
what was smuggled. Its duty was 246,9432. 10s. and the profits to the 
importers were 151,2502. In 1796, there were imported 4,196, 19S 
gallon^ . 

Russians began their new year from Jan. 1, 1700. 
Saddles in use, 340. 

Saffron first brought to England by a pilgrim, 1389; cultivated 15S2. 
Sail cloth first made in England, 1590. 

Salt mines in Staffordshire, discovered, 1670. — Rock salt was discover- 
ed about 950; in Poland, 1289. 
Salting herrings after the Dutch method, first used, 1416. 
Saltpetre first made in England, 1625. 

Salt and incident duties, in 1786, amounted to about 1,400,0002; in 

1787, to 1,800,0002.; in 1788, to 1,812,9692. 
Salt duty in England, in 1785, was 361,6702.; in 1790, amounted to 

411,0002. 

Saturn's satellites first discovered, 1608; ring- discovered, 1631. 
Saxon green, in dying, invented, 1744. 

Scarcity root, a kind of parsnip, introduced and propagated in Eng- 
land, first by Dr. Lettsom, 1787. 
Scarlet dye invented, 1000; first used at Bow, near Stratford, 1643. 
Scenes first introduced into theatres, 1533. 

F 



122 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Sealing- charters and deeds first used in England, 1065. 
Sealing wax introduced into general use, 1556. 

Seals not much in use with the Saxons, but they signed parchments 
With the cross, impressions of lead being affixed. There was a seal 
of king Edward's at Westminster, about 11SS. — Coats of arms were 
not introduced into seals t ill 121S. — Great seal of England first used 
to crown grants, &c 1050; stolen, 1784. 

Seamen's wages were advanced by government, April 26, 1797. — The 
purser's deduction of one eighth of provisions taken off. 

Seas, the sovereignty of England over the British seas maintained by 
Selden, and measures taken by the British government in conse- 
queuce, S Charles I. 1633. 

Sedan chairs were introduced into England by the duke of Bucking- 
ham, 1734. 

Sects of religions in the world are said to amount to 373, ail at vari- 
ance with each other. 

Semper Eadem, first used as the motto for the arms of England, Dec- 
13, 1702. 

Sextant invented by Tycho Brahe, at Augsburgh, 1550. 

Sheep from England first permitted to be sent to Spain, which has 
since injured our manufacture, 1467. The number in England is 
from 20 to 25 millions. The value of their wool, 3,200,000/. Ex- 
pence of manufacturing it, 9,000,000/. — Exported annually upwards 
of 3,000,000/. — Number of persons employed in manufacturing it 
above 1,000,000. — From the wool grower to the consumer, a piece of 
cloth passes through one hundred different hands. 

Sheriffs first appointed, 1079. 

Shillings first coined in England, 1505. 

Ships, the first seen in Greece, arrived at Rhodes from Egypt, 14SS 
B.C.— The first double-decked one built in England was of 1000 
tons burthen, by order of Henry VII. 1509; it w r as called the Great 
Harry, and cost 14,000/. ; before this, 24 gun ships were the largest 
in out navy, and these had no port-holes, the guns being on the upper 
decks only. — Port-holes and other improvements were invented by 
Descharges, a French builder at Brest, in the reign of Louis XII. 
1500. 

Ship-building, the art of, attributed to the Egyptians, as the first in- 
ventors: the first ship, (probably a galley), being brought from 
Egypt to Greece by Darius, 14S5 B. C. — The first ship of S00 tons 
was built in England, 1597. — A first-rate man of war requires about 
60,000 cubic feet of timber, and uses iso,000lb. of rough hemp in 
the cordage and sails for it.— The ground on which the timber for a 
74 gun ship would require to grow, would be 14 acres ; it requires 
3000 loads of timber, each load containing 50 cubical feet; 1500 
well grown trees, of two loads each, will cover 14 acres, at 20 feet 
asunder; 3000 loads of rough oak, at 2*. per foot, or 5/. perload^ 
will cost 15,000/. 

Shipping in England, of the navy, contained in 



Years. 


T.??K<?. 


Ma)~incrs. 


15SS 


31,5S5 


15,273 


1660 


62.594 




16 ?5 


69.681 


30.951 


16SS 


101,032 




1695 


112.400 


45,000 


1704 


140. 7 M 


41,000 


1715 


167.596 




1721 


15S,233 




1727 


170,S62 




1741 


198,385 




1749 


22S.215 


1 7,000 


1754 


266,246 


10,000 


1760 


321,104 


70,000 


1774 


276,046 




17SI 


422,700 


- 104,978 



Shipping first registered in the river Thames, 17S7.— The number 
roistered in the British dominions, in 1791, was 15,647, being 636 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



123 



snore than in 1790. On Sept. 30, 1791, England and Scotland pos- 
sessed 1,365,000 tons of mercantile shipping-; which estimated at 84. 8*. 
per ton,including the rigging and stores, may be valued at 1 1 ,460,000/.; 
and that 80,000 seamen were employed in navigating these ships. 
The keeping up of this stock of shipping, reckoning the wear and 
tear at 12/. per cent., causes the annual sum of 1,375,020/. to be 
expended among ship-builders, sail makers, and numerous artificers 
employed about ships; after which, a clear profit of 687,960/. re- 
mains in the pockets of the owners of those ships every year ; 
reckoning such profit at 6/. per cent, of the sum employed, the whole 
profit on mercantile shipping being reckoned at 18/. per cent. 

Thirteen thousand five hundred vessels, freighted with property 
to the value of between 60 and '0,000,000/. sterling, sailed from and 
arrived at the port of London, ia the course of 1797. 

Shoes of the present fashion worn in England, 1633 ; but the buckle 
was not introduced till 1670. 

Shoeing of horses first introduced, 481. 

Side-saddles first used in England, 1380. 

Signals at sea first devised by James II, 1665. 

Silk, wrought, brought from Persia to Greece, 325 B. C— From Tndia, 
A. D. 274. — Known at Rome in Tiberius's time, when a law passed in 
the senate, prohibiting the use of plate of massy gold, and also for- 
bidding men to debase themselves by wearing silk, fit only for wo- 
men. Heliogabulus first wore a garment of silk, 220.— Silk worms 
were brought to Europe 300 years later. — Silk at first of the same 
value with gold, weight for weight, and thought to grow like cotton 
on trees, 220. The emperor Aurelian, who died in 275, denied his 
empress a robe of silk, because too dear. — Silk introduced into Eu- 
rope by some monks, 551; some monks who had been in India, in 
555, brought from thence silk-worms' eggs to Constantinople, where 
raw silk was in time produced in abundance, and worked up into 
manufactures at Athens, Thebes, Corinth, &c. Charlemagne sent 
to Offa, king of Mercia, in 780, a present of a belt, a Hunnish sword, 
and two silken vests. — In 1130, Greek manufacturers of silk, brought 
by Roger, king of Sicily, to Europe, settled at Palermo, where they 
taught the Sicilians not only to breed up the silk-worms, but to spin 
and to weave silk; which art was carried afterwards to Italy and 
Spain, and also to the south of France, a little before Francis I. who 
brought itto Touraine. — Venice inveigled silk-weavers from Greece 
and Palermo in Sicily, 1207. — Silk mantles worn by some noble- 
men's ladies at a ball, at Kenil worth castle, in Warwickshire, 1286. 
— Silk manufactured in England, 1604. — First silk manufacture in 
France, 1521 ; raw silk not produced there for a long time after- 
wards. — First worn by the English clergy, 1534. — Silk-worms and 
mulberry-trees propagated by Henrj IV. through all France, 1559, 
— Broad silk manufacture from raw silk introduced into England, 
1620.— Lombe's famous silk-throwing machine, erected at Derby, 
1719 ; it contains 26,586 wheels; one water wheel moves the whole, 
and in a day and a night it works 318,504,960 yards of organzine 
silk — Silk first imported from Persia through Russia, 1742. 

Silver first coined at Rome, 269 B. C. 

Silver penny, the largest coin in England, 1302. 

Silver raised from 3s. 9d. to 4,?. per ounce, 1544. 

Silver mines first discovered in Germany, 950 ; in Britany in France, 
Nov. 1730; in Devonshire, 1294; at Potosi, 1545 ; at Cusco, 1712 

Silver plate, or vessels, first made use of in England by Wilfrid, a 
Northumberland bishop, a lofty and ambitious man, 709; silver 
knives and forks, spoons and cups, a very great luxury, 1300. 

Sirnames introduced into England by the Normans, and adopted by 
the nobility, 1200. 

Slave-trade from Congo and Angola, began by the Portuguese, in 

Slave-trade began with England, 1563; in South America, 1550; abo- 
lished by the Quakers, 1784. Their importation is said, by abbe 
Raynal, to have been 9,000,000 of slaves, of which it is said to be 
60,000 annually. Abbe Raynal says, there are, in America and the 
West Indies, full 1,400,000. 

F 2 



124 CHRONOLOGY. 

In 176S Great Britain purchased - 55.100 

America 6.300 

France - - - - 23^500 

Holland ----- 11,300 

Portugal S.700 

Denmark ----- 1I20O 

104.100 at about Vol. 

each, which amounts to 1,582,0002. sterling-, but bought by barter. 

In 1793, they sold on an average for 30/. or Sbl. each. In l?SS. the 
slaves in the West India islands, belonging to Great Britain, were 

In Jamaica ----- 17-1,000 

Barbadoes - 80.000 

Antigua 36',000 

Grenada and the Grenadines - 40,000 

St. Christopher's - 27,000 

St. Vincent's - 15,000 

Dominica 15,000 

Anguilla, Tortola. &c. - - 14,000 

■N evis 10,000 

Montserrat - 9,000 



Total 420.000 



Slave-trade abolished by the French convention, 1794; by th^ British 

parliament, 1S07. 
Slippers first used, about 1570. 
Smithfield first paved, 1615. 
Soap first made at London and Bristol. 1324. 

Solar system discovered by Pythagoras, 500 B. C. ; revived by Coper- 

nicus, 1532; proved by Sir Isaac Newton, 1695. 
Sowing corn, &c. the art of, taught by Ceres. 1409 B. C. 
Spaces, many determined by the following- calculation of Jedediah 
Buxton, of Elmton. near Chesterfield, in "Derbyshire, who proved, 
in 1751, that 

200 Barley corns 
300 Wheat corns - 
512 Rye corns 
ISO Oats 

40 Peas V are contained m one 

25 Beans / solid inch - 

SO Vetches 
100 Lintels 
2304 Hairs, one inch long 
Speaker of the House of Commons first chosen, 1340. 
Speaking trumpets invented by Kircher, a Jesuit, 1752. 
Spectacles invented by Spina, a monk of Pisa, 1299. 
Sphere invented by Archimedes of Syracuse, 209 B. C. 
Spinning-wheel invented at Brunswick, 1530. — Another invented by 
Mr. Swindell, at Stockport, in Yorkshire, which finishes on each 
spindle three lays of 30 hanks to the pound in an hour, 17S5. 
Spnrs in use before 1400. 

Stamp duties first instituted in England, 1694. — The total produce of 
stamp duties of Great Britain the year ending in January, 1S06, was 
4,194.2S5/. 12*. lOirf. This sum was subject to some deductions, but 
when these were made, the produce was little less than £,000,0004. 
sterling. The expence of collection amounts to 3i per cent. The 
following are some of the miscellaneous stamp duties, payable after 
the 10th of October, 1S0S. 

Annual Liceyices. 

Licence to appraiser, (not a licensed auctioneer), 6s. 

To any banker, 6cc. who shall issue any promissory note payable 
on demand, and be re-issuable, SOI. 

For selling medicines, &c. liable to duty under said act. 41 
George III. chap. S, (usually called quack medicines), in London or 
Westminster, or within the two-penuy post, and in Edinburgh, 2/. — 
In any other city, borough, or town corporate, or in Manchester, 
Birmingham, or Sheffield. 10*. — In any other place, bs. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 1*25 

For exercising- the trade of a pawn-broker, in London or West- 
minster, or two-penny post district, l'O/.— In any other place 5/. 

By postmasters or persons letting- to hire horses for travelling- 
post, by the mile, or from stage to stage, or for a day, or for any 
less period than 28 days, for drawing- carriages used in travelling 

post, 5,5. 

By persons keeping public stage coaches or carriages, for each 
carriage so kept.— If carrying 4 inside passengers, 5*.— More than 
4 and not more than 6, 6s — More than 6 and not more than 8, Is.— 
More than 8 and not more than 10, Ss.— More than 10, 95.— Children 
in lap are excepted from the several numbers. 

Proceedings in the Courts. 

Duties on law proceedings, in the courts, to be paid in respect of 
every skin, sheet, &c. except where they are imposed according to 
the number of words, or otherwise expressly charged. 

Miscellaneous. 

As fellow of the college of physicians, in Eng-land or Scotland, 20/. 
—By licence from the college of physicians to practice within seven 
miles of the metropolis, 10/. 

Matriculation in any university in Great Britain, 10s. — To the de- 
gree of batchelor of arts in ordinary course, Si. — By special grace, 
royal mandate, or nobility, or otherwise out of ordinary course, 5/. 
— Any other degree in the ordinary course of the university, 6/.*— 
Out of the ordinary course, 102. 

To the degree of M. D. in either of the universities in Scotland, 10/. 

Advertisements in the London Gazette, or any public newspaper, 3s. 

Agreement, ormemm. of agreement, made in England underhand 
only, or in Scotland without any clause of registration, and not 
otherwise charged or expressly exempted in the schedule, the mat- 
ter thereof being of the value of 20L or upwards, and containing not 
more than 10S0 words, including any schedule, &c. 16s. — Containing 
more than 10S0 words, 1/. 10s.— And further for every 10S0 words 
beyond tbe first 10S0, 1/. 

Almanack or Calendar for the year, or less, Is. — If for more years, 
then for each year for which it shall serve, Is. — Perpetual alma- 
nack, 105.— Calendars or perpetual almanacks, in Bibles or Prayer 
Books, excepted. 

Appraisement of estate, real or personal, in any case whatsoever, 
except appraisement by order of an admiralty court, amount not 
exceeding 50/. 2s. 6d.~ Exceeding- 50/. to 100/. 5.9. — Exceeding- 100/. 
to 200/.. 105.— Exceeding- 200/. to 500/. 15 .—Exceeding 500/. ll. 

Certificate to be taken out yearly, by attorneys, solicitors, or 
proctors, in England; and by writers to the signet, solicitors, agents j 
attorneys, or procurators, in any of the courts of Scotland; notaries 
public in England and Scotland; and also by every sworn clerk, 
clerk in court, and other officer, who shall act in any of the above 
capacities for any other emolument than the regular emolument of 
the office; when residing with hi the limits of the two-penny post in 
England, or within the city or shire of Edinburgh, and if he shall 
have been admitted 3 years or upwards. 10/. — Or if not so long ad- 
mitted, bL — When residing- elsewhere, and admitted for three years 
or upwards, 6/.— Or if not so long admitted, 3/. 

Grant of the dignity of a duke, 200/. ; marquis, 200/. ; earl, 200/. ; 
viscount, 150/.; baron, 100/.; and baronet, 50/.— Of a conge d'elire, 
20i. — Of the royal assent to the election of archbishop or bishop, 20/. 

Newspapers. — For every half sheet double demy, or sheet of single 
demy, 3^d. 

Pamphlets, of half a sheet or Less, \d. — Not exceeding a sheet, Id. 
— Exceeding 1 sheet, and not exceeding 6 sheets in octavo (or on a 
lesser page) 12 sheets quarto, or 20 sheets folio, for every sheet 
contained in one copy, 2d. — Acts of parliament, proclamations, or- 
ders of council, form of prayer, and acts of state, ordered to be 
printed by the king, printed votes of parliament, school-books, and 
books of devotion, are exempted. 

Passport, 55. 

Plate qf 'Gold ', wrought in Great Britain, per ounce, and in pro 
portion, 165. Gold watch cases excepted. 
Piatt of Silver, wrought in Great Britain, per ounce, aud so in 
F 3 



126 



CHRONOLOGY. 



proportion, Is, 3d. Except watch cases, chains, and several small 
articles. 

Playing Cards, per pack, 2s. 6d. 

Policy of Assurance, on any life or lives, or on any event depend- 
ing- on life or lives, sum insured not ainountingto bi)Ol., lbs. — Amount- 
ing- to iOOl. or upwards, U. \0s. 

Specification of a patent, bl.~ And further for 10S0 words, above 
the first 10S0, 1/. 

Stage Coaches and Carriages, carrying- passengers for hire, for 
every mile such carriage shall travel, if carrying not more than 4 
inside passeng ers, 2d.— If 4 and not exceeding 6, 2^d.— If 6 and not 
exceeding 8. 3^d.— If 8 and not exceeding 10, 4rf.— More than 10, bd. 

Transfer of Bank or South-Sea stock, Is. 9d. — Of East-India stock, 
ll. 10s. — Of stock of any other corporation, not otherwise charged 
under the head of mortgage or conveyance, ll. 10s. 
Stamped paper for covering of walls of rooms, first introduced in Spain 

-and Holland, 1535. — Flock or velvet paper first used, 1620. 
Standing armies began in France, by Charles VII. in 1445. 
Starching linen first introduced into England, 1552. 
Statutes first printed, 1483. 

Statute miles first ascertained in England, 1593. 

Steam engine invented by S a vary, for taking ballast or gravel out of 
rivers, and for raising great quantities of water, and patents 
granted for, 1718. 

Steel may be made three hundred times dearer than standard gold, 
weight for weight. Six steel wire springs for watch pendulums 
weigh one grain, to the artist Is. 6d. each, equal to 21. bs. each; one 
grain of gold only 2d. 

Stirrups first used in the 6th century. 

Stockings, silk, first worn by Henry II. of France, 1547. Howell says, 
that in 1560, queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair of black knit 
silk stockings, by her silk w oman Mrs. Montague, and she never 
wore cloth ones any more. He adds, that Henry VIII., that mag- 
nificent and experienced prince, wore ordinarily cloth hose, except 
there came from Spain, by great chance, a pair of silk stockings; 
for Spain very early abounded with silk. His son, Edward VI. was 
presented with a pair of Spanish silk stockings by his merchant, Sir 
Thomas Gresham, and the present was then much taken notice of; 
consequently the invention of knit silk stockings came from Spain. 
Others relate that William Rider, a London apprentice, seeing 1 at 
the house of an Italian merchant, a pair of knit worsted stockmgs 
from Mantua, from thence ingeniously made a pair like them, 
which he presented to the earl of Pembroke, and were the first of 
the kind made in England, 1564. — The weaving of them was invented 
by the reverend Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, 15S9. 

Stone buildings first introduced into England, 674. 

Stone bullets in use in England so late as 1514. 

Stone church, the first built in London, 1087. 

Stone, artificial, for statues, &c. discovered by a Neapolitan, 1776 : 

introduced by Mrs. Coade, near London. 
Stone cured by a medicine, for which government paid Mrs. Stephens 

a premium, June, 1739. 
Stops in literature introduced, 1520; the colon, 1580; semicolon, 1599. 
Store cask for a brewery was made by Mr. Layton, in Southwark, 

which would contain 8000 casks of 16 gallons each ; its diameter 55 

feet 6 inches, and in depth 20 feet, all of English oak. Finished 

Jan. 1792. 
Strand, London, first built on, 1353. 
Straw used for the king's bed, 1234. 
Stucco work revived by D'Udine, about 1500. 

Style altered by Augustus Caesar's ordering leap-year to be but once 
in four years, and the month Sextilis to be called Augustus, S B. C. 
— Again at Home, by taking 12 days oft the calendar, 1582. — The 
Gregorian style received at Paris, by taking oiF 10 days, Dec. 15, 
1312. — At London, by Hiking 11 days off the calendar, Sept. 2, 1752. 

Sugar first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, 625; originally 
from China and the east; produced in Sicily, IliS; produced in Ma- 
deira, 1419; in the Canary islands, 1503; carried to the West Indies 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 127 

-by the Portuguese and Spaniards, 1510; cultivated at Barbadoes, 
1641.— Sugar refining first discovered by a Venetian, in 1503; prac- 
tised first in England, 1569; was first taxed in England, 1655.— Im- 
ported into England in 1789, above 1,936,440 hundred weight, for 
whieh duty to the amount of 1,189,814& 12s. 2d. was paid. The pro- 
fits to the importers amounted to 3I5,763£. in 1790. There was im- 
ported in 179S, 2,361,715 hundred weight. 
Sunday schools first established in Yorkshire, 1784; became general in 

England and Scotland, 1789. 
Sun-dials invented 558 B. C— The first erected at Rome was that by 
Papirius Cursor, when time was divided into hours, 308 B, C; first 
set up against churches, 613. 
Supremacy of the pope above the emperor introduced, 607. 
Supremacy. The first prince that shook off the yoke of Rome, and 
settled the supremacy in himself, was Henry VIII. 1533. 



Supplies granted during the reign of 

King William - - - ■ - - ^72,047,369 

Queen Anne 122,373,531 

George I. - 79,832,160 

George II. 276,349,773 

George III. to Michaelmas 1800 - 450,041,321 



^1,000,644,154 



Surnames first used, 1102; became common, 1200. 
Surrey canal dock opened at Rotherhithe, 1807. 

Survey of England made, at first, by order of Alfred, 900; by William 

the Conqueror, 1080; by Charles II. 1668. 
Swearing on the Holy Gospel first used, 528; the vice of, introduced, 

1072. 

Talmud made, 117 B. C. 

Tamarisk plant first brought from Germany, 1560. 

Tanning leather, a new and expeditious method invented, 1795. 

Tapestry invented by Sir Francis Crane, 1619; for the encouragement 

of which king James I. gave 2000/. to build a house at Mortlake, in 

Surrey, 1619. 

Tar, mineral, discovered at Colebrook-dale, Shropshire, in 1779, and 
in Scotland, Oct. 10, 1792. 

Tar-water first recommended by bishop Berkeley, 1744. 

Tea.- first brought into Europe by the Dutch East India Company, early 
in 1591; tea, coffee, and chocolate, first mentioned in the statute 
books, 1660; a quantity of tea brought from Holland by Lord Arling- 
ton and Lord Ossory, 1699; was sold at 3l. per pound in 1707; the- 
Americans refused to receive it with a duty, 1773. In 1787, about 
18,852,6751b. were imported by the East India Company, besides 
what was brought by clandestine trade and smugglers. 

Telegraphs invented, 1687; put into practice by the French in 1794; 
by the English, Jan. 28, 1796. 

Telescopes invented by Z. Jansen, a spectacle-maker, at Middle- 
burgh, 1590; the first reflecting one made on the principles of Sir 
Isaac Newton, 1692. 

Theatre; that of Bacchus, at Athens, the first ever erected, built by 
Philos, 420 before Christ. The ruins still exist. — The first royal li- 
cence for one here was in 1574, to James Burbage and four others, 
servants to the earl of Leicester, to act plays at the Globe, Bank- 
side, or in any part of England ; but long before their time miracles 
were represented in the open fields, where the devil appeared in 
person on the stage, shearing the bristles of hogs; hence the old 
proverb, " Great cry and little wool." — Plays were opposed by the 
Puritans, 1633, and suspended till 1660, when Charles II. licenced 
two companies, Killigrew's and Davenant's ; the first at the Bull, 
Vere-street, Clare-market, which in a year or two was removed to 
J>rury-lane ; the other in Dorset-gardens. Till this time boys per- 
formed women's parts. Sir W illiam Davenant introduced operas, 
and both companies united, 1684, and continued together till 1694; 
when, from the reduced salaries given to tbe performers, the prin- 
cipal of them, under Betterton, obtained a licence, and withdre w to 
Portugal -street, LincolnVmn-fields, in 1695. 

F 4 



128 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Theatrical representations introduced into England in 1566, by Geof- 
frey, Prior of St. Swithin's, Winchester. 

Thermometers first invented by Drebel, a Dutchman, 1620; improved 
by Reaumur, 1730, and by Fahrenheit, 1749. 

Thoracic duct discovered in a horse, by Eustachius, in 1563 ; in the 
human body, by 01. Rudbec, a Swedish anatomist. Thomas Barthol- 
line, of Copenhagen, and Dr. Joliffe, of England, 1663.— See Lacteals. 

Thread first made at Paisley, in Scotland, in 1722. 

Tides, the first theory of, by Kepler, 1596. 

Tiles first used in England, 1246. 

Tilts and tournaments instituted in Germany, 919. 

Time first computed from the Christian aera, 516 ; in history, 748 ; in 
Spain, 1358 ; in Arragon and Castile, 13S3 ; in Portugal, 1415. 

Time-measure barometer introduced by Scipio Nasica, 159; king 
Alfred's time-keeper was six large wax-tapers, each 12 inches 
long ; as they burnt unequally, owing to the wind, he invented a 
lanthern made of wood, and thin scraped plates of ox-homs, glass 
being a great rarity, 887. The ancients had three sorts of time- 
measures, hour glasses, sun dials, and a vessel full of water with a 
hole in its bottom. 

Tin found in Germany, 1241 ; in no place before but in Devonshire and 
Cornwall; in Barbary, 1640; in Iudia, 1740; in New Spain, 1782. 

Tithes were first established in England in 894. 

Titles, first creation of, by patents, 1344. — Titles-royal — The following 
is the succession in which the royal titles swelled in England : 
Henry IV. had the title of " Grace" conferred on him; Henry VI, 
that of " Excellent Grace ;" Edward IV. that of" High and Mighty 
Prince;" Henry VII. "Highness;" Henry VIII. "Majesty:" (and 
was the first and last that was stiled " Dread Sovereign;") and 
James I. that of " Sacred," or " Most Excellent Majesty." That 
of" Majesty," was first given to Louis XI. of France; before, it 
was the title only of Emperors, the Kings of Arragon, Castile, and 
Portugal, had the title only of " Highness ;" those of England, 
" Your Grace ;" those of France, " Your Despotism." 

Tobacco first discovered in St. Domingo in 1496 ; afterwards by the 
Spaniards, in Yucatan, 1520; introduced into France by ]Nicot, 1560 ; 
first brought into England, 1533; prohibited to be planted here in 
1624 : a tax laid on it in England, 16S5 ; allowed to be cultivated in 
Ireland, 1779. 

Toll first demanded by the Danes of vessels passing the Sound, 1341 ; 

first paid by vessels passing Stade on the Elbe, 1190. 
Toll-gates, or turnpikes, first in England, 1663. 

Tolls gathered in London, firstfor repairing the highways of Holborn, 

Gray's-inn-lane, and St. Martin's-lane, 1346. 
Tontines first established at Paris, 1653. 

Touching for the king's evil introduced by Edward the Confessor, 1046. 
Tournaments began in 870; instituted by Henry, Emperor of Ger- 
many, 919. 

Tourniquet, the, invented by one M or ell, at the siege of Besanqon. 

1674; Petit, of France, invented the screw tourniquet, 1718. 
Towers, high one first erected to churches in 1000. 
Tragedy, the first acted at Athens, on a waggon, by Thespis, 535 B. C. 
Treaties with any foreign nation began 1217. 

Trumpets first sounded before the kings of England, by order of Ofia. 

king of Mercia, 790. 
Tulips first brought into England, 1578. 

Turkeys came into England, 1523. The first in France 1570. 
Turkey trade began, 1550. 

Turnpikes first legally erected in England, 1663. 
Types of wood for printing first used, 1470. 
Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, 1740. 
Venus, her transit over the sun, June 2, 1660. 

Vessels employed in the mercantile line in England, in 1792, were 

23,600. 

Vesta, planet, discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 29, 1807. 

Villain, (of or belonging to the vill or lordship) was a servant during 
life, and devisable, as chattels, in the feudal times. In 1572, queen 
Elizabeth ordered her bondmen to be set free, at very easy rates. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 129 

Vlne-dressers, a colony of fromPhocea, in Ionia, settled at Marseilles, 
who instructed the South Gauls in tillage, vine-dressing-, and com- 
merce, about 600 before Christ. Some think the vines are abori- 
gines of Languedoc and Provence, and that they grew spontaneously 
on the Mediterranean shores of Italy, France, and Spain. 

Vines planted in Germany and North Gaul, 276. 

Vines and sugar-canes planted in Madeira, 1420. 

Violins invented about 1477, and introduced here by Charles II. 

Votes of the House of Commons first printed, 1681. 

Voyage round the world, the first, 1525. 

Vulgate edition of the bible discovered, 218. 

Wars with Spain between 1589 and 1593, cost queen Elizabeth 1,300,000/. 
besides the double subsidy of 280,000/. granted by parliament. In 
the Irish rebellion she spent 3,400,000/. in ten years. The expences 
of the war of 1756 cost England 90,000,000/. 

Waste-lands in Great Britain, by examination in 1794, were found to 
be 22,351,000 acres; which, if cultivated and enclosed, reckoning an 
annual increase of 9*. per acre, the annual rent would amount to 
10,957,950/.; and, on a supposition that the yearly produce would 
be 1/. 7*. per acre, or three rents, it would be worth 30,073,850/. per 
annum to the community. 

Watch, there was no night-watch in London, 1189. 

Watches invented at Nuremberg, in Germany, 1477; first used in 
astronomical observations, 1500. — The emperor Charles V. was the 
first who had any thing that might be called a watch, though some 
call it a small table clock, 1530. — Watches first brought to England 
from Germany, 1577 ; spring pocket ones invented by Hooke, 1658. 

Water, first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21st Henry III. 1237. 
ft took near 50 years to complete it; the whole being finished, and 
Cheapside conduit erected, only in 1285. — An engine erected at 
Broken-wharf, to convey water by leaden pipes, 1594. — The New 
River brought to London from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, at an im- 
mense expence, by Sir Hugh Middleton, in 1614. — The city supplied 
with its water, by conveyances of wooden pipes in the streets, and 
small leaden ones to the houses ; the New River Company incorpo- 
rated, 1620 — So late as queen Ann's time there were water-carriers 
at Aldgate pump, as now at Edinburgh. 

Water-mills for grinding corn were invented by Belisarius, while 
besieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. The ancients parched their 
corn, and pounded it in mortars. Afterwards mills were invented, 
which were turned by men and beasts with great labour; and yet 
Pliny mentions wheels turned by water. 

Weavers, two from Brabant, settled at York ; which, says king Ed- 
ward, * may prove of great benefit to us and our subjects," 1331. 

Weavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen-makers, silk-throwsters, &c. 
Flemish, settled at Canterbury, ^Norwich, Sandwich, Colchester, 
Maidstone, Southampton, &c. on account of the duke of Alva's per- 
secution, 1567. They taught the English the making of baize, 
serges, Norwich crapes, &c. — The baize makers chiefly settled at 
Colchester. 

Weekly bills of mortality round London began 1603. 

Weighing engine, or beam, a public one set up in London, and all 

commodities ordered to be weighed by the city-officer, called the 

weigh-master, who was to do justice between buyer and seller, 

statute 3d Edward II. 1309. 
Weights and measures invented, 869 before Christ ; fixed to a standard 

in England, 1257 ; regulated, 1492. 
West India Docks completely opened, July 12, 1S06. 
Wet Docks in Wapping, called the London Docks, the first stone of, 

laid June 26, 1802; opened 30 Jan. 1805. 
Wet Docks opened at Leith, 1606. 

Whalebone found by the English ships at Cape Breton, 1321 ; first men- 
tioned brought home with oil, 1617. 

Whale fishery, the first by the Dutch, 1596 ; by the English at Spits- 
bergen, 1598. 

Whales killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil only, 1578 ; 
the use of their bones and fins not yet known, consequently no stays 
worn by tine ladies. 

F 5 



130 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Whitehall preachers first appointed by the two universities, April b, 

Wigs, full bottom, were first worn by the judges in 1674;. 
Wild-fire invented by a Grecian, 663. 

Wills to devise lands were first permitted under restrictions by Henry 
"V III. Universally all real property at the restoration. 

W ills of sovereigns, the first on record, Richard II. 1399. 

Wind saw-mill invented, 1633, and erected near the Strand, I*ondon, 
by a Dutchman. 

Wind-guns invented at Nuremberg, 1560. 

W ind -mills invented, 1299. 

Windows of glass first used in England for houses, 1180. 

W inds and months, present names given to them by Charlemagne^ 

Wines sold by apothecaries as a cordial, 1300; sold at 20.?. the tun, 
and the second sort at 13s. 4tf. 1389.— In 1790, there were 140,000 
pipes of wine made in Portugal, 45,000 were imported into England ; 
20,000 into Ireland; 38,000 into Holland, Denmark, &c. and the re- 
maining 37,000 were consumed at home. 

Wines first made in England, 1140 ; in Flanders, in 1276. 

Wire invented at Nuremberg-, 1351 ; mills invented in Germany, 1563- 

Wire-mill, the first set up at Sheen, by a Dutchman, 1663. 

Wood first cultivated in England, 15S2 ; the fixing its colour disco- 
vered, 1753. 

Wood-cuts invented, 1460. 

Wood's patent for coining granted, Jan. 1723. 

Wool. — One pound of wool lias been spun to the length as follows : 
A lee of woollen yarn measures in length 80 yards. 
A hank of ditto, by the custom of Norwich, consists of seven lees. 
Twenty-four hanks in the pound is esteemed good spinning in the 

schools, 13,440 yards. 
Seventy hanks in the pound is esteemed superfine spinning at Nor- 
wich. 39,200 yards, or 21 miles. 
One hundred and fifty hanks in the pound was spun in 1751, by 
Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, in ISorfolk ; and this was thought 
so extraordinary, that an account of it is registered at the Royal 
Society, 85 000 yards, or 48 miles. 
Threehundred hanks in the pound have already beenspunby Miss 
Ives ; and though this young lady has carried the art of spinning 
combed wool to so great a degree of perfection, she does not 
despair of improving it still farther, 16S,000 yards, or 95 miles. 
Cotton to 203,000 yards.— -See Sheep. 
Woollen cloth, manufacturers of, in all civilized countries, and in very 
remote ages, and probably of linen also. Diodorus Siculus, who 
wrote in Augustus Caesar's time, A. D. 21, relates, that in the isle of 
Malta several mercantile wares were made, particularly very fine 
cloth. Strabo, speaking of Turdetania, in Lusitania, says, in 34, that 
cloths were formerly the exports of that country, but that they have 
now another woollen manufacture of most excellent beauty, such as 
that of the Corai, a people of Asia, from whence the rams were 
bought at a talent each, or 100/. 
Woollen cloth manufactures commenced at Sedan, in France, 1646; 
the first made in England in 1331 ; medley cloths first made, 1-614 ; 
greatly improved by the Walloons, 16S8; first dyed and dressed in 
England in 1667. Its export from Great Britain in 1787 was 3,687,795/. 
12v. 2d. value. In 1779, 272,755 pieces of broad cloth, containing 
8,806,688 yards, and 1S0,16S pieces of narrow cloth, containing 
6,377,277 yards, were manufactured in the \\ est Riding of Yorkshire, 
being an increase on the year 179S. a produce of 4S,596 pieces, or 
1,672,574 yards of broad cloth, and 315,602 or 1,196,964 yards of nar- 
row cloth. 
Woolwich, the first royal dock, 1512. 

Workers, cloth, 70 families of, from the Netherlands, settled in Eng- 
land by Edward III.'s invitation, for promoting the woollen manu- 
facture, 1330. 

Wormwood, and other plants, used for preserving malt liquors, before 
the use of hops, 1492. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 131 

Writing, and the use of figures, introduced into England by the Ro- 
mans. 

Year, the solar, found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes, 

265; introduced by Caesar, 45 B. C. 
Yellow dye for cotton invented hy Dr. R. Williams, 1773. 
Yeoman of the Guards first instituted, Oct. 30, 1485. 
Zodiac, signs of the, invented by Anaximander, 547 B. C. 



SECT VI. 



EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, INUNDATIONS, FIRES, 
ACCIDENTS, STORMS, TEMPESTS, FROSTS, &c. 

ABBEVILLE, in France, nearly destroyed by an explosion of gun- 
powder, when 150 of the inhabitants perished, and 100 houses 
were destroyed ; the loss sustained was estimated at 472,917 livres, 
Nov. 1773. 

Abbotsbury had 22 houses destroyed by fire, Oct. 1784. 
Ailesbury had 30 houses burnt, May 6, 1773. 

Alban cutter wrecked on the coast of Holland, and all the crew, ex- 
cept one man, lost, Dec. IS, 1812. 

Albion-mills, Manchester, destroyed by fire, the damage estimated at 
25,000£. 

Aldbourn, in Wilts, had 200 houses burnt, Aug. 23, 1777. 

Alexandria library destroyed by fire 47 years before Christ, which 
contained 400,000 manuscripts. The second library of Alexandria, 
consisting of 700,000 volumes, was totally destroyed by the Saracens, 
who heated the water for their baths for six months, by burning 
books instead of wood, at the command of the caliph Omar, 650. 

Algerine xebec, of 22 guns, was lost in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, in 
Sept. 1760. 

Alresford, in Hampshire, totally burnt. 1160. 

Amesbury, in Wiltshire, had 10,0002. damage done by a fire, that 

destroyed 32 houses, June 3, 1751. 
Amphion frigate was blown up at Plymouth, Sept. 22, 1796, when all 

the crew perished. 
Amphitheatre at Fidonia fell in, and killed 50,000 people, A. D. 26; 

the ruins of it now remain at Castel Ginbelio. 
Amsterdam opera-house burnt, 150 persons lost their lives, 1772. The 

Admiralty -house, and its valuable stores, were destroyed by fire, 

July 64, 1791. 

Andover, lord, killed, while delivering his fowling-piece to the ser- 
vant, Jan. 8, 1801. 

Angouleme, isle of, sixteen persons killed by an explosion of gun- 
powder at, April 16, 1816. 

Anson frigate wrecked on the coast of Cornwall, Jan. 1S0S. 

Apollo's temple at Antioch burnt, 362 before Christ. 

Apollo frigate lost, and great part of the crew perished, off Portugal, 
April 2, 1S04. 

Archangel, in Russia, damaged by a dreadful fire, 1763 ; had 200 houses 
destroyed by a fire, Oct. 16, 1777; its cathedral and other public 
edifices burnt, June 29, 1793, making altogether 3000 dwellings. 

Archindschan, in Turkey, destroyed by an earthquake, when 19,000 
inhabitants were buried in the ruins, 1784. 

F 6 



132 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Arniston transport, wrecked near Cape Lagullas, and six only saved 

out of 350 persons, May 30, 1S15. 
Arsenal, the, at Corunna in Spain, destroyed by fire, when 60 persons 

were killed, and 50 wounded, March 11, 1791. 
Asch, in Zedwitz in Germany, nearly destroyed by fire, Dec. 13, 15H. 
Astley's theatre and 19 houses destroyed by fire, Aug". 17, 1794: ; again, 

Sept. 2, IS03, when 40 houses were burnt. 
Attaquia, in Syria, was destroyed by an earthquake, with 3000 inha- 
bitants, May 5, 1796. 
Aubern, in Wiltshire, had 72 dwellings, of 20,000/. value, destroyed by 

a fire, Sept. 12, 1760. 
Aurora frig-ate lost, and never heard of after, 1771. 
Avelino, a city of Naples, destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 29, 1732. 
Bahama Isle received immense damage among- the shipping by a 

storm, in Oct. 1796; again from a storm and inundation, July 22, 

1801. 

Balbec totally obliterated by an earthquake, Dec. 5, 1759. 
Balow, in Russia, had 458 houses destroyed by fire, 1803. 
Baltimore, in America, was nearly destroyed by fire, Dec. 4, 1796. 
Banbury, in Oxfordshire, had its church and tower fail down for want 

of repair, Dec. 16, 1790. 
Bank-mill, Manchester, used as a cotton manufactory, destroyed by 

fire, the damage estimated at 30,000/. Oct. 31, 1813. 
Barbadoes had two dreadful fires, May and Dec. 1796, and Oct. 16, 

1784; damaged by a storm, Sept. 2, 1786; and an inundation, in 

Nov. 1795. 

Barham, of 74 guns, foundered on the coast of Corsica, July 29, 1811. 
Baring transport, wrecked on the rocks of Bearhaven by a gale, and 

several lives lost, Oct. 10, 1814. 
Barkway greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 18, 1748. 

Barnwell, near Cambridge, destroyed by a fire, Sept. 30, 1751 ; again. 
Dec. 16, 1757. 

Barton-Stacy, in Hampshire, had 27 houses, besides out-houses, de- 
stroyed by fire, May 8, 1792. 
Bath burnt, 1116; and again, 1137; a fire on the south parade did 5000/. 

damage, June 24, 1756. 
Bath stage waggon burnt on Salisbury plain, with its valuable lading. 

by the wheels taking fire, May 20, 1758. 
Bayonne, in France, the chapel of the new castle at, was blown up by 

gunpowder, and 100 persons lost their lives, July 10, 1793. 
Beccles, in Suffolk, received 20,000/. damage by fire, Nov. 29, 1586, by 

80 houses being destroyed. 
Bedford had 60 houses destroyed by fire, May 25, 1812. 
Bellingham, in Northumberland, had 25 houses burnt, Aug. 25, 1750. 
Belton, in Rutlandshire, had 27 houses, besides barns, &c. destroyed 

by fire, May 27, 1776. 
Belvoir castle, three fourths of this princely residence of the duke of 

Rutland, destroyed by fire, Oct. 28, 1816. 
Bengal Indiaman, destroyed by fire, and 20 persons killed, Jan. 19, 

1815. 

Bengeworth, near Evesham, had 12 houses burnt, Aug. 25, 1750. 

Bere Regis, in Dorsetshire, had 42 houses, besides" out-houses, de- 
stroyed by fire, June 8, 178S. 

Bergheu, in Norway, had 1660 families burnt out of their dwellings. 
1756. 

Bermuda, hurricane at, by which one third of the houses were de- 
stroyed, aud all the vessels in the harbour except two driven ashore 
or sunk, July 26, 1813. 

Beverlee, near Nottingham, 14 houses destroyed by fire at, March 19, 
1816. 

Biggleswade nearly destroyed by a fire, June 16, 1785. 

Billing, Great, in Northamptonshire, had its steeple destroyed by 

lightning, April 11, 1759. 
Billingsgate, a great fire there, 1718. and Jan. 13, 1755; again, May 

14, 1S09, when the loss was estimated at near 70,000/. 
Bingham, sir John's, castle, in Ireland, burnt, 50,000/. damage, Nov. 

11, 1755. 

Birmingham theatre destroyed by fire, Aug. 16, 1792. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 133 

Blandford, in Dorset, burnt, June 4, 1731, 300 houses ; again, 1775. 

Blis worth, near IN orthampton, had 50 dwelling -houses, besides out- 
houses, destroyed by fire, May 28, 1798. 

Boadicea brig-, stranded by a gale near Kinsale, and upwards of 200 
of the 82d regiment perished, Jan. 31, 1816. 

Bois-le-duc, in Languedoc, destroyed by a violent rain, 1776. 

Bombay nearly destroyed by fire, and many lives lost, Feb. 27, 1803. 

Bon, the palace of the electoral prince of Cologne there, was burnt, 
Jan. 15, 1777, to the value of 200,000/. 

Boston, in New England, sustained a loss by fire of its court-house and 
records, Dec. 23,1747; again, of above 100 ,000/. March 20, 1760; again 
in 1761, 1763, and 1775 ; again, April 20, 1787, 100 houses burnt ; again 
July 23, 1794, when it received damage to the amount of 200,000/. ; 
again in Dec. 1797. 

Boston church, Lincolnshire, damaged by fire, May 23, 1803. 

Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni, France, had the vault under the church 
give way during the celebration of mass, which occasioned the death 
cf 600 persons, Sept. 14, 1778. 

Boyne man of war, of 98 guns, was destroyed by fire at Portsmouth, 
when great mischief was done by the explosion of the magazine, on 
May 1, 1795. 

Bradford, in Wiltshire, damaged by a fire, April 30, 1740. 
Bradstow-pier, in Kent, was destroyed by a storm, Jan. 2, 1767; re- 
built in 1772. 

Bremen greatly damaged by an explosion of gunpowder, when 1000 
houses were destroyed, and 40 persons killed, Sept. 10, 1739. 

Brere, village in Dorsetshire, several fires broke out in, at once, 
threatening destruction to the whole place, July, 1816. 

Brescia, in Italy, nearly destroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, 
Aug. 8, 1779. 

Brest magazine, 400 yards long, was destroyed by fire, to the value of 
7,000,000/. in stores, besides the building, Jan. 19, 1744; Marine 
Hospital burnt, with 50 galley-slaves, Dec. 1, 1766; magazine, &c. 
destroyed by fire, July 10, 1784, to the value of 1,000,000/. 

Brewhouse of H. Meux, two large vats in, suddenly burst, deluging 
and destroying several neighbouring houses, Oct. 17, 1814. Several 
lives were lost, and the total loss of beer was estimated at between 
8000 and 9000 barrels. 

Bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near Cadiz, fell down as soon as finish- 
ed, while receiving the benediction, and killed several hundred 
persons that were over and under it, Feb. 22, 1779. 

Bridge-town, Barbadoes, destroyed by a fire, April 18, 1668 ; had 160 
dwelling-houses destroyed by a fire, Feb. 8, 1756; again, 120, Feb. 
14, 1758 ; again May 14, 1766 ; again, Dec. 27, 1767. 

Brighthelmstone block-house washed away by the sea, Nov. 19, 1786. 

British Queen packet, from Ostend for Margate, wrecked on the 
Goodwin sands, and all on board perished, Dec. 16, 1814. 

Brody, in Gallicia, had 1500 houses burnt, May 5, 1801. 

Broomsgrove nearly destroyed by an inundation from a water-spout 
falling, April 13, 1792. 

Brussels greatly damaged by a fire, and the ducal palace consumed, 
Jan. 31, 1730. 

Buckingham tower fell down and destroyed the church, March 26. 
1776. 

Bungay, in Suffolk, burnt, March 1, 1689. 

Burwell, in Cambridgeshire, had a barn with 160 persons in it, to see 
a puppet-show, set fire to by carelessness, and, except six, were all 
burnt, Sept. 8, 1727. 

Bury, in Lancashire, had its playhouse, containing upwards of 300 per- 
sons, fall down, during the performance, and buried the audience 
under its ruins ; five were killed on the spot, and many had their 
limbs broken, July 1, 1787. 

Cairo, Grand, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 40,000 inhabi- 
tants lost, June 2, 1754. 

Caissar, in Turkey, was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 6000 
inhabitants lost, in April, 1794. 

Caledonia East Indiaman accidentally burnt, May 29, 1804. 



134 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Calmar, in Sweden, 150 houses, and many inhabitants of, burnt, Aug, 
1800. 

Caravan, consisting of 2000 souls, returning- from Mecca, were all de- 
stroyed, except twenty, by a kamsin or pestilential wind, in the de- 
serts of Arabia, August 12, 1812. 

Carenton, in Germany, had 100 houses burnt, in July 1S00. 

Carlscrone, in Sweden, had 1087 houses, two churches, all the mer- 
chants'' houses, except two, and all their magazines, destroyed by 
fire, June 17, 1790. 

Casan, a city of Tartary, burnt Oct. 15, 1752, 1765, and 1815. 

Castor, in Lincolnshire, had its church nearly destroyed by lightning, 
June 6, 1795. 

Catskill mountains and the intervening woods between Ulster and 
Sullivan counties, took fire, May, 1816. 

Catworth, in Huntingdonshire, greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 3, 1753. 

Ceuta, in Barbary, had 200 houses blown down by a storm, Feb. 1751-2. 

Chamberry, in Sardinia, had IS persons, several houses, and walls, de- 
stroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, 1773. 

Chapel at Roscommon, one of the pillars of the gallery gave way, 
April 17, when 14 persons were killed, and a much greater number 
severely injured, 1804. 

Charlestown, in New England, greatly damaged by a storm, 1>61 ; 
burnt by the English troops, June 17, 1775. 

Charlestown, in South Carolina, infested with worms, June, 1751 ; de- 
stroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15, 1753; had 250 dwellings, besides 
out-houses, burnt, to the amount of 100,0002. sterling. Jan. 15, 177S ; 
taken by the British forces, May 1779 ; 300 houses destroyed by fire, 
June 13, 1796. 

Charlotte, the Royal, of 100 guns, was burnt by accident 4iear Leg- 
horn, March 16, 1800, when only 150 persons were saved. 

Chatham had 28 houses destroyed by a fire, May 11, 1774. 

Chehn, in Poland, had 268 dwelling-houses and 107 warehouses of mer- 
chandize destroyed by a fire, May 4, 17S8. 

Chelmsford church, in Essex, had its walls and roof fall down, Jan. 17, 
1800. 

Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, sustained 4000Z. damages by a storm, 
June, 1731. 

Chepstow, on the Severn, a boat near the town upset, by which, out 
of a party of eight ladies and gentlemen, five were drowned, Sept. 
22,1812. Howickfarm, near this town, set on fire, by which two 
buildings, containing each an expensive threshing machine, were 
destroyed, and a man who slept in one of the buildings perished, 
Oct. 14, 1815. 

Chester nearly destroyed by an accidental fire, 1471 ; a great number 
of people killed by an explosion of gunpowder at a pupnet-show, 
Nov. 5, 1772. 

Chishall, Great, in Essex, had 100 houses, to the value of 10^000Z. da- 
maged by fire, Feb. 22, 1798. 

Christ-church-coliege, Oxford, damaged by fire, to the amount of 
12,0002. March 3, 1809. 

Christiana, in Denmark, had one quarter of that place destroyed by 
fire, April 9, 17S7, to the value of 100,000 rix dollars, or 13,000/. 

Chudleigh, Devonshire, nearly destroyed by a fire, May 22, 1807. 

Chumleigh, in Devonshire, nearly burnt, Aug. l r », 1S03. 

Civita Vecchia greatly damaged by an explosion of gunpowder, 1779. 

Clehanger House, near Hereford, was destroyed by fire, Jan, 3, 1794. 

Cliefden House was burnt, May 14, 1795. 

Clitherow, Mrs., in Crown-court, near Moorfields, with her family and 
lodgers, consisting of 11 persons, were blown up while making fire- 
works by candle-light, Nov. 3, 1791. 

Clowes Wood, in Ireland, caught fire, Jan. 1, 1S05, when 30 acres of 
furze and heath were consumed 

Coach from Hinkley to Leicester, by furious driving to beat a rival 
coach, was dashed to pieces against the Burbage turnpike gate, by 
which the coachman and four passengers were killed, and four other 
passengers maimed, July 14, 1815. 

Coal-pit near Renfrew took fire, and continued to burn for nearly two 
days, six men lost, 1804. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 135 

Coal-pit near Wakefield, inundated by a sudden gush of water, by 

which nine men and a boy perished, June 30, 1S09. 
at Felling-, near Gateshead, took fire, by which 93 persons 

perished, June 25, 1812. 
at Swiney Row, Durham, took fire, by which one man and 

six boys were severely hurt, Oct. 6, 1812. 
■ Harrington-mill, near the preceding, took fire, by whichfiour 

men and nineteen boys were killed, Oct. 10, 1S12. 
Collingwood Main, took fire, by which eight men were kill- 
ed, and two severely burnt, July 17, 1813. 
■ ■ at Bradley, fell in, by which eight persons were buried in 

the ruins, of whom seven were dug out ali ve, after remaining seven 

days without food, Aug. 10, 1813. 
— at Felling, took fire a second time, by which 9 men, 13 boys, 

and 12 horses, were destroyed, December, 1813. 
■ Hepburn, took fire, by which 11 persons were burnt to death, 

Aug-. 27, 1814. 

at Painshaw, Cumberland, three men killed by the choak 

damp, in descending to examine the state of the air, March 15, 1S15. 

< belonging to Messrs. Nesham and Co. near Newbattle, Dur- 
ham, took fire, by which 70 persons lost their lives, June 2, 1815. At 
the same colliery 57 persons were killed or wounded by the burst- 
ing of a steam engine, July 31, following. 

Heaton Main, near Newcastle, inundated by a sudden gush 

of water, by which 33 men, 42 boys, and 37 horses perished, May 3, 
1815. It was afterwards, Feb. 19, 1816, ascertained, that tbey all 
perished by starvation, having been enclosed in a cavity, which the 
water did not penetrate. 

at Chirk, in Denbighshire, destroyed by an inundation oc- 
casioned by a stoppage in the river Ceriog, in consequence of the 
fall of an embankment, Dec. 28, 1816; the collieries were so exten- 
sive that the loss is considered as a public calamity. 

near Chester-le-street, Durham, took fire, by which nearly 

40 individuals lost their lives, July, 1817. 

Cologne received great damage, and had its bridge, with 100 persons, 
besides carts, &c. carried away, Dec. 1, 1747, by a flood. 

Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake, 214 before Christ,* 
it weighed 720,0001b. 

Golumbo, the British troops at, murdered in cold blood by theAdigaar 
of Candy, June 6, 1803. 

Constantinople had above 12,000 houses and 7000 inhabitants destroy- 
ed by a fire, Sept. 27, 1729; again, which burut five days, May 31, 
1745 ; again, 12,000 houses, Jan. 29, 1749-50 ; again, near 10,000, in 
June, 1750; again, 4000, and the plague 7000 persons, in 1751 ; nearly 
destroyed by an earthquake, and 3000 inhabitants killed, Sept. 2, 
1754; had 5000 houses burnt, 1756 ; had 15,000 houses, and 1000 per- 
sons burnt, July 5, 1756; considerable havoc made in 1761, 1765, 
1767, 1769, 1771 ; had 2000 houses burnt, Sept. 4, 1778; 600 houses 
were burnt, Feb. 19, 1782. June 10 following 7000 ; and Aug. 22 fol- 
lowing, there were 10,000 houses, 50 mosques, 100 corn mills, &c. 
destroyed. On Aug, 5, 1784, 10,000 houses, &c. were destroyed; 
Another destroyed 10,000 houses, Aug. 4, 1784 ; 32,000 houses were 
destroyed by fire between March and July, 1791 ; 7000 were de- 
stroyed, 1782; and the same number were destroyed, Aug. 1795. 
The suburb of Pera had 1300 houses, and several magnificent build- 
ings, burnt down, March 13, 1799. In 1812 and 1813, 300,000 of its 
inhabitants destroyed by a pestilence. In Aug. 1816, 1200 houses 
and 2000 shops destroyed by fire ; 12,000 houses, 30 mosques, 400 
boats, and 400 people, burned 1823. 

Copenhagen burnt, 1728, when 77 streets were destroyed. Had its 
royal palace, destroyed by fire, Feb. 26, 1794, to the amount of 20 
millions of rix-dollars, equal to 4,500,000/. sterling : above 100 per- 
sons lost their lives. Its arsenal, admiralty, &c. with near 50 streets, 
having 1363 houses, were destroyed by fire, on June 5, 1795; it 
raged 48 hours. Bombarded by the English, July IS, 1807. 

Corah, Dathan, and Abiram, swallowed up by the earth, 14S0 before 
Christ. 



136 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Corfu, a magazine at, was destroyed by a fire, when 72,0O0lb. of 
powder, and 6J0 bomb shells blew up, and killed ISO men, March 
11, 1789. 

Cotton manufactory at Durham totally consumed by fire, Jan. 7, 1804. 

Cotton's wharf, London, burnt, 49,000<{. damage, Aug. 12, 1751. 

Covent garden church burnt, Sept. 17, 1795. 

theatre burnt down, Sept. 20, 1S0S. 

Cowdrey House, in Kent, the seat of viscount Montague, destroyed by 
fire, Sept. 25, 1793, with all its valuable paintings and furniture. 

Crediton, in Devonshire, had 460 houses destroyed by a fire, Aug, 14, 
1743 ; great part of the town was burnt down, May 2, 1769; and ano- 
ther fire destroyed 39 houses, May 1, 1772. 

Crementz, in Hungary, totally destroyed by a fire, 1777. 

Cronstadt, near Petersburgh, greatly damaged by a fire, 1791. 

Cuba greatly damaged by an earthquake and storm of rain, June 21. 
1791, where 3000 persons, and 11,700 cattle of various kinds, perish- 
ed, of which 3700 were horses. 

Cullerne, in Wilts, six miles from Bath, burnt by accident, and 32 fa- 
milies rendered destitute, April 1, 1774. 

Culross forest took fire, July 25, 1803. 

Custom-house, Lower Thames Street, burnt down, Feb. 12, 1814. 
Daedalus British frigate, struck on a shoal and was lost, the crew 

saved, July 6, 1813. 
Dalkeith, extensive range of buildings consumed by fire at, Sept. 30, 

1812. 

Damas, in Barbary, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, with 60,000 
of the inhabitants, Dec. 3, 1759. 

Damerham, Wiltshire, had 3000£. damage by a fire, July 14, 1755. 

Dantzic, upwards of 300 persons killed or wounded, and more than 
600 houses damaged by an explosion of gunpowder at, Dec. 6, 1815. 

Darlington, worsted mill belonging to Messrs. E. and I. Pease, de- 
stroyed by fire at, Feb. 19, 1817 ; the damage estimated at 35,0O0J. 

Dartford cotton mills were destroyed by fire, Dec. 21, 1795, to the loss 
of 10,000^. 

Dearth, 1194, so great in England and France, that a quarter of wheat 
was sold for 20*. almost as much as 6l. now, followed by a pestilen- 
tial fever, 1193, 1194, 1195 ; another, 1222 ; another with a murrain, 
when wheat sold for 40s. a quarter, as much as Si. now, 1315 ; wheat 
sold for 3l. a bushel, 1316 ; another great one, with a murrain, 1385 ; 
two others, 1348, and 1353 ; again, when bread was made in many 
places of fern roots and ivy-berries, 1438; 2,000,000^. was paid for 
corn imported in a dearth, 1565 ; and 1,200,000Z. in 1748. 

Debenham, in Suffolk, had 38 houses burnt, March 1, 1743-4. 

Defence, of 74 guns, stranded on the coast of North Jutland, and all 
the crew lost, except five seamen and a marine, Dec. 24, 1811. 

Delft, in Holland, nearly destroyed by a fire, 1536, 

Pelphos, temple of, burnt, 548 before Christ. 

Deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly, 1529 before Christ. 

. general threatened, in the year of the world 1536; began Nov. 

25, 1656, i. e. 2348 before Christ. It continued 377 days. Noah left 
the ark on Friday, Dec. IS, 2347 before Christ. 

Deptford victualling office burnt, Jan. 16, 1748-9 ; the store-house, 
Sept. 2, 1758; the red-house there, Feb. 26, 1761 ; the king's mill. 
Dec. 1775. 

Devonshire-house, in Piccadilly, burnt, 1733. 
Diana, temple of, at Ephesus, burnt, 1148 before Christ. 
Dollart sea, between Groningen and East Friseland, formed by an 
inundation, 1277. 

Domingo, St., Isle of, nearly destroyed, and the town of Port-au- 
Prince nearly burnt down by the revolting negroes, Oct. Nov. and 
Dec. 1791 ; given up by Rochambeau, the French governor, to the 
black troops, Nov. 19, 1S03. 

Dominica, considerable damage done on shore and among the ship- 
ping at, by a gale of wind, July 23, 1813 ; again, Sept. 15, 1816. 

Don river overflowed its banks, and did great damage, Aug. 10, 1750. 

Dorchester, in Dorsetshire, burnt, Aug. 7, 1613. 

Dorset, duke of, killed by the fall of his horse when hunting in Ire- 
nd,Feb. 13, 1815. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 



137 



Dqrsington, in Warwickshire, greatly damaged by fire, Aug". 3, 1753, 

Dort, sea broke in at, drowned 100.000 people, 1421. 

Dover-cliff, part of, fell down, near Guildford battery, by which Mrs. 

Poole and her five young children and her niece were killed, Dec. 

14, 1810. 

Dover foot barracks burnt down, owing to the carelessness of a 

plumber, July 30, 1800. 
Douglas castle, near Edinburgh, burnt, Dec. 11, 1758. 
Dresden, tremendous explosion of gunpowder at, by which many live* 

were lost, June 27, 1814. 
Drontheim, in Norway, had sixty-two houses and twelve magazines 

destroyed by a fire, Dec. 1788, to the amount of 67,5000. loss. 
Drury-lane theatre, with near sixty houses, destroyed by a fire, Jan. 

1671-2. Pulled down and rebuilt in 1791. Burnt a second time, 

Feb. 24, 1809. Rebuilt, and opened to the public, Oct. 10, 1812. 
Dublin house of commons, &c. destroyed by fire, Feb. 27, 1792 ; was 

built, 1131, at the expence of 40,0000. ; since the Union, converted 

to a national bank. The city greatly damaged by an inundation of 

the Liffey, Dec. 2 and 3, 1802. 
Duke of Clarence, ship, lost in the gulph of St. Lawrence, 1803. 
Dupre, Mr., villa of, near Beaconsfield,the seat of the late Mr. Burke , 

destroyed by fire, April 21, 1813. 
Durham had 25 houses burnt, 1691. 

Duxbury, near Chorley, 26 persons drowned by the ice breaking there, 
Dec. 13, 1812. 

Earthquake, one in Asia that overturned twelve cities, 17; Hercula- 
neum buried by one, 79; four cities in Asia, two in Greece, and three 
in Galatia, overturned, 107; Antioch destroyed, 115; onethatswal- 
lowed up Nicomedia and several cities, 120; one in Macedonia, 
swallowed xx\) 150 cities, 357 ; at Nicomedia, in Bithynia, 358; at Je- 
rusalem and Constantinople, 363; in Italy, 369; Nice destroyed , 
370; a general one, 377; one, from September to November, swal- 
lowed up several cities in Europe, 394; five indifferent parts of Eu- 
rope, 400; one swallowed up several villages of the Cimbri, 417 ; one 
in Palestine, 419; one at Constantinople, 434; at Constantinople, 
Alexandria, and Antioch, 446; one that destroyed Antioch, Sept. 14, 
458; one at Constantinople that lasted 40 days, 480; one at Antioch, 
that destroyed that and otber cities, 526; another at Antioch, that 
swallowed up 4800 inhabitants, 528; Pompeiopolis, in Mysia, swal- 
lowed up, 541; one almost universal, 544; one at Constantinople, 
552; one at Rome and Constantinople, 557; city of Beritus destroy- 
ed, the Isle of Coos shaken, and Tripoli and Bilbus damaged, 560; 
at Daphne and Antioch, 581; six hundred cities destroyed, 742; in 
Palestine and Syria, where thousands lost their lives, 746; at Mecca, 
where 1500 houses and ninety towers were thrown down, 867; Con- 
stantinople overthrown, and Greece shaken, 986; one at Batavia, 
1021; at Worcester and Derby, 1043; one on April 8, 1076, in Eng- 
land; and ag;ain in 1081 and 1089; one throughout England, folio wed 
by a scarcity, 1090; one in Shropshire, 1110; one which overwhelm- 
ed Liege, and Rottenburgh, in Sweden, 1112; one in December at 
Antiochia, which destroyedsseveral cities and towns, and overturn- 
ed the castle of Trialeth,and the cities of Mariseum and Mamistria, 
1114; in Lombardy for forty days, 1117; one in December, 1118; one 
1120; in August, in many parts of the kingdom, 1133; one in August, 
1134; one that swallowed up Catania and 15,000 souls, 1137; at Lin- 
coln, 1142; Antioch, Tripoli, and Damascus destroyed, 1150; at Ox- 
enhall, near Darlington, in Durham, 1178; in Hungary and Eng- 
land, 1179; one that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 
1185; at Calabria, in Sicily, a city, with its inhabitants, lost in the 
Adriatic sea, 1186; Verona greatly damaged, 1187; in Somerset- 
shire, 1199; at Brisa, in Lombardy, where 2000lives were io3t, 1222; 
one in England, Feb. 14, 1248 ; one in Somersetshire, 1249 ; one at 
St. Albaii's, 1>50; general one that threw down St. Michael's on the 
Hill, without Glastonbury, 1247; the greatest ever known in Eng- 
land, Nov. 14, 1318; a dreadful one in Germany, 1346 ; several 
churches thrown down, May 21, 1382; a very dreadful one, accom- 
panied with thunder and lightning, Sept. 28, 1426 ; one at Naples, 
when 40,000 persons perished, 1456; in Italy, 1510; in the isle of 



138 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Cuba, 1530 ; at Reygate, Croydon, and Dorking-, in Surrey, May$ 
1551; in China, 1556; in Herefordshire, which overthrew Kingston 
chapel, &c. Feb. 17, 1571; in Yorkshire, Worcestershire, Glouces- 
tershire, Herefordshire, &c. Feb. 26, 1574; in London and West- 
minster, when part of St. Paul's and the Temple churches fell; ft 
was felt at Sandwich and Dover in Kent, April 6, 1560; in Peru, 
15S1 and 1582; in Dorsetshire, where it removed a considerable 
piece of ground, Jan. 13, 1583; in Bohemia, Moravia, and Hungary, 
1590; in Japan, where several cities were swallowed up, 1596; in 
Kent, where the hills became valleys full of water, 1596 ; at Peru, 
at Quito, and Arequipa, 1600; at Banda, in the East Indies, 1621 ; 
at Manilla, 1637 ; in Calabria, in Italy, March 27, 163S; at Mech- 
lin, in Germany, 1640 : in Norway, May 24, 1657 ; in France, 
June, 1660; at Ragusa, in Illyrium, near 6000 inhabitants were 
lost, and several towns in Dalmatia and Albania, April 6, 1667 ; 
in China, 1668 ; in Staffordshire and Derbyshire, 1677-S ; in Ox- 
fordshire and Staffordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ; at Naples, 
where a third part of that city and much shipping were destroyed, 
June 6 and 7, 1688 ; Smyrna destroyed, July 10, 16S8 ; Lyme in 
Dorsetshire, nearly destroyed, 1689; Fort-Royal, in Jamaica, de- 
stroyed, and 3000 people lost, Sept. 1692; Messina, in Sicily, over- 
turned in a moment, 18,000 persons perished, and in the island, 
60,000, Jan. 1692; a dreadful one in the isle of Teneriffe, Dec. 24, 
1T04 ; one at China, June 19, 1718; Palermo, in Sicily, nearly swal- 
lowed up, Sept. 1726; at Boston, in New England, Oct. 29, 1727 ; the 
whole kingdom of Chili swallowed up, with St. Jago, July 30, 1730 ; 
at Aynho, in Northamptonshire, Oct. 10, 1731 ; one at Naples, 1731 ; 
another in the city of Avelino, which it destroyed, and Oriana in 
great part, Nov 29, 1732; in Calabria, where the territory of Nova 
Casa sunk 29 feet without destroying a building, April 18, 1783 ; at 
Arundel and Shoreham, Oct. 25, 1735; in Ireland, which destroyed 
five churches and above one hundred houses, Aug. 1734 ; in Hungary 
wliich turned round a mountain, Oct. 23, 1736; at Smyrna, April, 
1739; at Palermo, which swallowed up a convent, but the monks 
-•escaped, Feb. 4, 1739 — i0; at Leghorn, Jan. 5 and 6, 1742; in So- 
mersetshire, June 15. 1745; a terrible one at Lima, which destroyed 
that city, and 5000 persons lost their lives; there were 74 churches, 
14 monasteries, and 15 hospitals thrown down, and the loss in effects 
reckoned immense, from Oct. 27, to Nov. 20, 1746 ; it extended itself 
to Callao, which was destroyed, with about 5000 of its inhabitants; 
in London, Feb. S and March 8, 1750; at Liverpool, Chester, and 
Manchester, April 2, 1750; at Fiuine, in the gulph of Venice, Feb. 
5, 1751 ; the greatest part of the city of Adrianopie destroyed, Aug. 
22, 1752 ; Grand Cairo had two thirds of the houses ;md 40,000 inha- 
bitants swallowed up, Sept 2, 1754; the city of Quito in Peru de- 
stroyed, April 24, 1755; the island of Mitylene, in the Archipelago, 
when 2000 houses were overthrown, May 1755, which did consider- 
able damage at Oporto, in Portugal, and Seville, in Spain, but more 
particularly at Lisbon, where in about eight minutes, most of the 
houses and 50,000 inhabitants were destroyed, and whole streets 
swallowed up ; the cities of Coimbra and Brag a suffered, and St. 
Dbes was swallowed up; at Faro, 3000 inhabitants were buried, 
great part of Malaga was destroyed ; one half of Fez, in Morocco, 
and 12,000 Arabs were swallowed up, and above half of the island 
of Madeira destroyed; it extended 5000 miles ; at the Azores isles, 
where ten thousand were buried in the ruins, and the island divided 
in two, July 9, 1757 ; at Bourdeaux, in France, Aug. 11,1758; at Tri- 
poli, in Syria, which extended near 10,000 miles, when Damas lost 
6000 inhabitants, and several other cities, with the remains of Bal- 
bec, were destroyed; between Oct and Dec. 1759; Truxillo, in 
Peru, was swallowed up in November, 1759; in Syria, Oct. 30, 
1760; in the Molucca islands, 1763 ; one at Constantinople, that bu- 
ried SS0 persons, May 22, 1766; at Martinico, August 1767, where 
1600 lost their lives; and at St. Pierre, 1767; at Comora and Buda, 
June 28, 176S; one in the Brazils, 1772; in the Archipelago, 700 
houses and 100 inhabitants were lost, in Dec. 1770 ; one at Fez, in 
Morocco, May 6, 1763 ; in Kerry in Ireland, June 1773; Guatimala, 
in New Spain, entirely swallowed up, and many thousand inhabit- 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C, 139 

fents perished, Dec. 15, 1773; at Radicofani, near Florence, In Italy, 
great damage was done, Oct. 5, 1777 ; at Smyrna, June 25, 1778, 
which destroyed great part of that city; at Tauris,in Persia, where 
15,000 houses were thrown down, and great part of the inhabitants 
perished, March 3, 1780 ; at Calabria, and in the isle of Sicily, 1783 ; 
again 1781, which totally destroyed Messina, &c. ; at Archindschau, 
when it destroyed the town and twelve thousand inhabitants, July 
18,1784; Arequipo destroyed, 1785; in the north of England, Aug. 
11, 1786; at Iceland, and some parts of Germany, Nov. 1784; atBar- 
badoes, Oct. 1784; in Calabria, in Italy, Aprii 10, 1785; in Scotland, 
and different parts of the north of England, Aug. 11, 1786 ; in Mex- 
ico, and other parts of New Spain, April 18, 1787 ; Borgo-di-San- 
Sapoloro, in Tuscany, had its cathedral, bishop's palace, &c de- 
stroyed, Sept. 30, 1789, with the adjacent town of Castello, &e- and 
Borgo had 150 houses destroyed, and 30 houses, &c. swallowed up 
by an opening of the earth ; in Westmoreland, at Arnside, March 
6, 1790; and in Scotland, in Oct. 1791; in Sicily and Calabria, Oct. 
1791, particularly at Mileto and Monte Leone : at Lisbon on the 27th 
of Nov. 1791, when many chimneys were thrown down, and much 
damage done; at Zante, in the Adriatic sea, where many buildings 
were thrown down, and above 60 persons perished, Dec. 2, 1791 ; in 
the counties of Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, &c. March 
2, 1792; at Domingo, where 32 houses were overthrown at theCape, 
April 1793 ; at Shaftesbury and Salisbury, on Sept. 29, 1793, but' no 
very material damage done; in Turkey, where three towns, con- 
taining 10,000 inhabitants were losr, July 3, 1794; near Naples, 
where the city of Torre del Greco was nearly destroyed, June f3, 
1794; in different parts of the north of England, Nov. 18, 1795; at 
Sumatra, in the East Indies, great damage was done, and above 
300 persons perished, Feb. 20, 1797. The whole of the country be- 
tween Sta. Fee and Panama destroyed by an earthquake, includ- 
ing* the cities of Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 inhabitants, in. Feb. 
1797. There were several violent shocks in the West India islands 
in the same month. At Sienna in Italy, when 50 persons lost their 
lives by the fall of buildings, May, 25, 1798. At Constantinople. 
Oct. 26, 1800, which destroyed the royal palace and an immensity 
of buildings : it extended into Romania and Wallachia, to Bucharest 
and Adrianople ; June 13, 1802, an earthquake nearly destroyed 
Crema in Upper Italy; Minguin was entirely swallowed up in a 
lake; Brescia had three churches and twelve houses destroyed. S«o 
violent a shock in Holland, as to cause the chandeliers in Maasliu 
church to vibrate two or three feet, in Jan. 1S04. At Dunning-, in 
Scotland, Jan. 18, 1808. The church of La Tour, and most of the 
houses in Lucerne, partly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1808. 

Eddystone Light-house burnt, 1759; rebuilt, 1762; burnt again, 1770; 
rebuilt of stone, 1774. 

Edinburgh burnt, 1544 ; great fire there, in the Lawn-market, 1771 ; 
again, 1795. 

Elbe river overflowed, and did 90,000/. damage, August 31, 165L 
Eldon, near, Thetford, in Norfolk, had fifty houses burnt, June 4, 
1752. 

Elizabeth, extra India ship, wrecked near Dunkirk, twenty-two of 

the crew only saved, Dec. 30, 1810. 
Elstree, Cambridgeshire, nearly destroyed by fire, April 3, 1774, 
Emanuel college, Cambridge, sustained damage by fire, estimated at 

20,000£. Oct. 1811. 
Escot house, near Honiton, destroyed by fire, Dec. 27, 1808. 
Etna has had eruptions in 1169, 1329, 1408, 1444, 1447, 1536, 1564, 

1669, 1694, when the city of Catania, with the adjacent country, 

were destroyed, and 18,000 people perished; again, in 1699 and 

1787; again, in 1811. 
Ewelme, in Oxfordshire had 15 houses burnt, May 23, 1755. 
Ezerghan, on the confines of Armenia, destroyed by an earthquake, 

with 6300 inhabitants, July 58, 1784. 
Fakenham, in Norfolk, greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 4, 1738. 
Falmouth had twenty -two houses and the theatre destroyed by fire, 

Aug. 21, 1792. 



140 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Famine which lasted seven years, 1708 before Christ ; at Rome, when 
many persons threw themselves into the Tiber, 440 before Christ ; 
in Britain, so that the inhabitants ate the bark of trees, 272 after 
Christ; one in Scotland, where thousands were starved, 306; in 
England, and Wales, where 40.000 were starved, 310; all over Bri- 
tain, 325; at Constantinople, 446; in Italy, where parents ate their 
children, 450; in Scotland, 576; all over England, Wales, and Scot- 
land, 739; another in Wales, 747; in Wales and Scotland, 792; 
again in Scotland, 803 ; again in Scotland, when thousands were 
starved, 823; a severe one in Wales, 836; in Scotland, which 
lasted four years, 954 ; famines in England, 864, 974, 976, 1005; in 
Scotland, which lasted two years, 1047 ; in England, 1050, 1087 ; in 
England and France, from 1193 to 1195; in England, 1251, 1315, 
1318, 1335. 1348; in England and France, called the dear summer, 
1358; in England, 1389 and 1438, so great that bread was made of 
fern roots ; in 1565 two millions were expended on the importation 
of corn; one in 174S; another in 179S; in the province of Vellore, 
in 1S10, by which 6000 people perished ; in the diocese of Drontheim 
in Norway, in consequence of the intercepting of supplies by Swe- 
den, 5000 persons, 1813. 

Farms, several in Suffolk destroyed by fire, supposed wilfully, early 
in May, 1816. 

Ferry-boat, in passing the Menai between Caernarvon and Angle- 
sea, was lost, when 50 persons were drowned, Dec. 4, 17S5. 

Fires in London, one which desti'oyed great part of that city, 982 ; 
again in 1087, 1132, and in 1136; on London-bridge, which destroy- 
ed 2000 persons, July 10, 1212; one at Leadenhall, 1484 ; Westmin- 
ster palace was burnt, 1540; the remarkable fire that burnt down 
13,000 house?, the city gates, Guildhall, 6:0. 86 churches, amongst 
which was St. Paul's cathedral, and 400 streets; the ruins of this 
city were 436 acres, extending from the Tower to the Temple 
church, and from the north-east gate to Holborn bridge and Fleet- 
ditch ; it broke out near the Monument, Sept. 2, 1666, and burnt four 
days and nights; Drury-lane playhouse and near 60 houses were 
burnt, Jan. 1671-2; in Southwark, 600 houses, 1675 ; in the Temple, 
Jan. 26, 1679; Gray *s-inn, Feb- 7, 1680; Whitehall palace burnt in 
part, April 1690 ; totally consumed, Jan. 5, 1698; Thames-street. 
Jan. 24, 1715; 150 houses were burnt down in Night mgale-lane, 
Wapping, Dec. 4, 1716; Limehouse, 1716; Custom-house burnt. 
1718: Billingsgate, in 1718; St. Catharine's, 1673 and 1734; Shadwell 
had 50 houses burnt, Sept. 10. 1736; Battle-bridge, Aug. 12, 1749; 
Cornhill, March 25, 1748, Nov. 10, 1759, and ?<iov. 7, 1765; Inner 
Temple, Jan. 5, 1736-7 ; Cotton wharf burnt, at 40,000Z. damage, 
Aug. 12, 1751; Lincoln's-inn-square, June 27, 1752; at Billingsgate, 
Jan. 13, 1755; the Hermitage brewhouse, 20,000/. damage, May 1, 
1755; Staples-inn, where three persons were burnt, Nov. 27, 1756, 
London temporary bridge, April 11, 1759 ; in Duke-street, Lincoln's- 
inu, which burnt the Sardinian ambassador's chapel, Nov. 30, 1759; 
in King-street, Covent-garden, 50 houses burnt, 70,000/. damage, 
Dec. 23, 1759; Fishmonger's-hall, and several houses in Thames- 
street, Feb. 10, 1761 ; East Smithfield had 2S houses burnt, April 11, 
1761; 14 houses in Swallow-street, April 24, 1761 ; 30 houses burnt 
at Shadwell, besides barges, May 2, 1761 ; vault under St. James's 
church, Piccadilly, burnt, Jan. 15, 1763; at Rotherhithe, June 1, 
1765; London-house in Aldersgate-street, 176S; Throgmorton street 
May 9, 1772; Chandos-street, Covent garden, Nov. 10, 1772 ; Corn- 
hill, June 6, 1773 ; in the Tower, Jan. 31, 1774 ; in King-street, Co- 
vent garden, May 4, 1774 ; 20 houses were burnt at the Dock, Wap- 
ping, Sept. 2S, 1775; at Sidney house, in the Old Bailey, Aug. 1, 
1775; in ltussel-street, Covent garden, Sept. 29, 1775; at the Savoy, 
March 2, 1776; in Pope's-head-alley, Cornhill, Dec. 1, 1776; Green- 
wich hospital, Jan. 2, 1779; at Hermitage-stairs, which destroyed 
31 houses, besides other buildings, March 16, 1779; at Horsleydown, 
April 30, 1780, of near 30 houses, besides warehouses and shipping ; 
London-bridge water-works, Oct. 31, 1779; in the Strand, near the 
New Church, 1781 ; Gun dock, Wapping, where 14 houses were 
burnt, Sept. 23, 17^3; at Mr. Seddon's, in Aldersgate-street and 
Bartholomew-close, which destroyed 100,000/. worth of goods, Nov. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 



141 



5, 1783; opposite Exeter Exchange, in July, 1784; in Abchurch- 
lane, July 27, 1784; Spring-garden gate, Aprils, 1785; Compton- 
street, 16 houses, June 12, 1785; Dock-head, which destroyed se- 
veral warehouses to a very considerable loss, May 2, 1785 ; in Hol- 
born, June 13, 1785, James-street, Haymarket, 1786; Vine-street, 
Piccadilly, Oct. 2, 1786; the corner of Bow street, Covent garden, 
Jan. 10, 1788; the Opera-house, in the Haymarket, June 17, 1789; 
in Han way yard, Oxrord-street, March 12, 1790; at the foot of 
Westminster-bridge, 20 persons killed or maimed, Feb. 18, 1790 ; in 
Aldersgate-street, May 16, 1790; Fleet-street, Oct. 4, 1790; Ro- 
therhithe, when 20 houses were destroyed, Oct. 12, 1790; near the 
Hermitage, with 30,0001. damage, April 1, 1790; the Albion-mills 
destroyed, March 2, 1791; from Cherry-garden-stairs to West-lane 
Rotherhithe, destroyed, and several vessels, with 60 houses, Sept, 
14, 1791 ; at a sugar-house, Wellclose-square, &c. where 30,0002. 
damage was done, Dec. 12, 1791 ; the duke of Richmond's house, 
&c. in Privy-garden, burnt, Dec. 21, 1791 ; the Pantheon, in Oxford 
street, burnt, Jan. 14, 1792; near Finsbury square, Moorfields, at 
a timber-yard, with a loss of 10,000/. July 28, 1792; at Hawley's 
wharf, Hermitage wharf, which did 10,0002. damage, by destruction 
of sugar, Bee. 2, 1793 ; in Duck-lane, near Wardour-street, 13 
houses were burnt down, Dec. 13, 1793; at Limehouse-hole, where 
many houses were burnt, June 18, 1794; at Wapping, where upwards 
of 630 houses were destroyed, together with an East India ware- 
house, in which 35,000 bags of saltpetre were destroyed, July 22 and 
23, 1794; the whole loss was estimated atabove 1,000,0002. sterling; 
there was 40,000 2. worth of sugar in one sugar-house ; the whole 
is said to be the most dreadful accident of the kind since the fire of 
London in 1666. At Astley's theatre, near Westminster-bridge, 
which destroyed to the value of near 3O,tH)02. together with 19 other 
houses, Aug. 17, 1795. The elegant church of St. Paul's, Covent 
garden, was burnt down by the carelessness of workmen employed 
in its repair, Sept. 17, 1795. At Shadwell 20 houses were burnt, 
Nov. 1, 1796. In the Minories, where 30 houses were destroyed, 
March 23, 1797. The water- works at Shadwell, which conveyed 
water from the Tower to Limehouse, and raised 903 gaUons in a 
minute, were burnt down in one hour and a half, on Dec. 12, 1797. 
The King's Bench prison had 50 apartments destroyed by an acci- 
dental fire, July 14, 1799. Near the Custom-house, three large 
warehouses of West India goods, valued at 30,0002. destroyed,Feb. 
11, 1800. At Wapping, where 30 houses, besides warehouses, value 
80,000^. were burnt, and many lives lost, Oct. 6, 1800; it extended 
from New-stairs to Execution-dock. In Store-street, Tottenham- 
court-road, 40,0002. was destroyed by fire at a brewery, Sept. 27, 
1802. At the printing-office of Mr. S. Hamilton, in Falcon-court, 
Fleet street, where property to the amount of 80,0002. was burnt, 
Feb. 2, 1803. The great tower over the choir of Westminster Ab- 
bey destroyed, July 9, 1803. At an inn in Chelmsford, in which 120 
Hanover ian troops had been lodged a few hours before, 12 of whom 
were burnt, Oct. 22, 1804. Eight persons burnt in Adam street, 
Edgeware road, Jan. 27, 1805. Covent garden theatre totally 
destroyed by fire, Sept. 20, 1808. Part of St. James' palace burnt down 
Jan. 21, 1809. Drury Lane Theatre, Feb.24, 1809. Mr. Smeeton's print- 
ing-office, St. Martin's lane, himself and wife destroyed in the flames, 
May 27, 1809. In Conduit street, at which Mr. Windham, in exert- 
ing himself to save Mr. North's library and manuscripts, received 
a blow in the thigh which proved the cause of his death, July 8, 
1809. At the wharf of Messrs. Pococke and Buckley, Whitefriars- 
dock, by which timber to the amount of 30,000L, and nine valuable 
horses were destroyed, Jan. 1, 1810. At Reeve's floor cloth manu- 
factory, Little Titchneld-street, by which seven houses and Mr. 
Huntington's chapel were destroyed, July 13, 1S10. At the house 
of Mr. Paris, printer, in Tooke's-court, by which three houses 
were destroyed, and one woman burnt to death, July 20, 1810. At 
Gillet's printing-office in Salisbury-square, July 29, 1810, after a 
former calamity of the same kind, in 1805. At the Mexican Coffee- 
house, Lisle-street, Mr. Simeon, the proprietor, and his wife, 
destroyed in the flames, Dec. 8, 1810. Goullee's pork-shop, corner 



142 



CHRONOLOGY. 



of Half-moon-street, Bishopsgate-street, in which Mr. Goullee, his 
wife, three children, nurse, maid-servant, and shop-boy perished, 
April 22, 1811. In Bury-street, St. Mary Axe, by which nearly half 
the street was destroyed, June IS, 1S11. At Mr. Holland's, tallow- 
chandler, South- Audley -street, by which that and several other 
houses were destroyed, Aug-. 25, 1812. At Mr. Merles, picture- 
frame maker, Leadenhall-street, by which every house to Bitliter- 
lane was consumed, and three others, Oct. 17, 1812. At the Com- 
mercial Hall, Skinner-street, which was entirely consumed, April 
4, 1813. At a fishmonger's near Vauxhall turnpike, by which the 
Oak tavern and Vauxhall chapel were destroyed, Aug. 12, 1813. At 
the premises of Messrs. Jones and Co. timber-merchants, King-- 
street, Southwark, by which 15 other houses were destroyed, Dec. 

1813. In Denmark-street, by which five houses were destroyed, 
and one woman lost her life, Jan. 18, 1S14. At the Custom-house, 
Thames-street, by which the whole range of buildings and many 
other houses were destroyed, Feb. 12, 1814. At the mustard-mills 
of Messrs. Lingard and Jones, Southwark, by which great devasta- 
tion was made, several adjoining warehouses being destroyed, and 
a great extent of stabling belonging to Thell and Steel, Aug. 28, 

1814. In High-street, Shadwell, by which 20 dwellings were con- 
sumed, Oct. 10, 1814. In Narrow-street, Limehouse, by which 16 
dwelling houses and several warehouses were burnt down, Nov. 11, 

1814. At Mr. Bigg's, St. Paul's Church-yard, by which the house 
and two of his children were consumed, Jan. 19, 1815. Works be- 
longing to the Gas Company in Dorset-street, destroyed, May 24, 

1815. In Leadenhall-street, opposite the India House, by which 
two houses were burnt down, June 4, 1815. In the range of build- 
ings between the Crescent and America-square, by which nearly 
20 houses were destroyed, July 14, 1815. At the Mint, by which the 
eastern and southern wings of the building were unroofed, and the 
interior, containing the machinery, destroyed, Oct. 31, 1815. In 
Wardour-street, at the house of Mr. Seymour, three of whose 
daughters, the eldest only eight years of age, perished in the 
flames, Oct. 31, 1815. At Grove-place, Kentish Town, by which the 
house of Mr. Slack was destroyed, and himself fell a victim to the 
flames, Nov. 23, 1815. In Red-Lion-street. Holborn, by which the 
house of a gold-beater was destroyed, and a child perished in the 
flames, Nov. 24, 1815. At an umbrella-maker's, High Holborn, be- 
tween Featherslone-buildings and Brownlow-street, by which six 
houses were entirely burnt to the ground, Nov. 28, 1815. In Crown- 
street, Finsbury-square,by which the house and warehouse of Mr. 
Mitchel were destroyed, Dec. 31, 1815. In Berkeley square, at the 
house of Mr. Charles Boon, which, with its furniture and library, 
were destroyed, Feb. 11, 1816. At the Stock Exchange Coffee- 
house, which was entirely destroyed, as were several adjoining 
counting-houses, April23, 1816. At the Plough inn, Clapham, which 
was entirely destroyed, May 29, 1816. Extensive premises of Mr. 
Irvine, Tso. 49 and 50, St. Mary-le-bone-street, entirely destroyed, 
with many new and unfinished carriages, June 1, 1816. At the 
house of Mr. Dunkin, tallow-chandler, Aldersgate-street, which 
was destroyed, with the upper part of the adjoining house of Cock- 
erton and Son, oilmen, June 26, 1816; these houses had just been 
rebuilt in consequence of a similar conflagration in the preceding 
year. At Mr. Norris's carpet warehouse, which was under repair 
in consequence of having been burnt down 10 months before, Sept. 
20, 1816. At the shop of Mr. Falconer, carpenter, Turk's-head- 
yard, Oxford -market, by which that and five others were greatly 
damaged, Oct. 2, 1S16. At the warehouse of Mr. Henderson, by 
which several houses were burnt down, others damaged, and pro- 
perty to the amount of 40.000/. destroyed, Oct. 23, 1S16. Near 
Wapping Docks, by which the warehouses of Messrs. Viner and 
Co. and several adjoining ones were burnt down, Dec. 16, 1S16. At 
Poplar, at the house of Mrs. Cock, by which that and nine other 
houses were destroyed; Mrs. Cock, at the age of 80 vears. perished 
in the flames, Dec. 30, 1S16. The house of Mr. Driskall, Mount- 
place, Homerton-road, burnt to the ground, the damage estimated 
at 5000/., April 6, 1S1?. The house of Mr. Bainbridge\ carver and 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 143 

gslder, High Holborn, totally destroyed by fire, April 7, 1817. The 
extensive premises in Fleet-street, lately belonging- to Mr. Mist, 
destroyed by fire, May 23, 1817. House of Mr. Black, oilman, facing 
Bermondsey church, destroyed by fire, and Mr. Black, his wife, and 
eldest child, found suffocated in the adjoining house, June 28, 1817. 
At Mr. vY heater's, grocer, Nc. 460, Strand, by which ten houses were 
destroyed, and three persons perished in the flames, March 1, 1818. 
At Mr. Clarke's, oilman, Somers' Town; and at Mr. Higgs', hat ma- 
nufacturer, Webber Row, Blackfriars Road, in the latter of which 
two children were burned, April 14, 1818. At Messrs. Spencer's, 
Newton Street, High Holborn, which burned five houses, and da- 
maged several others, July, 1818. In RatclhT Highway, which con- 
sumed fifteen houses, Aug. 1818. In Nelson Street, Whitechapel, 
at the sugar-house of Messrs. Craven and Shults, which did damage 
to the amount of 15,000/. Aug. 1819. At the house of Mr. Worms, 
Whitechapel, in which three children were destroyed, Nov. 1819. 
The sugar-refining of Messrs. Severn, King, and Co. was burned 
down ; the loss was estimated at 80,0002. Nov. 1819. At the house of 
Mr. Kerr, boot maker, corner of Norfolk Street, Strand, which de- 
stroyed two houses, and damaged several others, Jan. 17, 1820. In 
Thames Street, in the premises of Messrs. Thomas and Co., porter 
merchants; damage was done to the amount of 20,000/., Feb. 1820. 
At Mr. Westlake's, ship-builder, Rotherhithe, which consumed seven 
houses, a brig, several warehouses, and property worth 50,000/. 
March, 1820. In Drury Lane, which destroyed a timber-yard and. 
ten houses, and threatened the destruction of the neighbourhood, 
Nov. 9, 1820. At Messrs. Smith and Co. sugar-bakers, Mile End, to 
the loss of 200,000/., Jan. 11, 1821. In Gutter Lane, Cheapside, which 
destroyed three houses, and damaged six, Feb. 27, 1821. On the 
premises of Messrs Southall and Fossick, Gracechurch Street, which 
destroyed four houses and a meeting-house, and occasioned the 
death of four persons, Sept. 9, 1821. Four houses destroyed, and 
three persons burned, in Princes Street, Soho, Sept. 10, 1821. Three 
houses destroyed in Waterloo Row, Surrey Road, Oct. 19, 1821. At 
Mr. George Hoppe's, Old Gravel Lane, Wapping, by which several 
houses were destroyed or injured, Nov. 3, 1821. A West Indiaman, 
of 300 tons burthen, destroyed in the river Thames, Dec. 16, 1821. 
The extensive premises of Mr. Bagster, bookseller, Paternoster 
Row, were consumed, March 2, 1822. At Mr. Briggs, tallow-chand- 
ler, Old Gravel Lane, which destroyed the house and several work- 
shops, June 4. 1822. Two houses destroyed in St. John's Street, 
Clerkeuwell, June 20, 1822. The premises of Mr. White, boat- 
builder, at Rotherhithe, and another house, June 28, 1822. Two 
houses in Adam Street, Adelphi, consumed, June 29, 1822. The 
house of Mr. Wardell, provision merchant, Old Gravel Lane, June 30, 
1822. The premises of Messrs Astor and Company, musical instru- 
ment makers, Tottenham Street, were destroyed, July 20, 1822. A 
fire broke out in the plate-glass manufactory of Messrs. Reed and 
Co., Upper Smithfield, which reduced the premises to a heap of 
ruins ; the loss was 100,000/., Aug. 11, 1822. The patent rope manu- 
factory, and all the machinery, of Mr. Dun, at Stepney, consumed, 
Aug. 14, 1822. A fire destroyed the house of Mr. Stokes, callico- 
printer, Grosvenor Market, Aug. 24. Two houses in Upper East 
Smithfield burned down, Aug. 26, 1822. Three houses burned in 
Old Round Court, Sept. 2, 1822. The extensive premises of Messrs. 
Luntley and Milner, wholesale druggists, in Bread Street Hill, 
nearly destroyed, Sept. 3, 1822. A dreadful fire broke out at the 
floor-cloth manufactory of Messrs. Rolls and Goulston, in the Ber- 
mondsey Road, which consumed the premises, a timber-yard, and 
destroyed or damaged nearly twenty houses, Sept. 16, 1822. Next 
door to the Architectural Library of Mr. Taylor, in Holborn, which 
destroyed that house and several others, and several works of art 
of the greatest value, Nov. 23, 1822. Long's Hotel, in Bond Street, 
nearly burned down, Dec. 21, 1822. A destructive fire, in Watling 
Street, which destroyed several houses, Jan. 16, 1823. Several 
houses, and one person, burned in New Street, Covent Garden, 
May 12, 1823. Fitteen houses consumed in Red Lion Street, Bed- 
ford Square, and Featherstone Buildings, June 24, 1823. A house 



144 



CHRONOLOGY. 



consumed in the London Road, and several others damaged, Sept. 14, 
1S23. In King Street, Hammersmith, which destroyed two houses, 
and damaged several others; a child was killed, Feb. 3, 1824. A 
fire broke out at the extensive wharfs of Messrs. Pickford and Co., 
on the banks of the City Road Basin. The damage was estimated 
at 8O,O00Z. and two lives were lost, Feb. 26, 1824. 
Fire-works, at Paris exhibited in honour of the Dauphin's mar- 
riage, the passages being stopped up occasioned such a crowd, 
that the people, seized with panic, trampled upon one another till 
they lay in heaps ; a scaffold erected over the river also broke 
down, and hundreds were drowned; near 1000 persons lost their 
lives. 

Flaxley Abbey, bnilt in the reign of Henry I. totally destroyed by a 

fire, April 1, 1777, with 7000i. loss. 
Floor of an apartment, at Clermont Ferrand, in France, gave way 

during a theatrical entertainment, when 36 persons were killed, 

and 57 had their limbs broken, or were severely wounded, Dec. 

1791. 

Flour mills, Lighthouse Quay, near Watford, destroyed by fire, and 

two men lost their lives, June 9, 1814. 
Flushing, in Zealand, damaged by fire, and the prince of Orange's 

house burnt, Jan. 1748-9. 
Fontaine-notre-dame, village of, nearly destroyed by fire, April 25, 

1816. 

Font-hill, near Salisbury, burnt down, valued at 30,000Z. Feb. 12, 
1765: 

Frampton, in Dorset, nearly destroyed by fire, April 20, 1796. 

■ ■ ■« house at, belonging to the Rev. Mr. Guide, burnt down, 
and one of his children and a female servant destroyed in the 
flames, Oct. 10, 1810. 

Frost, in Britain, lasted five months, 220; the Thames frqzen nine 
weeks, 250; most of the rivers in Britain frozen six weeks, 291 ; a 
severe frost in Scotland 14 weeks, 359; the Pontus sea was entirely 
frozen over for the space of twenty days, and the sea between 
Constantinople and Scutari, 401 ; so severe a frost all over Britain, 
that the rivers were frozen up for above two months, 508; one so 
great, that the Danube was quite frozen over, 55S : the Thames 
frozen for six weeks, when booths were built on it, 695 ; one that 
continued from Oct. 1, to Feb. 26, 760; one in England, which lasted 
nine weeks, 827 ; carriages were used on the Adriatic sea, 859; the 
Mediterranean sea was frozen over, and passable in carts, in S60 : 
most of the rivers in England frozen for two months, 908; the 
Thames frozen 13 weeks, 923; one that lasted 120 days, which be- 
gan Dec. 22, 987; the Thames frozen five weeks, 998; a frost on 
Midsummer-day, so vehement, that the corn and fruits were de- 
stroyed, 1035; the Thames frozen 14 weeks, 1063; a frost in Eng- 
land from November to April, 1076 ; several bridges in England, 
being then of timber, broken down by a frost, 1114; a frost from 
Jan. 14, to March 22, 1205 ; one of 15 weeks, 1207; the Mediterra- 
nean was frozen over, and the merchants passed with their mer- 
chandise in carts, in 1234 ; the Cattegat, or sea between Norway 
and Denmark, was frozen, and that from Oxslo, in Norway, they 
travelled on the ice of Jutland, in 1294 ; the sea between Norway 
and the promontory of Scagerrat frozen over, and from Sweden to 
Gothland, 1296; the Baltic was covered with ice 14 weeks, between 
the Danish and Swedish islands, in 1306 ; the Baltic was passable 
for foot passengers and horsemen for six weeks, in 1323 ; the sea 
was frozen over, and passable from Stralsund to Denmark, in 1349 ; 
the Baltic was quite frozen over from Pomerania to Denmark, in 
1402; the whole sea between Gothland and Geland was frozen, and 
from Rostock to Gezoer, in 1408 ; the ice bore riding on from Lubec 
to Prussia, and the Baltic was covered with ice from Mecklenburgh 
to Denmark, in 1423, 1426, and in 1459 ; the sea between Constanti- 
nople and Iskodar was passable on ice, in 1420; one in England 
from Nov. 24 to Feb. 10, 1434, when the Thames was frozen below 
bridge to Gravesend ; another 13 weeks, 1683 ; a great frost for 
three months, with heavy snows, from Dec. to March, 1709; again 
in 1716, when a fair was held on the Thames; another began Dec. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C, 



145 



24, 1739, and continued 9 weeks, or 103 days : again, in 1742; in 
Russia, very severe, 1747; and in England, 1754; in Germany, 
1760 ; in 1763, which lasted 94 days ; 1779, which lasted 84 days ; in 
1784, which lasted 89 days; in 1785, which lasted 115 days; in 1788, 
which lasted only from Nov. to Jan. 1789, when the Thames was 
crossed opposite the Custom-house, the Tower, Execution-dock, 
Putney, Brentford, &c. it was general through Europe, particularly 
in Holland, at the same time ; the most severe, on Dec. 25, 1796, that 
had been felt in the memory of man; severe one in Jan. 1814, when 
booths were erected on various parts of the Thames, and the anti- 
quarian society of Newcastle recorded, that the rapid river Tyne 
was frozen to the depth of 20 inches; severe frost at Quebec, Aug-. 
7,1815. 

Frost and snow, with hail, in different parts of England, at midsum- 
mer, 1791 ; and in Italy and Spain, in December following 1 . 

Gabel, in Bohemia, a large town, totally destroyed by fire, May II, 
1788. 

Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, twenty-three houses destroyed by fire 
at, July 9, 1812. 

Gas company, works belonging to, in Dorset-street, destroyed by fire, 
May 24, 1815. 

Geneva destroyed by fire, 1321, and greatly damaged in 1333, and 
1430. 

George, prince, man of war, burnt off Lisbon, when 435 of her crew 
perished, 1758. 

George, the Royal, of one hundred guns, overset at Portmouth, by 
which misfortune admiral Kempenfelt, with the crew were lost; 
there were near 100 women, and 200 Jews on board, June 28, 
1782. 

George's, St. town, in Grenada, destroyed by a fire, Nov. 1, 1775. 
Gera, near Leipsick in Germany, totally destroyed by a fire, Sept. 18, 
1780. 

Gherghong, the capital of Assam, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 
when several thousand persons perished, 1803. 

Gibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm. Feb. 3, 1766; had the royal 
battery destroyed by fire, though more than 1100 feet above the 
level of the sea, in Nov. 1800, Plague at, in 1804 and 1805. Malig- 
nant fever at, August and September, 1814. 

Gillingwood, Yorkshire, burnt down, Dec. 11, 1750. 

Glasgow damaged by fire, June 3, 1749. 

Gloucester damaged by a violent rain, Sept. 2, 1750. 

Abbey burnt, 1102; again, 1122. 

Godwin sands, on the coast of Kent, occasioned by an inundation of 
the sea, 1100. 

Goree nearly destroyed by the magazine of powder taking fire, Oct. 
15, 1662. I 

Goslar mines in Lower Saxony caught fire, which penetrated to the 
depth of 750 feet, April, 1800. 

Gottenburgh had a fire which destroyed 120 houses, Feb. 4, 1794; 
again Dec. 22, 1802, which destroyed the cathedral, palace, post- 
office, and several public buildings, together with a fourth part of 
the city, to the value of about 2,000,000 dollars. Again, 1813, which 
consumed a great part of the town. 

Gravelines had 3000 people killed by an explosion from a magazine, 
1654. 

Gravesend burnt, 1727. 

Great Harwood, near Winslow, in Buckinghamshire, had 3000£. da- 
mage done by a fire, July 9, 1791. 

Great Worth house, near Brackley, in Northamptonshire, burnt, Jan. 
1, 1794. 

Greenwich Hospital had its chapel and one quadrangle of the whole 

building destroyed by a fire, Jan. 2, 1779. 
Grenada, a dreadful fire there, 1775, when the town of St. George 

was totally destroyed ; May 16, 1792, the carenage was destroyed 

by fire to a very considerable loss. 
Grenelle, near Paris, an explosion at, occasioned by the blowing up 

of powder-mills, when near 3000 persons lost their lives, and all the 

adjacent buildings were nearly destroyed, Sept. 3, 1791. 

G 



146 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Greyhound, packet-boat, from Cork to Bristol, lost on the Culver 
sands, and all on board perished, Dec. 16 1S15. 

Guardian frig-ate miraculously preserved from shipwreck, on an is- 
land of ice, Dec. 1789; arrived at the Cape of Good Hope, Feb. 24, 
1790. 

Guildford tower fell down, April 24, 1740. 

Gunpowder-mills, one at Feversham blew up, by which five men and 
two horses were killed, Jan. 16, 1810. One at Dartford blew up, by 
which two persons lost their lives, Sept. 24, 1810. One atWal- 
tham Abbey, by which seven men lost their lives, Nov. 27, 1811. 
One at Hounslow, by which two men were severely hurt, July 4, 
1812. Two at Hounslow, by which three persons were killed, Aug-. 
21, 1S13. One at Battle, by which three men were blown to atoms, 
Sept. 1814. 

Hadnam, in Oxfordshire, had 60 houses burnt, April 5, 1760. 

Hail storm, a dreadful one in the Haymarket, and two or three ad- 
joining- streets, without the least appearance of hail in the rest of 
London ; a fire ball fell in Oxendon street, which tore up the pave- 
ment, June 9, 1803. 

Hampton, manufactory and dwelling house of Mr. Bowring at, de- 
stroyed by fire, and Mr. and Mrs. Bowring consumed in the flames, 
June 9, 1814. 

Hanworth park house, the fine seat of the duke of St. Albans, was de- 
stroyed by fire, March 26, 1797. 

Harpooner transport, from Quebec, with invalids and other troops, 
foundered on the coast of Newfoundland, and more than half the 
persons on board perished, Nov. 10, 1816. 

Hastings burnt, 1377. 

Havannah, hurricane at, by which 70 vessels were wrecked, Sept* 23, 
26, 1810. 

Haxey, in Axholme, Lincolnshire, had 56 houses burnt, valued at 

10,000Z March 4, 1743-4. 
Hercidaneum suffered first by an earthquake, Feb. 5, 63; totally 

overwhelmed with Pompeii, by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 

Nov. 1, 79; discovered 1730 ; 150 volumes of MSS. found there in a 

chest, Dec. 1754. 

Hereford cathedral nearly destroyed by the fall of its tower, Sept. 
10, 1786. 

Hero of 74 guns, lost off the Texel with the whole of the crew, Dec. 
24, 1811. 

Hindon, in Wilts, had 150 houses burnt, July 2, 1754. 

Hindostan East Indiaman lost in a storm, 1803. 

Hitchin, in Herts, had 20 houses burnt, Sept. 11, 1762. 

Holm-chapel, in Cheshire, nearly destroyed by a fire, July 10, 1753. 

Honiton, in Devonshire, nearly destroyed by a fire, July 19, 1747; 
140 houses burnt, 1765; 37 houses destroyed, May, 1790; 47 houses 
burnt, in August, 1797, valued at 10,000£. 

Honiton bridge, carried away by a flood, Nov. 10, 1807. 

Horne-end, the roof of a barn at, which had been converted into a 
meeting-house, fell in while a methodist was preaching, by which 
many persons were hurt, and four killed, July 12, 1810. 

Houses, 60 blown up, including a tavern full of company, opposite 
Barking church, Tower-street, by the accidental blowing up of 
some barrels of gunpowder, at a ship chandler's, Jan. 4, 1649 ; a 
child in a cradle was found unhurt on the leads of the church. One 
fell down in White-hart-yard, Drury-lane, by which two persons 
were killed, and several others dreadfully maimed, Dec. 14, 1809. 
Two fell down in Ironmonger-lane, Old-street, burying eleven per- 
sons in the ruins, four of whom, a mother and three children, were 
taken out dead, April 8, 1811. A floor of the house of Wynde, of 
Leominster, fell down, by which three young children and two fe- 
male servants were killed, March 15, 1814. Two old houses in Lom- 
bard-street, Southwark, fell down, by which four persons were 
killed, May 4,1S14. 

Hugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 foreigners, coming to the assistance of 
king John, perished in a storm, 1215. 

Ice well, two men suffocated by the foul air in one, 1804. 

Inundations.— The Thames destroyed a great number of the inhabi- 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 



147 



tants of its banks nine years after Christ; the Severn overflowed, 
and destroyed vast quantities of cattle, in SO; the Medway over- 
flowed its banks and drowned the country, ST; the Humber over- 
flowed, and laid the adjacent country, for 50 miles, under water, 
95 ; the Severn overflowed, and drowned 5000 head of cattle, and 
people in their beds, 115; the Humber overflowed, 125; the Trent 
overflowed above 20 miles on each side of its banks, and drowned 
many people, 214; the Tweed had a sudden inundation, and de- 
stroyed a considerable number of the inhabitants on its banks, 218 ; 
an inundation of the sea in Lincolnshire, which laid under water 
many thousand acres, which have not been recovered to this time, 
245: the Ouse in Bedfordshire overflowed, and drowned numbers 
of people and cattle, 250 ; an inundation of the Humber, 269 ; ano- 
ther in the isle of Thanet, 317; another, which destroyed all the 
inhabitants in Ferne island; seven miles S. W. from Holy island, 
323 ; an irruption of the sea in Lancashire, 330; an inundation of 
the Tweed, 336 ; the Severn overflowed, 350; above 5000 people 
lost in Cheshire by an irruption, 353; an inundation of the Dee, 387; 
another of the Dee, which drowned 40 families, 415; an irruption of 
the sea in Hampshire, 419 ; another irruption in North and South 
Wales, 441 ; an inundation of the Severn, 487 ,* an inundation of the 
Humber, 529 ; an inundation of the sea in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Es- 
sex, 575; an inundation of the sea in Cheshire and Lancashire, 649; 
an inundation on the Medway, 669; an inundation at Edinburgh, 
which did great damage, 730; an inundation at Glasgow, which 
drowned above 400 families, 738 ; an inundation of the Tweed, 
which did immense damage, 836; an inundation of the Medway, 
861; one in the Humber, 864; an inundation of the Dee, 885; an 
inundation at Southampton, which destroyed many people, 935; an 
inundation of the Thames, 973; an inundation of the Severn, which 
drowned abundance of cattle, 1046 ; the sea overflowed 4000 acres 
of earl Godwin's land, in Kent, since called Godwin sands, 1100; a 
great part of Flanders overflowed by the sea, 1108; an inundation 
of the Thames for above six miles at Lambeth, &c. 1243 ; a consi- 
derable one in Friesland, 1220; another, since named the Dollart 
sea, 1277; at Winchelsea, above 300 houses were overthrown by 
the sea, 1280, 120 laymen, and several priests, besides women, 
were drowned by an inundation at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1339; at 
the Texel, which first raised the commerce of Amsterdam, 1400 ; 
the sea broke in at Dort, and drowned 72 villages, and 100,000 peo- 
ple, and formed the Zuyder sea, 1421 ; another, in 1521, in Holland; 
at Hartshead, in Yorkshire, Sept. 11, 1673; at Dagenham, in Essex, 
Dec. 17, 1707, and continued till 1721 ; in Holland and Zealand, 
when 1300 inhabitants were drowned, 1717, and Holstein, in the 
same year; in Yorkshire, called Rippon flood, May 18, 1722; in 
Chili, which overflowed the city of Conception, 1730; in Feb. 1735, 
at Dagenham, and upon the coast of Essex, which carried away 
the sea walls, and drowned several thousand sheep and black cat- 
tle ; in Holland, 1754 ; north of England, 1755; in Spain, nd did 
3,000,000 livres damage at Bilboa, April, 1762; in France, Ma • fol- 
lowing, and did great damage; at Coventry, 70 persons were 
drowned, and much damage done, as well as Cambridgeshire, 
Gloucestershire, &c. Nov. 1770; in the north of England, when 
Newcastle-bridge, &c. was carried away, 1771 ; at Venice, at Na- 
ples, where it carried away a whole village, and drowned 200 of 
the inhabitants, Nov. 10, 1773; in Calcutta, in the East Iudies, 1773; 
at Battersea and Chelsea, March 9, 1774; in Kent, 1776; in Lan- 
guedoc, April 26, 1776; north of England, when Hexham-bridge, 
Ridley-hall bridge, &c. were thrown down, March, 1782; in differ- 
ent parts of Germany, when some thousands had Iheir houses and 
property destroyed, 1785; in different parts of England, in Sept. 
and Oct. 1785; at Brighthelmstone, when the Blockhouse was 
washed down, Oct. 9, 1786; in fSpain, Navarre, Sept. 1787, where 
2000 lost their lives, all the buildings of several villages carried 
away by the currents from the mountains ; a terrible inundation by 
the Liffey, in Ireland, which did very considerable damage in 
Dublin and its environs, Nov. 12, 1787 ; at Kirkwald, in Scotland, 
*>y breaking the dam-dykes, Oct. 4, 1788, which nearly destroyed 
G 2 



148 



CHRONOLOGY. 



the town; in Scotland and the north of England, July, 1789; of the 
river Don, near Doncaster, and the Derwent and Trent, Nov. 20, 
1 i91 ; of great extent at Placentia, in Italy, Nov. 1791 ; at Brooms- 
grove, in Worcestershire, April 13, 1792 ; in Lancashire, August 
179-2; almost throughout England, by the melting of the snow, and 
the greatest part of the bridges were either destroyed or damaged 
Feb. 1795; in China, in 1800; at St. Domingo, which destroyed 
1400 persons, Oct. 1800; on the coast of Holland and Germany, 
Nov. 1801; in Dublin, and parts adjacent, Dec. 2 and 3, 1802; in 
various parts of England, 1S0S; at Boston, by the tide breaking 
down the sea-banks. Nov. 10, 1S10; by the bursting of the Driggle 
reservoir, nine miles west of Huddersfield, by which a cottage was 
swept away, and four children with their father and mother pe- 
rished in the flood, Nov. 29, 1810 ; at Pest, near Presburg, by the 
overflow of the Danube, by which 24 villages with their inhabitants 
were swept away, April, 1811; in the vicinity of Salop, by the 
bursting of a cloud, during a storm, by which many persons and 
much stock perished, May 27, 1811 ; by the overflowing of the Elbe, 
the village of Wurgen, in the duchy of Luneburg, was swept away, 
Oct. 1811; by the rising of the water in the Thames, which over- 
flowed the houses in Palace-yard, and filled Westminster-hall, Oct. 
21, 1812 ; dreadful inundations in Hungary, Austria, Silesia, and 
Poland, in the summer of 1813 ; by the overflow of the Danube, a 
Turkish corps of 2000 men, on a small island, near Widdin, were 
surprised and met with instant death, and the island itself sunk 
and disappeared, Sept 14, 1813; by the overflowing of the Drave, 
near Orsatch, six villages and the suburbs of a town were swept 
away, and a congregation of 240 persons buried beneath the ruins 
of a church, Aug. 1813; in Silesia, six thousand inhabitants were 
destroyed, an^ the ruin of the French army, under Macdonald, ac- 
celerated by the floods; and in Poland, 4000 lives are supposed to 
have been lost; by the overflow of the Mississippi, the country on 
the west side Was inundated tothe distance of 65 miles, in June and 
July, 1813, by which 22,000 head of neat cattle were destroyed; by 
the overflow of the Nerbudda river, in the province of Bengal, 
which swept away 15 villag-es, with the houses, inhabitants, and 
cattle, Feb. 12, 1814; at Strabane, in Ireland, by the melting of the 
snow on the surrounding mountains, the most destructive flood that 
had been witnessed for 20 years, Jan. 12, 1816; the greatest floods 
ever remembered in Northumberland and Durham, Feb. 1816; 
fifty-three villages in the great Werder, forty-nine in the districts 
of Siegenhoff, and seventeen Elbing villages, were under water in 
March, 1816; at Thiel, Arnheim, Zutphen, and numerous other 
places on the continent, the harvest was nearly destroyed by inun- 
dations from continued rain, in June and July, 1816. Such heavy 
rains fell in London and its vicinity, that many parts of the outskirts 
of town were laid under water, and great damage was done, May 8, 
1818. The river Drance in the Valais, having its course obstructed 
by the fall of an avalanche, a large lake was formed. The barrier 
by which the water was retained being at length undermined, it 
gave way, and the tremendous torrent rushed down the Val di 
Bagne with such rapidity as to sweep every thing before it, and re- 
duce the whole of the vale, for several miles, to a state of utter 
ruin, May 16, 1818. Floods in the neighbourhood of Boston and 
Spilsby, by which much mischief was done, May, 1818. Heavy in- 
undations in the Fen counties, which deluged 5,000 acres of land 
between Boston and Market Deeping only, and destroyed many of 
the wheat crops, June, 1819. An inundation at Chester, iu couse- 
quence of a thunder storm, Aug. 1S20. An inundation, in conse- 
quence of a heavy fall of rain, at Holywell, in Flintshire, which did 
immense damage. On the water reaching the heated steam fur- 
naces of the copper-works, the furnaces burst, with an explosion 
like a heavy clap of thunder, and some part of the works took fire. 
A loss of several thousand pouuds was sustained by the copper and 
cotton works .alone, Oct. 1831. An inundation in the Lincolnshire 
fens, Jan. 1822. Heavy floods in the Thames, from Christmas Day 
18B1, to the 7th of January, 1822, in which, at times, the water rose 
four inches higher than in the great flood of 1774. The immense 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 



149 



tfuantity of rain which fell in Monmouthshire, undermined three 
acres of wood, on a slope near Piercefield, and caused it to slide 
downward towards the river, Feb. 1822. Great floods took place in 
the western and other counties in the same month. Inundations in 
Moravia, which did much mischief, Sept. 1822. 
Invincible, man of war, of 74 guns, lost, with nearly all the crew, 
March 17, 1801. 

Jamaica, earthquakes at, June 7, 1692; hurricane, Aug. 20, 1722, 
Sept. 1, 1734, and Oct. 1744; another, which did 300,0002. damag-e, 
Aug, 10, 1751 ; in 1781, July 30, 1784, and 1790 ; had a violent storm 
of hailstones which measured three inches and a half in circumfer- 
ence, April 25, 1793. A most tremendous hurricane at, by which the 
whole island was deluged, many vessels wrecked, many houses 
washed away, and many seamen and white people drowned, with 
some hundreds of negroes, Oct. 18, 1815. 

Jews, 66, were killed by a floor giving way at the celebration of a 
wedding at Mantua, among whom were the bride and the bride- 
groom's mother, June 3, 1776. 

John and Jane, transport brig, run down by the Franchise, when out 
of 254 persons, 223 were drowned, Feb. 21, 1811. 

John-street, Spital-fields, several houses in, destroyed, and 14 per- 
sons lost their lives, by an explosion of gunpowder, at the house of 
a manufacturer of fire-works, July 14, 1815. 

John's, St. monastery, near Smithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler's rabble, 
1381. 

John's town, St. Antigua, destroyed by a storm, Aug. 17 and 31, 1772; 
by a fire, 1769. 

Sentbury, Berks, had nine houses consumed by a fire, April 10, 
1742. 

Kettering, in Northamptonshire, burnt, 1767. 

King's-bench prison had fifty apartments destroyed by fire, July 13, 
1799. 

Kingston, in Jamaica, had 500,000^. damage done by a fire, Feb. 8, 
1782. 

Kitt's, St. greatly damaged by fire, 1768, 1776; greatly damaged by 
a storm, and the town of Basseterre by fire, the damage immense, 
Sept. 5, 1776. 

Koningsberg, in Prussia, nearly destroyed by lightning, in 1764, and 

by fire, 1769; again, nearly destroyed by fire, June 14, 1811. 
Landau had its arsenal blown up, Dec. 20, 1794. 

Laurel, British frigate, lost in Quiberon bay, and the crew made pri- 
soners, Jan. 31, 1812. 

Laurestina frigate, lost in a hurricane off the Bahamas, crew saved, 
1813. 

Leyden, the most magnificent part of, blown up by the accidental ex- 
plosion of a vessel lying in the Rapenburg canal laden with gunpow- 
der, Jan. 1807. 

Liege palace destroyed by a fire, Feb. 1733-4. 

Life-boat, the Hoylake, overturned in the Mersey, by which eight 
out of ten of the crew were drowned, Dec. 29, 1810. 

Lightning, a flash of, penetrated the theatre at Venice, during the 
representation; 600 people were in the house, several of whom 
were killed; it put out the candles; melted a lady's gold watch- 
case; the jewels in the ears of others, which were compositions, 
and split several diamonds, Aug. 1796. 

and thunder, so dreadful as to throw down several churches 

Feb. 1222; it thundered 15 days together, with rain and floods, that 
destroyed the fruits of the earth, 1233; destroyed many men, beasts, 
houses, &c. 1360. 

Lima and Callao, in Peru, swallowed up by an earthquake, Oct. 29, 
1746. 

Lintz, the capital of Upper Austria, had 70 houses, the palace, &c. 
burnt, Aug. 13, 1800. 

Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake, in 1531 ; totally overturned, 
Nov. 1, 1755; the Custom-house burnt, May 31, 1766; the royal pa- 
lace burnt down, Nov. 1794. 

Little Theatre, in the Haymarket, London, 15 persons were trodden 
to death at the, by endeavouring to get admission to see the per- 



150 



CHRONOLOGY. 



formance, on Feb. 3, 1794, and several others greatly bruised, of 
whom some died. 

Liverpool received 4000£. damage by fire, Feb. 20, 1762 ; and by a 
storm, June 29, 1789 ; had its Exchange, &c. burnt, Jan. 18, 1795; 
suffered immense damage, Jan. 19, 1802; and on Sept. 14 following, 
the warehouses and goods, valued at one million, were destroyed 
at France's wharf. 

Liverpool, the keystone of the tower of St. Nicholas church in that 
town gave way, by which 50 persons were killed, Feb. 12, 1S10. 

Lochmaddy, vessel at anchor in the harbour of, was struck with light- 
ning-, and immediately sunk with all the crew, who were lost, Aug-. 
30, 1815. 

London-bridge burnt, 1136; burnt by a fire at both ends, and 3000 
people lost their lives, 1211; a fire on it, Feb. 11, 1632; another, 
Sept. 8, 1725; the temporary one burnt, April 11, 1758. 

London East Indiaman run down by the Russel man of war, when she 
sunk, and 110 persons perished, Dec. 2S, 1778. 

L'Orient magazines, &c. destroyed by fire, April, 1793, to a very con- 
siderable amount. 

Lubec, in Prussia, two synagogues and a great number of houses at, 
were totally destroyed, all the windows in the town were broken, 
and above 60 persons killed or dangerously wounded, by the axle- 
trees of 10 carriages taking fire, that were conveying gunpowder to 
the army, occasioning a dreadfid explosion, June 23, 1792. 

Lubin, city of, burnt to ashes, 1209: again, 1276. 

Lucia, St. had nine hundred persons destroyed by an earthquake, 

Oct. 12, 17SS. 

Madras, fire at, consumed 1000 houses, Feb. 11, 1803 ; hurricane at, 
by which the ships at anchor were driven into the town, and 70 sail 
of small craft sunk, with their crews, May, 1811. 

Madrid had SO houses destroyed by a fire, Jan. 15, 1790. 

Maidstone damaged by a fire, Oct. 3, 1756. 

Malta had its observatory, with its valuable apparatus and manuscript 

observations, destroyed by fire, April 6, 1789. 
Manchester calico manufactory, valued at above lOO.OOOi. destroyed 

by fire, March 15, 1792. 
Manchester, warehouses at, of Messrs. Green and Co. burnt down, 

and property destroyed to the amount of fifty thousand pounds, 

March 30, 1813. 

Manilla, in the East Indies, had its vast magazines destroyed by fire, 

Oct. 1799. 

Manilla. British frigate, wrecked on the Dutch coast with the loss of 

six men, Jan. 30, 1S12. 
Manuden, Essex, fire at, which destroyed a malt-house and Manuden- 

hali, the residence of Mr. Patmore, April 25, 1816. 
Margaret of Londonderry wrecked at Cullean Bay, and the master 

and 23 passengers drowned, Jan. 10, 1815. 
Margate hoy w recked on the Reculver sands, and 23 lives lost, Feb. 

7, 1802. 

Maria, from Newcastle to Yarmouth, was wrecked on Hippisburg- 

rock, and all on board perished, Aug. 31, 1816. 
Marine hospital, at Brest, burnt, with 50 galley slaves, and a great 

number of sick, Dec. 1, 1776. 
Marshalsea prison, in Southwark, fell in, but no lives lost, May 16, 

IS02. 

Marsh-farm, Herts, a fire broke out at Marsh-cottage, adjoining the 
farm, by which an extensive range of buildings was burnt down, 
and 60 head of cattle destroyed or ruined, Dec. 12, 1S16. 

Martinico nearly destroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 12, 1756. 

Massachusetts, 1000 acres of wood and many farms at the back part 
of, destroyed by fire, April 24, 1816. 

Maxtock castJe burnt down, Aug. 1, 1762. 

Melville, lord, transport, wrecked near Kinsale bay, with the loss of 

11 persons only, Jan. 31, 1816. 
Merriot, village near Crewkerne, nearly destroyed by fire, April 16, 

1S11. 

Messina afilicted with the plague, 1713 ; destroyed by an earthquake, 
in 17 S3 aud 17S4. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 151 



Meteiine isle, in the Archipelago, and 2000 houses, &c. destroyed by 

an earthquake, May 27, 1755. 
Middleton, Stoney, Oxfordshire, burnt, April 29, 1755. 
Milford, near Godalmin, out-houses, barns, &c of Mr. Gooch wilfully 

set on fire, and destroyed, June 29, 1816. 
Milton, Great, Oxon, had 16 houses burnt, July 9, 1762. 
Minehead, in Somersetshire, had 47 houses destroyed by fire, July 4, 

1791, valued at 18,000^. 
Minotaur of 74 guns wrecked on the Haaks bank, and 480 of the crew 

drowned, Dec. 22, 1810. 
Mitchelstown, at a barn near, in which a number of young" persons 

had met to celebrate a wedding", a fire took place, in which the 

bride and nearly 20 other persons perished. Feb. 12, 1816. 
Mittau, in Courland, the Duke's palace was destroyed by fire, Dec. 

21, 1788. 

Moisteiras overwhelmed by a volcano, in the isle of Fuego, April 30, 
1757. 

Molesworth, lady, and her three children, burnt in her house, 1764. 
Montego Bay, in Jamaica, had 400,000/. damage by fire, June 14, 
1795. 

Montpellier, in France, had a booth, wherein a play was performing, 
fall, and killed 500 persons, July 31, 1786. 

Montreal was greatly damaged by a fire in 1765 and 1768; the Episco- 
palian church, the Jesuits' college, and the prison burnt, June 6, 
1803. 

Montrose Packet and Primrose sloop of war, by mistake had a smart 

action, broadside to broadside, within pistol shot, for two hours, off 

Idsbon, March 30, 1814. 
Morpeth, in Northumberland, burnt by its inhabitants, out of hatred 

to king John, 1215. 
Mortality, great one, 1094; again among men, cattle, and fowls, 

1111; among men, at Oxford, 1471; among youth, 1589; at York, 

when 11,000 persons died, Aug, 1691. 
Morton Hampstead, Devon, greatly damaged by fire, June 24, 1757; 

15 houses destroyed by fire at, and an aged infirm woman burnt to 

death, Jan. 13, 1816. 
Moscow had 2000 houses destroyed by a fire, July, 1736; again, 1750, 

1752, when 18,000 houses were burnt. Totally destroyed, 1812. 
Mount of Piety, at Naples, burnt down, with the loss of above two 

million crowns, July 31, 1786. 
Mount St. Bernard and the Castiglione, two ships of the line, destroy- 
ed by fire in the port of Venice, Sept. 13, 1814. 
Munich palace destroyed by a fire, Feb. 5, 1749-50; again, and 200 

houses, April 28, 1762. 
Munro, lady, of Foulis, and her three servants, drowned in bathing, 

Aug. 3, 1803. 

Naiad, transport, lost by striking on the rocks on the coast of New- 
foundland, Oct. 23, 1805. 

Nantes, a powder magazine at, blew up, May 28, 1800, which destroy- 
ed many persons and houses. A four-pound cannon was thrown to 
a great distance. 

Naples nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1731 ; again, July 
26, 1805, when the town of Isernia was reduced to ruins. 

Nash-mill, Herts, paper manufactory of Messrs. Dickenson, and 
Co., destroyed by fire, Oct. 26, 1813 ; the damage estimated at 7 
or 8000/. 

Neuburg, in the Upper Palatinate, wholly destroyed by fire, Aug. 
1800. 

Newbern, in North Carolina, had 160 houses destroyed by fire, Sept. 
21, 1791. 

Newcastle burnt by accident, 1349 ; received 10,000£. damage by a 

fire, Aug. 28, 1750. 
Newfoundland had a considerable tract of its woods burnt near St. 

John's, 17S6. 

Newgate damaged by a fire in the press-yard, Sept. 5, 1752, burnt 

by the rioters, 1780. 
Newmarket had 1000/. damage by a flood, June 10, 1755. 
Newport, Shropshire, had 20 houses burnt, Sept. 3, 1749; and in 1791, 



152 



CHRONOLOGY. 



had 17 dwellings, and 20 barns with corn, and many out-houses de- 
stroyed by fire. 

New York, tbe Government house burnt, Dec. 29, 1773 : great part 
of the city burnt by the provincials, Nov. 20, 1776; an accidental 
fire destroyed 300 houses, Aug-. 7, 1778; set fire to by incendiaries, 
and had 70 houses destroyed, Dec. 8, 1796 ; suffered a damage of 
100,000 dollars by fire, 1800. Dreadful fire in June, 1811. 

Northampton town burnt, Sept. 3,1675. 

Nottingham burnt to ashes, 1140, 

Nova Castello, in Calabria, Italy, and several villages near it, de» 
stroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 30, 1789. 

Ochotsk, in Siberia, a dreadful gale of wind at, from the south east, 
came on towards the end of Jan. 1810, which lasted two days; the 
waters of the Ochotsk rose 12 feet, flowed over the tops of the 
houses, and a transport was driven into the middle of the town. 

Offan, near Stratford on Avon, received 20002. damage by fire, May 
14,1754. 

Old Bailey, 28 persons killed in the, at the execution of Mr. Steel's 

murderers, Feb. 23, 1807. 
Opera house at Rome, its roof fell in, Jan. 18, 1762. 
Oran, in Africa, with the greatest part of its inhabitants, destroyed 

by an earthquake, Oct. 8, 1190. 
Oriano, in Naples, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, November 

29, 1782. 

Orpmgton, extensive farm-yard of Mr. Biggs at, with numerous ricks 

of corn, destroyed by fire, Oct. 2, 1813. 
Oxford, a terrible fire at, April 25, 1671 ; one wing of Queen's college 

burnt, Dec. 19, 1778. 
Palermo, in Italy, destroyed by an earthquake, Aug. 21, 1726. 
Pallas of 30 guns and Nymph of 36, totally wrecked below Dunbar, 

Dec. 19, 1810, seven or eight men only lost their lives. 
Panama totally destroyed by fire, 1737. 

Pandora, sloop of war, struck on a shoal off the coast of Jutland, 
when 29 of the crew were lost from the severity of the weather, 
Feb. 13, 1811. 

Pantheon, Oxford-street, London, entirely destroyed by fire, to the 
value of 60,000/. Jan. 16, 1792. 

Paris consumed by fire, 558; the Conciergerie burnt, Jan. 1776. 

, on occasion of a fete given at, by prince Schwartzenburgh, a 

fire broke out in the building erected for the ball, by which many 
persons were burnt to death, July 1, 1810. 

Passage-boat, lost on the Frith of Dornoch, by which 40 out of 127 pas- 
sengers were drowned, August 16, 1809 

, on the Ardrossan canal, between Paisley and John- 
stone, heeled on one side, and precipitated 100 persons into the 
water, of which 84 were drowned, Nov. 10, 1810. 

Patras, in the Morea, swallowed up by an earthquake, April 18, 
1785. 

Paul's St. London, burnt, 964 ; the steeple fired by lightning, 1443 ; 
burnt, 1631; again, 1666. 

Penton, near Andover, had 15 houses burnt, March 9, 1754. 

Petersburgh had 2000 houses destroyed by a fire, Aug. 12, 1736 ; re- 
ceived damage to the amount of 1,000,000 of rubles, by an inunda- 
tion and storm, Sept. 23, 1777, and to the amount of 2,000,000 by a 
fire on Aug. 26, 1780; again, Nov. 28, it had 11,000 houses destroyed 
by a fire occasioned by lightning ; on June 7, 1796, it had a large 
magazine of naval stores, and between 90 and 100 vessels in the 
harbour destroyed. 

Philadelphia greatly damaged by a fire which broke out at the thea- 
tre, Dec. 28, 1799. 

Philip of Castile driven by a storm to England, 1505. 

Phillipoii in Romania, had 4000 persons destroyed by an earthquake, 
Feb. 1749-50. 

Pierre, St. in Martinico, had 700 houses burnt, Oct. 1752. 

Pietra Santa, in Italy, greatly damaged by a storm, Dec. 7, 1784. 

Plague — the whole world visited by one, 767 before Christ; in Rome, 
when 10,000 persons died in a day, 78; in England, 762 ; in Chiches- 
ter, when 34,000 died, 772; in Canterbury, 788; in Scotland, which 



EARTHQUAKES, 1FIRES, &C. 



153 



swept away 40,000 inhabitants, 954; in England, 1025, 1247, and 1347, 
when 50,000 died in London, 1500 in Leicester, &c. ; in Germany, 
which cut off 90,000 people, 1348 ; in Paris and London very dread- 
ful, 1367; again, 1379; in London, which killed 30.000 persons, 1407; 
again, when more were destroyed than in 15 years' war before, 
1477; again, when 30,000 died in London, 1499; again, 1548; again, 
1594 ; which carried off in London a fourth part of its inhabitants, 
1604; at Constantinople, when 200,000 persons died, 1611; at Lon- 
don, when 35,417 died, 1625 and 1631 ; at Lyons, in France, died 
60,000, 1632; again at London, which destroyed 68,000 persons, in 
1665,* at Messina, Feb. 1143; at Algiers, 1755; in Persia, when 
80,000 persons perished at Bassorah, 1773 ; at Smyrna, that carried 
off about 20,000 inhabitants, 1784; and at Tunis, 32,000, 1784; in the 
Levant, 1786 ; at Alexandria, Smyrna, &c. 1791 ; in Egypt, in 1192, 
where near 800,000 died ; the yellow fever destroyed 2000 at Phila- 
delphia, in 1793; on the coast of Africa, particularly at Barbary, 
3000 died daily; at Fez, 247,000 died, in June, 1199; 1800 died at 
Morocco, in 1800, in one day; in Spain and at Gibraltar, where 
great numbers died in 1804 and 1805; at Malta, where it committed 
great ravages, 1813; in lesser Asia, Syria, and the adjacent islands, 
by which Smyrna is computed to have lost 30,000 persons, 1814; in 
the kingdom of Naples, where it committed considerable ravages, 
1816. 

Plagues, ten of Egypt, 1494 before Christ. 

Plymouth victualling-office burnt, with 3000/. damage, July 22, 1779; 

a fire in Southside-street, which did 30,000/. damage, in 1795. 
Poole, in Monmouthshire, had the floor of the Sessions-hall fall when 

the court was sitting, and occasioned the death of several persons, 

Aug. 11, 1758. 

Poole, in Hampshire, fire at, by which the King's arms' tavern, cus- 
tom-house, and two large store-houses, with their contents, were 
destroyed, April 20, 1813. 

Port-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed by an earthquake, June 7, 1692; 
by a fire, in 1703; and by a hurricane, Aug. 28, 1722; again, by a 
storm, Oct. 20, 1744; had 100,000/. damage by a fire, 1750; by a ter- 
rible storm, July 30, 1784; by a fire, July 13, 1815. 

Port-au-Prince, in St. Domingo, had 150 houses burnt, June 29, 1184; 
nearly the whole town was burnt by the rioters, Dec. 1, 1191. 

Portsmouth, 20 men, women, and children, literally blown to atoms 
by the explosion of a barrel of powder at, June 24, 1809. 

Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, May 11, 1779. 

Portsmouth dock-yard received 400,000/. damage by a fire, July 3, 
1760; again, July 27, 1170, which did 100,000/. damage; and a third 
fire, Dec. 7, 1716, when 60,000/. damage was done. 

Posing, in Hungary, destroyed by a fire, to the number of 107 houses, 
Sept. 7, 1784; again, in April, 1803, when 283 houses were burnt. 

Potsdam had its magnificent and venerable cathedral of St. Nicholas 
destroyed by fire, Sept. 4, 1195. 

Presnitz, Bohemia, destroyed by fire, August 14, 1811. 

Preston, in Somerset, had 14 houses destroyed, and a greater number 
damaged by fire, in Dec. 1192. 

Quebec, public and private stores and three wharfs destroyed at, by 
fire, Sept. 3, 1815, the damage estimated at 260,000/. 

Queen, Indiaman, blown up at Brazil, July 14, 1800. 

Queen, transport, parted her cables, in a gale at Falmouth, and was 
wrecked on Trefusis Point, by which 369 persons out of 413 perished, 
Jan. 1814. 

Queen's college, Oxford, greatly damaged by a fire, which totally de- 
stroyed one of the wings of the building, Dec. 19, 1178. 

Quito, in Peru, swallowed up by an earthquake, April 24, 1755. 

Radnor forest destroyed by fire, Aug. 1800. 

Radziville, in Gallicia, nearly consumed by fire, May 5, 1801. 

Rain, violent in Scotland, for five months, 553; a continual rain in 
Scotland for five months, 918; a violent one in London, 1222 ; again, 
1233 ; so violent, the harvest did not begin till Michaelmas, 1330 ; so 
heavy that the corn was spoiled, 1335; from the beginning of Octo- 
ber to December, 1338; from Midsummer to Christmas, so that 
there was not one day or night dry together, 1348; again violent, 
G 5 



154 



CHRONOLOGY. 



1365 ; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep, Sept. 19, 17 52 ;. in 
Languedoc, which destroyed the village of Bar le Due, April 26, 
1775; in the north of England, 1789; in the island of Cuba, on the 
21st of June, 1791, when 3000 persons and 11,700 cattle of various 
kinds perished, by the torrents occasioned by the rain. In the 
summer of 1816, the harvest was much injured by continued rains in 
various places on the continent, as well as in England. 
Ramsey, in Huntingdonshire, nearly destroyed by a fire, May 21, 
1731. 

Ranas, in Enzie, Scotland, burnt down, May 7, 1759, 

Ranger, from Newcastle to London, with coals, wrecked in a gale of 

wind, and all hands perished except the carpenter, Aug. 31, 1S15. 
Rangoon, in the Birman empire, had 6000 houses destroyed by fire* 

1814. 

Regent's canal, by the falling in of a bank, in undermining, 12 men 
were completely buried, of whom four were dug out quite dead, 

July 30, 1813. 

Richmond, in Virginia, had 100 houses, valued at 100,0002. destroyed 

by fire, Dec. 17, 17S6. Theatre of, destroyed by fire, Dec. 26, 1611. 
Rochester burnt, in 677; again, 1130; and June 3, 1137. 
Rochester bridge, a party of 14 persons drowned by a boat upsetting 

in passing through, Sept. 13, 1816. 
Rohenfield . Hanover, had 153 houses destroyed by fire, March 26, 1811. 
Rokitzau, in Bohemia, totally destroyed by fire, to the value of a 

million and a half, Sept. 10, 1784. 
Rome burnt by Nero, 65; the Capitol burnt, 13 before Christ; Pom- 

pey's theatre burnt, 250. 
Romford barracks were destroyed by fire, May 27, 1795, which cost 

10,000/. building. 

Romney, a 50-gun ship, lost on the Haaksand, off the Texel, Nov. 19, 

1804. 

Roof of the church at Fearn, in Scotland, fell in, during the service, 

and killed 60 persons, Oct. 19, 1742. 
Rosbach, in the upper circle of Saxony, totally disappeared, in Oct. 

1792, supposed by au earthquake. 
Roseneath castle, in Scotland, the seat of the duke of Argyle, burnt. 

May 31, 1802. 

Royal Circus, in St. George's -fields, destroyed by fire, Aug. 12, 1805. 
Royston, in Cambridgeshire, greatly damaged by a fire, 36 houses 

burnt, Aug. 23, 1747. 
Ruppin, in Brandenburgh, destroyed by fire, when 600 houses were 

burnt, Sept, 1787. 
Rycaut, in Oxfordshire, the earl of Abingdon's seat, totally destroyed 

by fire, with lord Norreys, the earl's eldest son, Nov. 12, 1745. 
Sadler's Wells, 18 persons trodden to death at the theatre, Oct. 15, 

1SG7. 

Saalfeklt, near Salsburg, destroyed by fire, with the whole produce of 
the harvest, July 29, 181 1. 

Saldanha, frigate, wrecked on the coast of Ireland, and all her crew 
lost, Dec. 4, 1811. 

Saitzburgh forest, burnt to the extent of 10,000 acres, Aug. 1800. 

San Joseph, Spanish ship, wrecked near Gibraltar, and all on board, 
consisting- of 42 persons, perished, except two, Jan. 29, 1813. 

Sandwich harbour destroyed by an earthquake, 1580. 

Saragossa, in Spain, had 400 of its inhabitants perished by a fire, that 
burnt down the play-house, Dec. 1778. 

Sardinian ambassador's chapel, near Lincoln's-inn-fields, burnt by ac- 
cident, Nov. 30, 1759; again, by the rioters, in June, 1780. 

Satellite, sloop of sixteen guns, upset, and all its crew perished, 
Dec. 20, 1S10. 

Savannah, in South Carolina, damaged by fire, July 4, 175S; and 
again, Nov. 26, 1797, when 229 dwellings, besides out-houses, were 

destroyed. 

Scaffold, a, built for spectators to see lord Lovat beheaded, fell down, 
and several persons were killed, and a great number maimed, 1747. 

Scarborough, in New England,^greatly damaged by a fire, Sept. 11, 
1762. 

Seheen, in Norway, was totally destroyed by a fire, Dec. 6, 1777. 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 



155 



8ei51a, in Upper Calabria, four men, five women, and 24 young- girls 
killed by an explosion of gunpowder by lightning at, Jan. 15, 1815. 

Scutari, near Constantinople, containing 3000 houses, totally con- 
sumed by fire, Aug, 13, 1797. 

Seahorse, transport, stranded by a gale, nearTramore bay, and 365 
persons, chiefly soldiers of the 59th regiment, perished, Jan. 30, 1S16. 

Senate-house, Dublin, destroyed by fire, Feb. 27, 1792. 

Seville custom-house destroyed by fire, May 7, 1792, with 40,000Z. 
loss. 

Shadwell water-works destroyed by fire. They raised 903 gallons a 
minute, and were destroyed in one hour and a half, 1797. 

Shane's castle, ancient residence of the noble family of O'Neil, in 
Antrim county, destroyed by fire, May 15, 1S16. 

Sheffield cotton manufactory, valued at 45,000/. destroyed by fire, 
F'eb. 9, 1792. 

Shipwash, in Devon, greatly damaged by fire, April 22, 1742. 

Shrewsbury, a dreadful fire at, which consumed 50 houses, besides 
barns, stables, &c. April 1, 1774. 

Sienna was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, May, 1798. 

Sir William Curtis, packet, struck on the ground about 50 yards from 
the pier-head at Ostend, and Mrs. Carleton, mother of lord Dor- 
chester, her daughter, and a female servant were drowned, Oct. 29, 
1815. 

Smyrna nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1730; and by a 
fire, June 20, 1742; had the plague, 1743, 1752 ; the Armenian quar- 
ter burnt, May 14, 1753; had the plague, 1758, 1760; dreadful fires, 
in 1763 and 1772; and earthquakes and fire, in 1778; in March, 1796, 
Which destroyed 4000 shops, two large mosques, two public baths, 
and all the magazines and provisions, to the value of ten millions of 
crowns; a riot there by the Sclavonians, occasioned the Janissaries 

, to destroy the theatre, and property of the Christians, to the amount 
of 100,000/. when between 12 and 1300 persons lost their lives, May, 
1797 ; dreadful fire in, June 10, 1811. 

Snow for 11 days, 1762; remarkably deep in 1731 and 1736; 7000 
Swedes perished in a storm of snow upon the mountains of Rudel 
and Tydel, in their march to attack Drontheim, in 1719; great fall 
of snow in every part of England, in Jan. 1814; considerable fall of 
snow in the counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, by which much 
damage was done to the gardens, Sept. 2, 1816. 

Sodom burnt, 1897 before Christ, 65th of Lot's age. 

Soissons, one-third of the town of, destroyed, and many lives lost by 
an explosion of gunpowder, Oct. 13, 1815. 

Solway Moss began to flow, Dec. 16, 1772. 

Southam, in Warwickshire, had 40 houses burnt, March 25, 1741-2. 
Southwark Bridge, at the works for, 13 workmen were drowned by 

the upsetting of a boat, Oct. 5, 1816. 
Spanish Town, in the island of Trinidad, destroyed by fire, March 24, 

1808. 

Spring, a subterraneous, suddenly burst forth in the environs of Como, 
occasioning the immediate fall of two houses, and some hours after- 
ward, that of a forge situated near it, 1806. 

St. Burian, poor-house at, near Penzance, destroyed by fire, and two 
men and four Women perished in the flames, March, 1817. 

St. Carlos, Naples, theatre royal, destroyed by fire, Feb. 14, 1816. 

St. George, British ship of 98 guns, stranded on the western coast of 
North Jutland, and admiral Reynolds and the whole of the crew, 
except 11, lost, Dec. 24, 1811. 

St. Jago de Cuba, city of, destroyed by an earthquake, Oct. 1810. 

St. James's park, three boys dreadfully wounded, and one killed, by 
firing the guns on the king's birth-day, June 4, 1815. 

St. John's, Newfoundland, 130 houses at, consumed by fire, Feb. 12, 
1816. 

St. Vincent, eruption of a volcano in the island of, April 30, 1S12. 
Stair-case, at Bedford assizes, fell down, when ISpersons were killed, 
1438. 

Stamford, in Lincolnshire, felt an earthquake, as did the neighbour- 
ing towns, Feb. 27, 1792. 
Steam-engine burst at Providence-mill, in Shippey, near Bradford, 
G 6 



156 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Yorkshire, by which five young 1 persons were killed, Feb. 4, 1811. 
The valves of the boiler of one in the extensive sugar -baking- ware- 
house of Mr. Constant, of Well-street, Yv ellclose-square, burst, 
which destroyed the concern, and buried in the ruins the bodies of 
more than 20 persons, Nov. 16, 1815. 

Steam-packet, named the Regent, bound for Margate, took fire, and 
was burnt to tbe water's-edge, off Whitstable, July 2, 1817. 

Stoborough, near Wareham, fifteen houses at, entirely consumed by 
fire, July, 1S16. 

Stockholm had 1000 houses burnt, 1751; 250, Aug. 31, 1759. 

nearly destroyed by fire, June, 179:>, and Nov. 15, 1802. 

Storms, one in Canterbury, threw down 200 houses, and killed several 
families, 234; in London, which killed several people, 277; at Win- 
chester, 301; hail-stones, much bigger than hens' eggs, 344; 420 
houses in Carlisle blown down, and many people killed, 349; great 
part of Colchester destroyed, and several people killed, 416; in 
York, which blew down several houses, and killed many people, 
458; hail-stones fell in most parts of Britain, above three inches 
diameter, killed many men and much cattle, 459; in Liondon, 
which threw down many of the houses, and killed 250 inhabitants, 
549; on the coast of Kent, Sussex, and Hampshire, 566; at Lincoln, 
which threw down above 100 houses, 70l ; in Wells, 772; at Co- 
ventry, "iSl ; destroyed above 40 houses in Cambridge, 919; at Man- 
chester, 921 ; in London, which threw down 1500 houses, 944 ; South- 
ampton nearly destroyed in a storm by lightning, 951 ; at Colchester, 
996; near 400 houses in London blown down, 1055; storm at Edin- 
burgh, 1064; in several parts of England, especially at Winchels- 
comb, in Gloucestershire, when the steeple of the church was thrown 
down, Oct. 5, 1091; at London 500 houses were thrown down, and 
Bow church unroofed, and at Old Sarum the steeple, with many 
houses, were thrown down, Oct. 17, 1091; in England, 1116; a vio- 
lent storm almost desolated a great part of Denmark and Norway, 
in 1194; many lives were lost, and houses overthrown, and the corn 
in the fields destroyed by hail as large as hens' eggs, 1205; one 
which threw down several churches, 1222 ; it thundered for L5 days 
together, with terrible tempests of thunder and rain, 1233; the 
chimney of the chamber where the queen of King -Henry III. and 
her children lay. was blown down, and their whole apartments at 
Windsor shaken; many oaks in the park were rent asunder, and 
torn up by the roots, accomxianied with such thunder and lightning 
as had not been known in the memory of man, 1251 ; as king Ed- 
ward I. and his queen were talking together in their bedchamber, 
a flash of lightning struck in at the window, passed by them, killed 
two of their servants who waited upon them, but did their majes- 
ties no hurt, 1285; when Edward III. was on his march, within two 
leagues of Chartres, there happened a storm of piercing wind that 
swelled to a tempest of rain, lightning, and hailstones, so prodigious, 
as instantly to kill 6000 of his horses and 1000 of his best troops, 
1359 ; when Richard II. 's first wife came from Bohemia, she had no 
sooner set foot on shore, but such a storm immediately arose as had 
not been seen for many years, when several ships were dashed to 
pieces in the harbour, and the ship in which the queen came over 
was shattered and broken ; and which was the more observable, 
because his second wife brought a storm with her to the English 
coast, in which the king's baggage was lost, and many ships of his 
fleet cast away, 1389; in different parts of England many houses 
were thrown down, cattle destroyed, and trees rooted up, 1382; 
the leads of the Grey -friars' church, and the whole side of a street, 
called the Old Exchange, London, beaten down, Nov. 25, 1413; St. 
Paul's steeple fired by lightning, and the steeple of Waltham-cross 
consumed, 1443; at St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, was a storm of 
hail, in 1479, when the stones measured 18 inches round; in Italy, 
a storm of hail destroyed all the fish, birds, and beasts of the coun- 
try, 1510; a violent one in Denmark, which rooted up whole forests, 
and blew down the steeple of the greatchurch at Copenhagen, Jan. 1, 
1515; a storm of hail in Northamptonshire, when the stones mea- 
sured 15 inches in circumference, July, 1558; a storm at Leicester, 
1563; near Chelmsford, in Essex, which destroyed 500 acres of corn, 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 157 

in 1566; hail-stones fell at Dorchester seven inches in circumference, 
on Aug-. 23, 1651 ; the day that Oliver Cromwell died, one was so 
violent and terrible, that it extended all over Europe, Sept. 3, 1658; 
a great one in London, Feb. 18, 1662 ; 200 sail of colliers and some 
coasters were lost, with all their crews, in the Bay of Cromer, in 
Norfolk, in 1696; a storm of hail in Cheshire and Lancashire, &c. 
which killed fowls and small animals, and knocked down horses and 
men, some of the stones weighing half a pound, April 29, 1697 ; the 
same year, May 4, in Hertfordshire, hail-stones fell 14 inches in 
circumference, destroyed trees and corn in a dreadful manner; the 
most terrible one that had ever been known in England, attended 
with flashes of lightning, Nov. 27, 1703, which unroofed many houses 
and churches, blew down several chimneys and the spires of many 
steeples, tore whole groves of trees up by the roots, and the leads 
of some churches were rolled up like scrolls of parchment, and 
several vessels, boats, and barges were sunk in the Thames; but 
the royal navy suffered the greatest damage, being- just returned 
from the Mediterranean, one 2d rate, four 3d rates, four 4th rates, 
and many others of less force, were cast away upon the coast of 
England, and above 1500 seamen lost, besides those that were cast 
away in the merchants' service ; in London only the damage was 
estimated at a million; Port- Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed, Aug. 28, 
1722; again, Oct. 20, 1744; Carolina was greatly damaged by storms, 
Aug. 1722, 1728; Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, received 2000J. 
damage, June, 1731; at St.Kitt's, where 20 ships were lost, June 
30, 1733; at Jamaica, 1734; at the mouth of the Ganges, in India, 
when 20,000 vessels of different kinds were castaway, eight English 
East India ships, and 300,000 people were lost, and the water rose 
40 feet higher than usual, Oct. 11, 1737; at Antigua, Aug. 1740; a 
violent one on the coast of England, Nov. 1, 1740; at Canterbury, 
Sept. 8, 1741 ; in Yorkshire, where the hail-stones were five inches 
round, May, 1745; one at Nantz, where 66 vessels and 800 sailors 
were lost, March 7, 1751; at Jamaica, which did 300,0002. damage, 
Aug. 10, 1751; at Cadiz, 100 ships lost, Dec. 8, 1751; at Martinico, 
Sept. 12, 1756, which did great damage; at Barbadoes, Aug. 23, 
1758; at Charleston, South Carolina, where the ships lost were 
worth 20,000£. May 4, 1761; at Girgenti, in Italy, where the hail- 
stones weighed 20 ounces, April 18, 1772; at Leeds, in Yorkshire, 
where the hail-stones were as large as nutmegs, June 20, 1772 ; at 
St, Jago, where it did great damage, and the hail-stones were as 
large as oranges, July 16, 1772; a terrible one at St.Kitt's, which 
did immense damage in that and the adjoining islands, Aug. 30, 
1772; in France and England, March, 1773; a most terrible one near 
Boston, in North America, in August, and at Cuba, in July, 1773; in 
Oxford, Nov. 15, 1773 ; at Alenqon, in France, where the hail-stones 
measured 18 inches round, Aug. 3, 1774; at London, Sept. 30, and 
Dec. 5,6, 7, 1774, which did great damage to the shipping; in the 
north of England, four Dublin packets foundered, Oct. 19, 1775 ; 
again, on the South coasts, Nov. 1775; at Antwerp, &c. in Holland, 
where the hail-stones were as large as hens' eggs, and weighed 
three quarters of a pound, and killed several horses, &c. and de- 
stroyed the fruits of the earth, June 11, 1776; in the West Indies, 
the severest ever known, Sept. 6, 1776; at Florence, and its neigh- 
bourhood, which did immense damage, Oct. 16, 1777; in all the West 
India islands, particularly at Savannah La Mar, in Jamaica, and at 
Barbadoes, in Oct. 1780; at Roehampton, Wandsworth, Oct. 17, 
1780; at Jamaica, Aug. 1781; all over England, Jan. 1779; a violent 
hail-storm at Madrid, which did6000£. damage to the glass windows, 
some stones weighed a pound, on July 26, 1782; at Surat, in the 
East Indies, which destroyed 7000 of the inhabitants, on April 22, 
1782; at Dieupole, in Moravia, which totally destroyed the place, 
May 30, 1782 ; in France, where the hail-stones weighed eight ounces, 
June 17, 1782; great damage done in America, particularly in New 
England, 1784; at Irun, in the Pyrenees, on the borders of France 
and Spain, hail-stones fell as large as hens' eggs, which weighed 23 
ounces each, July 18, 1784; a dreadful storm on the north coast of 
England, Dec. 5, 1784; the same in Italy, Dec. 1784; a hail-storm at 
Paris, the stones as large as cherries, July 1, 1785; 131 villages and 



158 



CHRONOLOGY. 



farms laid waste in France, August 5, 1755; in the West Indies, 
July 6, 17S5; in the Channel, Jan. 17S6, when the Halsewell India- 
man, &c. was lost; at Ferrara, in Italy, where the hail-stones were 
as large as hens' eggs, July 17, 1785; the same month, a storm at 
Ilighbickington, in Devonshire, removed 13 elm trees upwards of 
200 yards from their original spot, and they remained standing up- 
right in a flourishing state; a rock at the same place was divided 
upwards of eight feet asunder, and all the poultry and com, for se- 
veral miles, were destroyed by the thunder and lightning; at Bar- 
badoes, Aug. 11, 17S6; and at North Shields, where the hail-stones 
were as big as pigeons' eggs, Aug. 16, 17S6; in Normandy, where 
the hail-stones were as big as hens' eggs, Aug. 4, 1787; in different 
parts of England, the same month, 17S7 : in the West Indies, where 
great damage was done, particularly in the French islands, July, 
1787; considerable damage to the To wer-ditch, at London, where 
the ground on Little Tower-hill was trenched near 12 feet deep, 
June 20, 17SS; at St. Germain en Laie, in France, hail fell as large 
as a quart bottle, and all the trees from Vallance to Lisle were torn 
up by the roots, July 13, 17SS; at Liverpool, June 29, 1789; almost 
all over the kingdom, which did very considerable damage, Dec. 23, 
1790; a violent hail-storm in Italy, in June, 1791, and in several 
parts of England the same month; in Sept. 1791, a violent hail-storm 
fell in Calabria, near Naples, when some of the hail-stones weighed 
an English pound, which destroyed all hopes of a vintage ; the church 
of Speldhurst, in Kent, was destroyed by lightning, and the bells 
were melted, and other damage done at Raynham, Oct. 25, 1791; 
also in Sussex, where the hail-stones were four inches in circumfe- 
rence : at Waterford, in Ireland, April 4, 1792; in different parts of 
Kent, April 13, 1792; in the north of England, July 16, 1792; at 
Whitehaven, which did great damage, when the tide rose six feet 
above its usual height, March, 1793; at Thornton, in Leicestershire, 
when the hail-stones measured from 4 to 64 inches in circumference, 
and did great damage, Aug-. 3, 1793; at Savannah La Mar, in Ja- 
maica, hail-stones as large as pigeons' eggs fell, June 2, 1793; al- 
most universal through Great Britain, by which much damage was 
done, Jan. 16, 1794; a most violent storm of rain in Norfolk inun- 
dated many towns, particularly Norwich, Nov. 1794 ; a most violent 
storm on the eastern coast of England, when much damage was done 
to the shipping, Oct. 6, 1794; a most violent storm in Cumberland, 
Dec. 2, 1794; a storm of hail in Essex and Herts, which did great 
damage, June 12, 1793 ; in different parts of England, particularly 
in the Channel and in London, Nov. 4, 1795; at Petersburgh, up- 
wards of 90 vessels, and a large magazine of naval stores were de- 
stroyed, June 7, 1796; the stones in a hail-storm over London, mea- 
sured Is inch in circumference, May 6, 1797, which did great damage 
to the garden-grounds in the environs ; hail-stones fell at Lewes, in 
Sussex, which measured three inches in circuit, and some weighed 
three ounces each; June 5, 1797, Lewes, in Sussex, received da- 
mage in glass by a hail-storm to the amount of 10CMK. the stones were 
from four to seven inches round ; at Bletchingdon there were 675 
panes of glass broken belonging to the barracks, and other damage 
done in different places; at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 100,000/. da- 
mage was done by a storm, Sept. 25, 179S; at Heyford, in Oxford- 
shire, irregular pieces of ice, the size of a hen's egg, fell, Aug. 19, 
1S00; the same storm did great damage in Bedfordshire, where 
hail-stoues fell of 11 inches circumference, and killed the hares and 
partridges in the fields; Nov. 8, the same year, great damage was 
done in London, and throughout almost all England; again, in De- 
vonshire, and in the Baltic, Nov. 1S01 ; in the north of England, 
Aug. 18, 1S02 ; a violent hurricane of wind did great damag-e in De- 
von and Cornwall, Jan. 19, 1S04; another blew down a garden-wall 
at Shenfield- place, Kent, of 300 feet in length, on Jan. 22, 1804; a 
dreadful storm at Kingston-upon-Thames, July 6, 1805; a terrific 
thunder-storm in Somersetshire, when the hail-stones measured 
from six to seven inches in circumference, July 15, 1S0S; a thunder- 
storm near Grimsby, by which a cottage and several other buildings 
were destroyed, and a vessel burnt to the water's edge, Aug. 10, 
1S09; a violent tempest at Cadiz, which caused great destruction 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C. 169 

among 1 the shipping-, March 6-8, 1810 ; a violent storm in London, the 
effects of which were felt in most parts of England, July 1, 1810; a 
thunder-storm passed over London, doing damage in several places, 
Aug*. 5, 1810 ; another, on the 11th and 15th of the same month, which 
did still greater damage ; a very tempestuous one at Windsor, on 
the 15th; another, on the 15th, at Wellingborough ; another, on the 
31st, at Stamford and its neighbourhood ; a tremendous one at Bos- 
ton, by which, and the rising of the tide, the town and country round 
were deluged, Nov. 10, 1810; a tremendous one at Exeter, and 
other places in the west of England, on the same day ; at a farm be- 
longing- to captain Nowel, of Iffley, near Oxford, by which two barns, 
some out-houses, and 13 valuable ricks of hay and corn were de- 
stroyed, Oct. 12, 1810; at Worcester, by which Ihe Severn was 
raised 20 feet in 24 hours, May 28, 1811; at Brighton, a storm of 
wind and rain, accompanied by lightning-, by which much damage 
was done, and one house torn to pieces, Nov. 9, 1813; tremendous 
storm at Harrowgate, July 22; atBielby, near Pocklington, several 
persons making hay were knocked down, and a young- woman killed, 
July 26, 1813 ; at Eaton Socon, Bedfordshire, a heavy storm of thun- 
der, lightning, and hail, during- which a fire-ball fell, and a barn, 
malting-omce, and stable, were burnt down, Oct. 1813; a tremen- 
dous gale and storm prevailed throughout Great Britain and Ire- 
land, by which much damage was done in various places, Dec. 16-17, 
1814; violent thunder-storm in London, June 15, 1814; so dreadful 
a one fell upon the town of Worschetz, in the county of Temeswar, 
that of 2600 buildings, none escaped without injury, July 2, 1816; a 
most tremendous gale, by which many vessels were lost, and much 
damage was done to the shipping in general on the English coasts, 
Aug-. 31, 1816 ; tremendous storms of wind and hail desolated various 
parts of Cumberland and Westmoreland, some of the pieces of ice 
were an inch in diameter, Aug. 1816; tremendous gale of wind, 
which did considerable mischief, was experienced at Birmingham, 
Liverpool, Manchester, and other northern towns, Feb. 27, 1817. 
A tremendous hurricane, which continued for several hours, which 
levelled several houses in London with the ground, and did consi- 
derable damage to the shipping. A piece of lead, weighing- more 
than two hundred weight, was blown to some distance from the roof 
of Surgeon's Hall, Lincoln's-inn-nelds. It extended over a great 
part of England, and raged every where with equal fury, destroy- 
ing property to a vast amount, and causing the loss of many lives. 
Numbers of vessels were stranded on the coast, along- the whole 
line of the channel. At Loughborough the shock of an earthquake 
was felt, March 4, 1818. A water spout burst at Stenbury, in the 
Isle of Wight, and did much mischief to a farm there, March, 1818. 
A terrible thunder-storm in the English and Scotch border counties, 
May 8, 1818. Severe storms of thunder, hail, and rain, at Norwich, 
and in the neighbourhood. Many windows were broken by the hail- 
stones, and the corn was much injured, Aug. 1818. A dreadful hur- 
ricane, which ravaged the Leeward Islands, from the 20th to the 
22nd of Sept. 1819. At the island of St. Thomas alone, 104 vessels 
were lost. Barbadoes escaped this calamity, but was shortly after- 
wards visited by another of equal severity, which lasted two days, 
and did incalculable mischief, Oct. 13, 1819. A severe thunder- 
storm in various parts of Monmouthshire, which poured down a de- 
lug-e of rain, that laid many parts of the country under water. 
Several cattle were killed by lightning, July, 1820. A whirlwind, 
at Neen Savage, Shropshire, which tore up trees by the roots, Aug. 
1820. A terrible thunder-storm at Truro, in the same month. A 
thunder-storm at Bristol, and in the neighbourhood ; it took place at 
midnight. The tower of Radcliff church was struck, and much in- 
jured, April 2, 1821. A tempest at Whittlesea, in the course of 
which a poor man was struck dead by lightning- ; his clothes were 
rent to pieces, and scattered in all directions, June, 1821. A singu- 
lar whirlwind at Thrandiston, Suffolk, which had a red appearance, 
and was confined to a very narrow space. It beat down four per- 
sons, and carried part of a stall of crockery to the distance of a 
mile, Aug. 2, 1821. A storm at Newhaven, America, in which the 
trees were covered with salt, and the foliage destroyed, Sept. S3, 



360 



CHRONOLOGY. 



1821. A dreadful storm along- the coast from Durham to Cornwall, 
in which great numbers of vessels were lost, Nov. 1821. The light- 
house at Duligeness much injured by lightning, Dec. 23, 1821. A 
storm near Bedale, in Yorkshire, in which Miss Russel, a relation 
of the Countess of Darlington, was killed by the fall of a stack of 
chimnies at Newton House, Jan. 1S22. A violent storm in London 
and the vicinity, during which the hail and large pieces of ice, some 
of them three inches in circumference, did damage to an immense 
amount. A single nursery-ground sustained, a loss of 300/., May 25, 

1822. Another storm, July 10. North Luffenham church, Lincoln- 
shire, struck by lightning and the steeple damaged, June 10, 1822. 
A waggon-load, of hay carried into the air by a whirlwind, near Not- 
tingham, July 17, 1822. Edmondthorpe church, Leicestershire, 
struck by lightning, during a severe storm. The parish clerk was 
also struck while walking, but escaped, with no other injury than the 
singeing of his eye-brows, and his face being somewhat scorched, 
Aug. 4, 1822. A terrible thunder-storm at Agnho, which did great 
damage, Sept. 1822. A terrible storm at Pernisch and Trebitsch, 
in Moravia, during which hail-stones as large as hen's eggs did great 
mischief. An inundation followed, Sept. 1, 1822. Violeut gales off 
the western coast, in which the Plymouth breakwater proved to be 
of the utmost service in protecting the shipping, Nov. 12, 1822. A 
storm of wind and rain at Brighton, which blew down one house, un- 
roofed several, and injured the chain pier, Dec. 6, 1822 The ca- 
thedral at Rouen much damaged by lightning and storms, 1822 aud 

1823. A heavy storm of thunder and lightning at Coddenham, in 
Suffolk, in the course of which a meteoric stone fell into the street, 
July, 1823. Gales at Lynn, during which the spring tide only rose 
seven instead of seventeen feet, but in the evening rose to seven- 
teen and a half, Jan. 1824. 

Stour-hall, Ramsey, the barns, stable, corn-stacks, and a pea-stack 

wilfully set on fire, and destroyed, Oct. 23, 1818. 
Stratford-upon-Avon burnt, Aug. 1, 1614. 

, Stoney, had above 50 houses burnt, April 19, 1736; again, 

when 150 were burnt, May 6, 1742. 

Suffolk, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, May, 1779. 

Sugar-houses, Mr. Hodgson's, Church-lane, Whitechapel, destroyed 
by fire, Sept. 7, 1S04. 

Swale river, one man, six women, and an infant, drowned by the over- 
turning of a boat on, near Feversham, June 23, 1S16. 

Swan, sloop of war, lost off Waterford, 130 persons perished, Aug. 
1782. 

Sweating sickness, that carried off great numbers, first observed in 
England, in 1481; again, 1483; in Sept. 1485; again, 1506; again, so 
that in some towns half the people died, in others one-third, 1517 ; 
again, 1528, 1529, 15^8, and 1551. 

Swift, of Montrose, captain Crawl, run down off Flamborough Head, 
by a collier, and the captain, mates, nine seamen, and eight pas- 
sengers lost, March 5, 1816. 

Sydney, S. H. esq. seat of, at Thorpe Wood, destroyed by fire, July 
15, 1809. 

Tannis, near Buntingford, 21 ricks of corn and hay, the dwelling- 
house, stables, out-houses, three fine horses, and 17 hogs, destroyed 
by fire, Oct. 3, 1815. 

Teneriffe, fire at Puerto Oratava in the island of, destroyed a con- 
vent for women, and seven were victims to the flames, Dec. 11, 1815. 
The next night, by a fall of rain, 14 persons were drowned in their 
houses, at the same town. 

Teschen, in Silesia, reduced to ashes by fire, March 6, 17S9. 

Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, received 1000Z. damage by a storm. 
Aug. 18, 1743. 

Thaw, dreadful accidents occasioned by a sudden, in various parts of 

England, Jan. and Feb. 1809. 
Theatre at Capo d'Istria, in Italy, fell, and crushed the performers 

and audience to death, Feb. 6, 1194. 

at Nantz was destroyed by accidental fire, Aug. 27, 1796. 

at Mentz was destroyed by fire during the performance, on 



EARTHQUAKES, FIRES, &C, 



161 



the falling in of which many were crushed to death, and above 7© 

were burnt, Aug-. 1796. 
Thomas, St. the island of, had 900 stores or warehouses burnt, value 

6,000,000^. Nov. 22, 1805. 
Thoresby, the duke of Kingston's seat, in Northamptonshire, burnt, 

with its furniture, April 4, 1745. 
Thorverton, near Exeter, 17 cottages destroyed by lire at, June 22, 

1816. 

Tiverton, 200 houses burnt down, June 5, 1731; 26 on May 27, 1762; 
and between 60 and 70, April, 1785 ; and above 200 houses were de- 
stroyed by fire, June 30, 1794. 

Tokay, the vineyards of, in Hungary, destroyed by a hailstorm, 1808. 

Torre del Greco, near Naples, was nearly destroyed by the lava of 
Mount Vesuvius, June 30, 1794. 

Trichinopoli, in the East Indies, blown up by the magazine of gun- 
powder taking fire, 300 of the inhabitants lost their lives; 340,000 
ball cartridges were destroyed, and the whole foundation shaken, 
1772. 

Tripoli nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 13, 1759. 
Trusty, the ship j lost on a rock between Bristol and Cork, Jan. 17, 
1802. 

Truxillo, in Peru, ruined by an earthquake, Dec. 1759. 

Twickenham, the French ambassador's house and valuable furniture 
burnt, June 14, 1734. 

Twins, British frigate, run aground at the Cape of Good Hope, and 
was burnt by the crew, Aug. 23, 1810. 

Tyrol, several forests in the, took fire, by which 64 villages and ham- 
lets, and 10,000 head of cattle, were destroyed, July 26, 1811. 

Ummerapoora, kingdom of Ava, the town and port of, destroyed by 
fire, March 10, 1811. 

Union packet, ©f Dover, was lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 1792, a similar 
accident had not happened for 105 years before. 

Vauxhall gardens much damaged by fire, June 29, 1800. 

Venice nearly reduced to ashes, 1101. 

Vesuvius, eruptions of, 79, when two cities were buried in burning 
lava, with 250,000 people ; 203, 272, 472, when all Campania was de- 
stroyer; 512,685,993,1036, 1043, 1048,1136,1506, 1538; at Puzzoli, 
1631, 1632, when 4000 persons and a large track of land were de- 
stroyed; 1660, 1682, 1694, 1701, 1704, 1712, 1717, 1730, 1737, 1751, 1754, 
1760, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1794, 1810, 1814, 
1816. 

Victory, man of war, lost in a storm, Oct. 1744. 

Vienna received great damage, and several lives were lost, by an ex- 
plosion of gunpowder, June 26, 1779. 

Volcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke out, Sept. 13, 1777, which threw 
out an immense quantity of red water, that discoloured the sea for 
several leagues. 

Wadrington, in Oxfordshire, greatly damaged by a fire, May 6, 1742. 
Warasdin, the capital of Croatia, had 600 houses reduced to ashes by 

a fire, April 25, 1776. 
Wareham, in Dorsetshire, burnt, 1731 ; again, 1742 ; 130 houses, July 

26, 1762. 

Wark Castle, in Cumberland, destroyed by fire, 1399. 

Warrington, in Lancashire, had its cotton manufactory, near the 
bridge, destroyed by fire, Dec. 1, 1791. 

Warwick greatly damaged by a fire, Sept. 8, 1694. 

Waterford, in Ireland, experienced a violent storm, when the tower 
of its exchange was carried away, April 4, 1792. 

Waterford cathedral, the whole interior of, with an organ of the va- 
lue of 1200 guineas, destroyed by fire, Oct. 25, 1815. 

Waterspout, a very destructive one, occurred near Aix, in the de- 
partment of Mount Blanc, July 8, 1809. 

W estminster abbey, roof of, much damaged by fire, July 9, IS03. 

convent destroyed in a riot, 1221. 

palace burnt, 1512 ; the south east wing burnt, 1609. 

Weyhill fair nearly destroyed by a fire, Oct. 15, 1784. 

Wellingborough, in Northamptonshire, burnt, Aug. 14, 1731 ; again, 
July 28, 173s, 800 houses destroyed. 



162 CHRONOLOGY. 

Wellington, duchess of, Indian ship, destroyed by fire in Sanger- 
roads, and the pilot, two officers, two passengers, and many of the 
crew perished in the flames, Jan. 27, 1816. 

Wem, in Shropshire, greatly damaged by a fire, 1676. 

Werburgh's, St. church, Dublin, burnt, Nov. 5, 1754. 

West Indies, much damaged by a hurricane, Sept. 6, 1776. 

Whirlwind, a violent, at Falmouth, which stripped the roof of every 
house iu its way, tore up several trees, and threw a vessel lying in 
the harbour on her beam ends, so that her keel appeared in sight, 
Jan. 1, 1803. A violent one near Cirencester, July 6, 1809. A dread- 
ful one at Fernal Heath, Worcestershire, its width from half a mile 
to a mile, by which much damage was done, and in one farm 300 
trees torn up by the roots, Sept. 22, 1810. At Bonsell, in the Peak 
of Derbyshire, accompanied with a tremendous hail storm, May 19, 
1811. At Plasyollen, Shropshire, by which many trees were torn 
up and carried to a great distance, May 25, 1811. 

William, prince, eldest son of Henry I. with two of his sisters, and 180 
of the nobility, shipwrecked and lost, in coming from Normandy, m 
1120. 

WHliamsburgh* South Carolina, damaged by a storm, July 17, 1758. 
Wilmington, in North Carolina, nearly destroyed by fire, Oct. 30, 
1798. 

Wilton, near Great Bedwin, Wiltshire, received 1500/. damage by a 

fire, Dec. 5, 1759. 
Wimbish Church, in Essex, damaged by lightning, 1756. 
Wimbledon house, Surrey, the noble seat of the earl Spencer, was 

totally destroyed by fire, March 28, 1785. 
Winchester city burnt, 1102. 

Windsor forest had several miles of the heath burnt, and the trees 
damaged, April 17, 1785. 

Winster, in Derbyshire, near 60 people were met at a puppet-show, 
when the upper floor of the house was blown up with gunpowder, 
and no hurt done to the people below, Jan. 27, 1783. 

Witton castle, in Durham, was destroyed by fire, Dec. 22, 1796. 

Woburn, in Bedfordshire, burnt, 1724. 

Woggis, near Lucerne, was swallowed up by an internal current, and 

totally lost, Aug. 4, 1795. 
Wolverhampton new church burnt, Nov. 1, 1758. 

Woolwich arsenal, stores, &c. burnt, to the value of 200,000Z., May 20, 
1802 ; white hemp storehouse burnt down, July 8, 1813 : four men 
killed by an explosion of gunpowder, in one of the sheds for making 
fireworks, June 18, 1814. 

Worcester city and castle burnt, 1113; a stack of chimneys fell on the 
court-house, and killed several persons, March 15, 1757; greatly 
damaged by an explosion of gunpowder, Aug. 11, 1762 ; received 
12,0002. damage by a fire, Nov. 1791. 

Worksop manor-house destroyed by fire, 100,0002. damage, Oct. 20, 
1761. 

Yarm overflowed by the river Tees, and received much damage, Oct. 
20, 1761. 

Yellow fever raged in the West Indies with uncommon mortality, in 
1791. At Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, 1200 died of it, Feb. 1811. 

Yeovil, Somersetshire, fire at, which destroyed II houses, Sept. 21, 
1815. 

York city, with its cathedral and 39 churches, destroyed by a fire, 
June 3, 1137. 

York, Indiaman, lost in going into Limerick, in Ireland, Nov. 14, 1758. 

Youghall, in Ireland, had its barracks blown up by accident, in Sept. 
1793, when the face of Mr. Armstrong, the quartermaster, was so 
burnt that the whole of his skin was scorched ; but it was singular, 
that he was much marked with the small pox before the accident 
happened, and on getting a new skin, it became perfectly smooth, 
without any remains of the small-pock marks. 

Zedwitz, in Germany, the catholic chapel, the mansions of three 
counts of Zedwitz, the post-office, and 4000 private dwellings, de- 
stroyed by fire at, Dec. 12, 1814. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



163 



SECT. VII. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



33EFORE the Romans came into this island, the Britons, who then 
" possessed the country, were divided into several nations, each of 
them governed by their own kings ; and when Britain became a 
member of the Roman empire, many of their tribes had their pro- 
per kings, who were suffered to govern by their own laws, provided 
they were tributary.— Such were Cogidunus and Prastitagus men- 
tioned by Tacitus. — Lucius, who is said to be the first Christian 
king, died in 181, and left the Roman empire heir to his kingdom ; 
and Coilus, the father of Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. 
— After the Romans had quitted Britain, upon the irruption of the 
Goths into Italy, during the reign of Honorius, that is, in 410, the 
real government returned to the Britons, who chose for their king 
Constantine, brother of Aldroinus king of Britanny, in France, a 
prince of the British blood, to whom succeeded Constantine, his 
son ; then Vortigern, who usurped the crown ; but being harassed, 
by the Scots and Picts, in 448, to maintain his usurpation first called 
in the Saxons, at that time hovering along the coast of Britain, in 
440. — These having got sure footing in the island, never left the 
Britons quiet till they were possessed of the whole. — And though 
they were overthrown in many battles, by king Vortimer, the son 
and colleague of Vortigern, and afterwards by king Arthur, yet the 
Britons were soon, after his death, so broken and weakened, that 
they were forced at last to retreat, and exchange the plain and 
fertile part of Britain for the mountains of Wales. Cadwallader, 
the last king of the Britons, began to reign 683, killed in battle I*o- 
thair, king of Kent, and Ethelwold, king of the West Saxons; turn- 
ed monk, and died at Rome.— Thus the Britons left the stage and 
the Saxons entered. — By these the country was divided into seven 
kingdoms, called the Heptarchy ; Kent, the first kingdom, was in 
Julius Cassar's time, the sovereignty of four petty princes, and 
never called a kingdom till Hengist erected it into one. 

The year of the Reign of the Sovereigns of England, corresponding 
with the year of Christ, from 1066 to 1824. 



W. Conq. 

Oct. 14. 

1 1066 
22 1087 


Henry 11. 
October 25. 
1 1154 
36 1189 


Edward I. 
Nov. 16. 

1 1272 
36 1307 


Henry IV. 
Sept. 29. 
1 1399 
14 1412 


W. Rufus. 
Sept. 9. 
1 1087 
14 1100 


Richard I. 
July 9. 
1 1189 
11 1199 


Edward II. 
July 7. 
1 1307 
20 1326 


Henry V. 
March 20. 
1 1412 
11 1422 


Henry I. 
August 1. 

1 1100 
36 1135 


John. 
April 6. 

1 1199 
18 1286 


Edward III. 
January 25. 
1 1326 
52 1377 


Henry VI. 
August 31. 
1 1422 
39 1460 


Stephen. 

Dec. 2. 

1 1135 
20 1154 


Henry III. 
October 10. 
1 1216 
57 1272 


Richard II. 
June 2. 
1 1377 
S3 1399 


Edward IV. 
March 4. 

1 1460 
24 1483 



164 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Edward V. 
April 9. 
1 1433 



Richard III. 
June 22. 
1 1483 
3 1485 



Henry VII. 
August 22. 
1 1485 
25 1509 



Henry VIII. 
April 22. 

1 1509 
38 1546 



Edward VI. 
Jan. 23. 
1 1545 
8 1553 



Queen Mary 
July 6. 
1 1553 
6 1558 



Elizabeth. 
Nov. 17. 

1 1558 
45 1602 



James I. 



March 24, 



Charles I. 
March 29. 
1 1625 
24 1648 



Charles II. 
January 30 
1 1648 
38 1685 



James II. 
February 6 
1 1685 
4 1688 



W. & M. 



Februaryl3. 
1 1688 
15 1702 
i 

George IV. 
January 29. 

1 1821 

2 1822 

3 1823 

4 1824 



Anne. 
March 8. 

1 1702 
13 1714 



George I. 
August 1, 

1 1714 
14 1727 



George II. 
June 11. 

1 1727 
34 1760 



George III. 
October 25. 
1 1760 
61 1831 



\w i V. Gut**** 



K. B.— Every king's reign begins at the death of his predecessor. — 
For example, George IV. began January 29, 1520. The first year of 
his reign is complete, January 28, 1821. 



THE HEPTARCHY. 



The kingdom of Kent contained only the county of Kent : its kings 
were — 



1 Hengist began 

2 Eske 

3 Octa 

4 Ymbrick 

5 Ethelbert 

6 Edbald 

7 Ercombert 

8 Egbert 

9 Lothaire 



454 
488 
512 
534 
568 
616 
640 
664 
673 



12 ?Et 



10 Edrick 

11 Withdred 
Eadbert and > 
Ethelbert J 

13 Ethelbert alone 

14 Aldric 

15 Ethelbert Pren 

16 Cudred 

17 Baldred 



6S4 
6S5 



743 
760 
794 
799 
S05 



This kingdom began 454, ended 828. 
Ethelbert. 



Its first Christian king was 



The kingdom of South Saxons contained the counties of Sussex and 
Surrey : its kings were — 



1 Ella began - 491 ) 

2 Cissa - - - 514 

3 Chevelin - - 590 

4 Ceolwic - - 592 

5 Ceoluph - - 597 



6 K^uiceTml " 011 

7 CatiowaJch - 643 

8 Adelwach - - 649 



This kingdom began 491, ended 6S5. Its first Christian king was 
Adeiwach. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 



165 



The kingdom of East Saxons contained the counties of Essex and 
Middlesex : its kings were — 



1 Erchenwin began - 527 

2 Sledda - 587 

3 Sebert - - 598 
C Sexred ) 

4 I Seward V - 616 
( Sigebert J 

5 Sigebert the Little - 623 

6 Sigebert the Good - 653 

7 Swithelme - - 655 

This kingdom began 527, ended 827. Its first Christian king was 
Serbert. 



8 Sighere and Sebbi - 

9 Sebbi - 

m 5 Sigberd a.nd > 

10 JSeofrid $ 

11 Offa 

12 Ceolfred 

13 Suithred 

14 Sigered 



665 

683 



700 
709 
746 
799 



The kingtlom of Northumberland contained Yorkshire, Durham, Lan- 
cashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumberland : its 
kings were — 



1 Ella, or Ida, began 547 

2 Adda - 559 

3 Clappea - - 566 

4 Theodwald - - 572 
b Fridulph - - 573 

6 Theodorick - 579 

7 Athelrick - - 586 

8 Athelfrid - - 593 

9 Edwin - - 617 

10 Osric - - 633 

11 Oswald - - 634 

12 Oswy - - 643 

13 Ethelward - - 653 

14 Egfrid - - 670 

15 Alkfryd - - 685 

16 0sredl. - - 705 



17 Cenrid - - 716 

18 Osrick - - 718 

19 Ceolulphe - - 730 

20 Egbert - - 737 

21 Oswulph - - 758 

22 Edilwald - 759 

23 Alured - - 765 

24 Etheldred - - 774 

25 Alswald I. - 779 

26 Osred II. - - 789 

27 Etheldred restored - 790 

28 Osbald - - 796 

29 Ardulph - - 797 

30 Alfwald II. - - 807 

31 Andre d - - S10 



This kingdom began 547, ended 827. Its first Christian king was 
Edwin; 



The kingdom of Mercia contained the counties of Huntingdon, Rut- 
land, Lincoln, Northampton, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, Oxford, 
Chester, Salop, Gloucester, Worcester, Stafford, Warwick, Buck- 
ingham, Bedford, and Hertford : its kings were — 



1 Creda began 


585 


10 Ethelbald 


716 


2 Wibba 


595 


11 Offa 


757 


3 Cheorlas 


616 


12 Egfryd 


794 


4 Penda 


625 


13 Cenolf 


795 


5 Peada 


656 


14 Kenelme 


819 


6 Wolfhere 


659 


15 Ceolwolf 


819 


7 Ethelred 


675 


16 Burnulf 


821 


8 Kenred 


704 


17 Ludecan 


823 


9 Ceolred 


709 


18 Whiglafe 


825 



This kingdom began 582, ended 827. Its first Christian king was 
Peada. 



The kingdom of East Angles contained the counties of Suffolk, Nor- 
folk, Cambridge, and the Isle of Ely : its kings were — 



1 Uffa began 

2 Titillus 

3 Redwald 

4 Erpenwald 

5 Sigebert 
CEgrik > 
I Annas J 

7 Ethelhere 



5^5 
578 
599 
624 
636 

644 

654 



8 Ethwald 

9 Adwulf 

10 Alswald 

, , 5 Beorna and > 

11 {Ethelbert $ 

12 Beorna alone 

13 Ethelred 

14 Ethelbert 



656 
664 
683 



758 
761 
790 



This kingdom began 5^5, ended 792. Its first Christian kiDg was 
Redwald. 



166 



CHRONOLOGY. 



The kingdom of West Saxons contained the counties of Cornwall, De- 
voir, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, and Berks : its kings were — 



1 Cherdic began - 519 

2 Kenrick - - 534 

3 Chevline 560 

4 Ceolric - - 592 

5 Ceoluph - - 598 

1 Ceonowalch - - 643 

8 Adelwalch - - 648 

9 Sexburga - - 672 



ln c Censua, Esewin ) 
10 1 and Centwin $ 6,4 



11 Ceadwald - - 686 

12 Ina ... egg 

13 Adelard - - 726 

14 Cudred - - 740, 
, , f Cigebert and "> m Jl 

15 i Cenulf j 704 

16 Brithrick - - 784 

17 Egbert - - 800 



This kingdom began 519, ended, S2S. Its first Christian king was 
Eingills. 

The Saxons, though they were divided into seven kingdoms, were, 
for the most part, subject only to one monarch, who was styled king 
of the English nation ; the most powerful giving the law unto the 
others, and succeeded as follows ; — 

HENGIST, first monarch of Britain, landed in the Isle of Thanet, 449 ; 
laid the foundation of the monarchy in 455 ; defeated Vortimer at 
Crayford, in Jan. 457 ; massacred 300 British nobles on Salisbury 
plain, May 1, 474. He bore in his standard the white horse, blazon- 
ed in the same manner as now borne by the dukes of Brunswick. — 
He was born at Angria, in Westphalia, reigned 34 years, died in 
484. 

ELLA, second monarch, landed at Shoreham, in Sussex, in 477 ; as- 
sumed the title of king of the South Saxons, in 491 ; died in 499. 

CHERDIC, third monarch, arrived in Britain, and overcame Arthur, 
near Chard, in Somersetshire, 519; began the kingdom of the West 
Saxons, the same year ; died, 534. 

KENRICK, second king of the West Saxons, fourth monarch, eldest 
son. of Cherdic, succeeded in 534 ; and died in 560. 

CHEVELINE, third king of the West Saxons, and fifth monarch, suc- 
ceeded his father, 560; seized on Sussex in 590; abdicated in 591 ; 
and died in banishment in 592. 

ETHELBERT I. fifth king of Kent, and sixth monarch, in 592 ; St. 
Augustine first arrived in his dominions, who, with his followers, 
were entertained by the king at Canterbury, where they settled ; 
to whose doctrine Ethelbert became a convert. He gave Augus- 
tine an idol temple without the walls of the city, as a burial-place 
for him and his successors, which was converted into the first mo- 
nastery. The king was the first that caused the laws of the land to 
be collected and translated into Saxon. He died Feb. 24, 617, and 
was buried at Canterbury. 

REDWALD, third king of the East Angles, seventh monarch, 616; he 
died, 624. 

EDWIN the Great, king of Northumberland, succeeded as eighth mo- 
narch in 624. He was the first Christian, and the second king of 
Northumberland . He lost his life in a battle at Hatfield, Oct. 3, 633. 

OSWALD, third king of Northumberland, and ninth monarch, in 634. 
He was slain at Maserfield, in Shropshire, Aug. 1, 642. 

OSWAY, fourth king of Northumberland, tenth monarch, on Oct. 13, 
634. He defeated Penda,the Mercian, and Ethelred, king of the 
East Angles, Nov. 6, 655. He died, Feb. 15, 670. 

WOLFHERE, sixth king of the Mercians, eleventh monarch, in 670 ; 
died, 674, and was buried at Peterborough. 

ETHELRED, seventh king of Mercia, and twelfth monarch, in 675. 
He desolated part of Kent, and in 677 destroyed Rochester, and 
many religious foundations ; to atone for which he became a monk, 
703, and died abbot of Bradney, in 716. 

CENRED, his nephew, eighth king of Mercia, and thirteenth monarch, 
in 704, reigned four years, and following his uncle's example, be^ 
came a monk. 

CEOLRED, son to Ethelred, ninth king of the Mercians, and fourteenth 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



167 



monarch, in 709, was killed in battle with the West Saxons in 716: 
and was buried at Litchfield. 

ETHELBALD I. tenth king of the Mercians, fifteenth monarch, in 
176 ; built Croyland abbey, in Lincolnshire. He was slain by his 
own subjects when he was leading his troops against Cuthred, the 
West Saxon, at Secondine, three miles from Tamworth, in War- 
wickshire, and was buried at Repton, in Derbyshire, in 756. 

OFFA, the eleventh king- of the Mercians, and the sixteenth monarch, 
757. He was born lame, deaf, and blind, which continued till he ar- 
rived at manhood. He took up arms against Kent, slew their king 
at Otteford, and conquered that kingdom. He caused a great 
trench to be dug from Bristol to Basingwerk, in Flintshire, as the 
boundary of the Britons, who harboured in Wales, 774. Offa first 
ordained the sounding of trumpets before the kings of England, to 
denote their appearance, and require respect. He admitted his 
son, Egfryd, a partner in his sovereignty ; and, out of devotion, 
paid a visit to Rome, where he made his kingdom subject to a tri- 
bute, then called Peter-pence, and procured the canonization of 
St. Alban. At his return he built St. Alban's monastery, in Hert- 
fordshire, 793. He died at Offley, June 29, 794, and was buried at 
Bedford, in a chapel since swallowed up by the river Ouse. 

EGFRYD, twelfth king of the Mercians, and seventeenth monarch, 
July 13, 794; but died Dec. 17 following, and was buried at St. 
Alban's. 

CENOLE, thirteenth king of the Mercians, and eighteenth monarch, 
in 795. He conquered Kent, and gave that kingdom to Cudred, 798. 
He built Winchcomb monastery, in Gloucestershire, where he led 
the captive prince, Pren, to the altar, and released him without 
ransom or entreaty. He died in 819, and was buried at Winch- 
comb. 

EGBERT, seventeenth king of the West Saxons, and nineteenth, but 
first sole monarch of the English. He conquered Kent, and laid the 
foundation of the sole monarchy in 823, which put an end to the 
Saxon Heptarchy, and was solemnly crowned at Winchester, when, 
by his edict, he ordered all the South of the island to be called 
England, 827. He died Feb. 4, 837, and was buried at Winchester. 

ETHELWOLF, eldest son of Egbert, succeeded his father, notwith- 
standing, at the time of Egbert's death, he was bishop of Winches- 
ter. In 846 he ordained tithes to be collected, and exempted the 
clergy from regal tributes. He visited Rome in 847, confirming the 
grant of Peter-pence, and agreed to pay Rome 300 marks per an- 
num. His son Ethelbald obliged him to divide the sovereignty with 
him, 356. He died Jan. 13, 857, and was buried at Winchester. 

ETHELBALD II. eldest son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 857. He died 
Dec. 20, 860, and was buried at Sherborn, but removed to Salisbury. 

ETHELBERT II. second son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 860, and was 
harassed greatly by the Danes, who were repulsed and vanquished. 
He died in 866, was buried at Sherborn, and was succeeded by 

ETHELRED I. third son of Ethelwolf. in 866, when the Danes again 
harassed his kingdom. In 870, they destroyed the monasteries of 
Bradney, Crowland, Peterborough, Ely, and Huntingdon, when the 
nuns of Coldingham defaced themselves to avoid their pollution ; 
and in East Anglia, they murdered Edmund, at Edmundsbury, in 
Suffolk. Ethelred overthrew the Danes, 871, at Assendon. He bad 
nine set battles with the Danes in one year, and was wounded at 
Wittingham, which occasioned his death, April 27, 872, and was bu- 
ried at Winborne, in Dorsetshire. 

ALFRED, the fourth son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 872, in the 92d 
year of his age ; was crowned at Winchester, and is distinguished 
by the title of Alfred the Great. He was born at Wantage, in 
Berkshire, 849, and obliged to take the field against the Danes with- 
in one month after his coronation, at Wilton, in Oxfordshire. He 
fought seven battles with them in 876. In 877 another succour of 
Danes arrived, and Alfred was obliged to disguise himself in the 
habit of a shepherd, in the isle of Athelney, in the county of Somer- 
set, till, in 878, collecting his scattered friends, he attacked and de- 
feated them in 879, when he obliged?the greatest part of their army 
to quit the land ; in 897 they went up the river Lea, and built a for-* 



168 



CHRONOLOGY. 



tress at Ware, where king Alfred turned off the course of the river, 
and left their ships dry, which obliged the Danes to remove. He 
died Oct. 28, 901. He formed a body of laws, afterwards made use 
of by Edward the Confessor, which was the ground-work of the pre- 
sent. He divided his kingdom into shires, hundreds, and tithings, 
and obliged his nobles to bring up their children to learning : and 
to induce them thereto, admittednone into offices except they were 
learned; and to enable them to procure that learning he founded 
the university of Oxford. He was buried at Winchester. 

EDWARD the Elder, his son, succeeded him, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, in 901. In 911, Leolin, prince of Wales, did 
homage to Edward for his principality He died at Farringdon, in 
Berkshire, in 924, and was buried at Winchester. 

ATHELSTAN, his eldest son, succeeded him, and was crowned with 
far greater magnificence than usual, at Kingston-upon-Thames, in 
939. In 937 he defeated two Welsh princes, but soon after, on their 
making submission, he restored them their estates. He escaped 
being assassinated in his tent, 938, which he revenged by attacking 
his enemy, when five petty sovereigns, 12 dukes, and an army who 
came to the assistance of Anlaf, king of Ireland, were slain ; which 
battle was fought near Dunbar, in Scotland. He made the princes 
of Wales tributary, 939; and died Oct. 17, 940, at Gloucester. 

EDMUND I. the fifth son of Edward the Elder, succeeded at the age 
of 18, and was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames, 940. On 
May 26, 947, in endeavouring to part two who were quarrelling, he 
received a wound, of which he bled to death, and was buried at 
Glastonbury. 

ELDRED, his brother, aged 28, succeeded in 947, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, the 17th of August. He died in 955, and 
was buried at Winchester. 

EDWY, the eldest son of Edmund, succeeded, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, in 955. He had great dissensions with the 
clergy, and banished Dunstan, their ringleader, which occasions 
little credit to be given to the character the priests give him. He 
died of grief in 9*9, after a turbulent reign of four years, and was 
buried at Winchester. 

EDGAR, at the age of 16, succeeded his brother, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, in 959, and again at Bath, 972. He imposed 
on the princes of Wales a tribute of wolves heads, that for three 
years amounted to 300 each year. He obliged eight tributary 
princes to row him in a barge on the river Dee, in 974. He died 
July 1, 975, and was buried at Glastonbury. 

EDWARD the Martyr, his eldest son, succeeded him, being but 16 
years of age ; was crowned by Dunstan, at Kingston-upon-Thames, 
in 975. He was stabbed by the instructions of his mother-in-law, as 
he was drinking at Corfe-castle, in the isle of Purbeck, in Dorset- 
shire, on March 18, 979. He was first buried at Wareham, without 
any ceremony, but removed three years after, in great pomp, to 
Shaftonbury. 

ETHELRED II. succeeded his half brother, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, on April 14, 979. In 982, his palace, with 
great part of London, was destroyed by a great fire. England was 
ravaged by the Danes, who, in 999, received at one payment about 
16,000£. raised by a land-tax called Danegelt. A general massacre 
of the Danes on Nov. 13, 1002. Swein revenged his countrymen's 
deaths, 1003, and did not quit the kingdom till Ethelred had paid 
him 36,000£. which he the year following demanded as an annual tri- 
bute. In the spring of 1008 they subdued great part of the king- 
dom. To stop their progress it was agreed to pay the Danes 48,000/. 
to quit the kingdom, 1012. In the space of 20 years they had 469,687/. 
sterling. Soon after Swein entered the Humber again, when Ethel- 
red retired to the isle of W ight, and sent his sons, with their mother 
Emma, into Normandy, to her brother, and Swein took possession 
of the whole kingdom, 1013. 

SWEIN was proclaimed king of England in 1013, and no person dis- 
puted his title. His first act of sovereignty was an insupportable 
tax, which he did not live to see collected. He died Feb. 3, 1014, 
at Thetford, in Norfolk. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



169 



CANUTE, bis son, was proclaimed March, 1014, and endeavoured to 
gain the affections of his English subjects, but without success, re- 
tired to Denmark, and 

ETHELRED returned at the invitation of his subjects. Canute re- 
turned, 1015, soon after he had left England, and landed at Sand- 
wich. Ethelred retired to the north, but by evading a battle with 
the Danes, he lost the affections of his subjects, and retiring to Lon- 
don, he expired April 24, 1016. 

EDMUI^D IRONSIDE, his son, was crowned at Kingston-upon- 
Thames, April, 1016 ; but by a disagreement among the nobility, 
Canute was likewise crowned at Southampton. In June following, 
Canute totally routed Edmund, at Assendon, in Essex, who soon 
after met Canute in the isle of Alney, in the Severn, where a 
peace was concluded; and the kingdom divided between them. Ed- 
mund did not survive above a month after, being murdered at Ox- 
ford, Nov 30, 1016, before he had reigned a year. He left two sons 
and two daughters ; from one of which daughters James I. of Eng- 
land descended, and from him George III. 

CANUTE was established 1017 ; made an alliance with Normandy, 
and married Emma, Ethelred's widow, 1018; made a voyage to 
Denmark, attacked Norway, and took possession of the crown, 1028; 
died at Shaftesbury, 1036, and was buried at Winchester. 

HAROLD I. his son/began his reign, 1036; died, April 11, 1039; and 
was succeeded by his younger brother, 

HARD1CANUTE, king of Denmark, who died at Lambeth, 1041 ; was 
buried at New Winchester, and succeeded by a son of queen Emma, 
by her first husband, Ethelred II. 

EDWARD the Confessor, was born at Islip, in Oxfordshire, began his 
reign in the 40th year of his age. He was crowned at W inchester, 
1042; married Editha, daughter of Godwin, earl of Kent, 1043; re- 
mitted the tax of Danegelt, and was the first king of England that 
touched for the king's evil, 1058; died Jan 5, 1066, aged 65; was 
buried in Westminster abbey, which he rebuilt, where his bones 
were enshrined in gold, set with jewels, 1206. Emma, his mother, 
died, 1052, He was succeeded by 

HAROLD II. son of the earl of Kent, who began in 1066; defeated 
his brother Tosti and the king of Norway, who had invaded his 
dominions, at Stamford, Sept. 25, 1066 ; but was killed by the Nor- 
mans at Hastings, Oct. 14 following. 

WILLIAM I. duke of Normandy, a descendant of Canute, born, 1027; 
paid a visit to Edward the Confessor in England, 1051; betrothed 
his daughter to Harold II. 1058 ; made a claim of the crown of Eng- 
land, 1066; invaded England, landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, the 
same year ; defeated the English troops at Hastings, on Oct. 14, 
1066, when Harold was slain, and William assumed the title of Con- 
queror. He was crowned at Westminster, Dec. 29, 1066; invaded 
Scotland, 1072; subverted the English constitution, 1074; refused to 
swear fealty to the pope for the crown of England ; wounded by his 
son Robert, at Gerberot, in Normandy, 1079; invaded France, 10S6; 
soon after fell from his horse and contracted a rupture ; he died at 
Hermentrude, near Rouen, in Normandy, 1087 ; was buried at Caen, 
and succeeded in Normandy by his eldest son, Robert, and in Eng- 
land by his second son. 

WILLIAM II. bom 1057; crowned at Westminster, Sept. 27, 1087; 
invaded Normandy with success, 1090; killed by accident as he was 
hunting in the New Forest, by Sir Walter Tyrrel, Aug. 1100, aged 
43; was buried at Winchester, and succeeded by his brother. 

HENRY I. born, 1068, crowned, Aug. 5, 1100; married Matilda, 
daughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, Nov. II, following; made peace 
^.7ith his brother Robert, 1101 ; invaded Normandy, 1105 ; attacked 
by Robert, whom he defeated and took prisoner, 1107, and sent him 
to England; betrothed his daughter Maude to the emperor of Ger- 
many, 1109; challenged by Louis of France, 1117; lost his queen, 
May 1, 1119; his eldest son and two others of his children ship- 
wrecked and lost, with ISO of his nobility, in coming from Nor- 
mandy, 1120; married Adelais, daughter of Godfrey, earl of Lovain, 
Jan. 29, 1121 ; in quiet possession of Normandy, 1129 ; surfeited him- 
self with eating lampreys, at Lions, near Rouen, in Normandy s 



170 



CHRONOLOGY, 



and died Dec. 1, 1135, aged 68; his body was brought over to Eng- 
land, and buried at Reading. He was succeeded by his nephew Ste- 
phen, third son of his sister Adela, by the earl ofBlois. He left 
100,0()0Z. in cash, besides plate and jewels to an immense value. 
MAUDE, daughter of Henry I. born 1101, married to Henry IV. em- 
peror of Germany, 1109; had the English nobility swear fealty to 
Ler, 1126; buried her husband, 1127 ; married Jeffery Plantagenet, 
earl of Anjou, 1130; set aside from the English succession by Ste- 
phen, 1135; landed in England and claimed a right to the crown, 
Sept. 30, 1139; crowned, but soon after defeated at Winchester, 
1141; escaped to Gloucester on a bier; fled from a window of Ox- 
ford castle by a rope, in the winter of 1142; retired to France, 1147; 
returned to England, and concluded a peace with Stephen, 1153; 
and died at Rouen, in Normandy, Sept. 10, 1167, and buried in the 
abbey of Bee. 

STEPHEN, born 1105; crowned Dec. 2, 1135; taken prisoner at Lin- 
coln by the earl of Gloucester, Maude's half-brother, Feb. 1141, and 
put in irons at Bristol, but released in exchange for the earl of 
Gloucester, taken at Winchester ; made peace with Henry, Maude's 
son, 1153; died of the piles at Dover, Oct. 25, 1154, aged 50; was 
buried at Feversham, and succeeded by Henry, son of Maude. 

MATILDA, Stephen's queen, was crowned on Easter-day, 1136; died 
May 3, 1151, at Henningham castle, Essex, and buried in a monas- 
tery at Feversham. 

HENRY II. grandson of Henry I. bom, 1133; married Eleanor, heiress 
of Guienne and Poitou, on Whitsunday, 1152, the divorced wife of 
Louis VII. king of France. He invaded England, Jan. 7, 1153, and 
had homage done him as successor to king Stephen, in a council 
held at Oxford, Jan. 13, 1151; returned into Normandy the spring 
following. — He began his reign Oct. 24, 1154; arrived in England 
Dec. 8, and was, with his queen, Eleanor, crowned at London, the 
19th of the same month; crowned in Lincoln, 1158; again at Wor- 
cester, 1159; quelled the rebellion in Maine, 1166; had his son 
Henry crowned king of England, 1170; invaded Ireland, Oct. 26, 
1171, and reduced the island to his subjection in 1172; imprisoned 
his queen on account of Rosamond, his concubine, 1173; did penance 
at Becket's tomb, July 8, 1174; took the king of Scotland prisoner, 
and obliged him to give up the independency of his crown, 1175; 
named his son John, lord of Ireland, 1176; had, the same year, an 
amour with Alice, of France, the intended princess of his son Richard, 
1181 ; lost his eldest son Henry, June 11, 1183; his son Richard re- 
belled, 1185; had his son Jeffery trodden under foot and killed, at a 
tournament at Paris, Aug. 19, 1186 ; made a convention with Philip 
of France to go to the holy war, 1188 ; died with grief at the altar, 
cursing his sons, July 6, 1189, aged 61 ; was buried at Fonteveraud, 
in France, and succeeded by his son Richard. 

ELEANOR, queen to king Henry II. died 1204. 

RICHARD I. was born at Oxford, 1157; crowned at London, Sept. 3, 
1189 ; released the king and people of Scotland from their oaths of 
homage they had taken to his father for 10,000 marks, Dec. 5, 1189; 
embarked at Dover, Dec. 11; set out on the crusade, and joined 
Philip of France, on the plains of Vezelay, June 29, 1190; took Mes- 
sina the latter end of the year; married Berengera, daughter of 
the king of Navarre, May 12, 1191; defeated the Cyprians, and took 
their king prisoner, 1191 ; taken prisoner near Vienna, on his return 
home, by Leopold, duke of Austria, Dec. 20, 1192; ransomed for 
40,000Z-, and set at liberty at Mentz, Feb. 4, 1194 ; returned to Eng- 
land, March 20 following; wounded with an arrow at Chaluz, near 
Limoges, in Normandy, and died April 6, 1199; was buried at Font- 
everaud, and succeeded by his brother, 

JOHN, the youugest son of Henry II. born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1166; 
was crowned, May 27, 1199; divorced his wife Avisa, and married 
Isabella, daughter of the count of Angoulesme, and they were both 
crowned at Westminster, Oct. 8, 1200; went to Paris, 1200; besieged 
the castle of Mirable, and took his nephew, Arthur, prisoner, Aug. 1, 
\<=>qo whom he caused to be murdered, April 3, 1203; the same year 
he was expelled the French provinces; imprisoned his queen, 1208; 
banished all the clergy in his dominions, 1208; was excommuni- 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



171 



cated, 1209; landed in Ireland, June 8, 1210; surrendered his crown 
to Pandolf, the pope's leg-ate, May 25, 1213; abselved, July 20 fol- 
lowing-; obliged by his barons to confirm Magna Charta, June 9, 
1215; lost his treasure and baggage in passing the marshes of Lynn, 
1216; died at Newark, Oct. 18, 1216; was buried at Worcester, 
where his corpse was discovered nearly entire in 1797, having been 
buried 580 years. — He was succeeded by his son, 

HENRY III. .born Oct. 1, 1207; crowned at Gloucester, Oct 28, 1216; 
received homage from Alexander of Scotland, at Northampton, 
1218; crowned again at Westminster, after Christmas, 1219; mar- 
ried Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, Jan. 14, 1236; 
pledged his crown and jewels for money, when he married his 
daughter Margaret to Ihe king of Scots, 1242; obliged by his nobles 
to resign the power of a sovereign, and sell Normandy and Anjou 
to the French, 1258; shut himself up in the Tower of London, for 
fear of his nobles, 1261; taken prisoner at Lewes, May 14, 1264; 
wounded at the battle of Evesham, 1265; died with age at St. Ed- 
inondsbury, Nov. 16, 1272; and was succeeded by his son Edward. 

ELEANOR, Henry III.'s queen, died in a monastery at Ambersbury, 
about 1292, where she had retired. 

EDWARD I. born June 16, 1239; married Eleanor, princess of Cas- 
tile, 1253; succeeded to the crown, Nov. 16, 1272; wounded in the 
Holy Land with a poisoned dagger ; recovered, and landed in 
England, Aug. 23, 1274 ; crowned at Westminster, Aug. 19, follow- 
ing, with his queen; went to France, and did homage to the French 
king-, 1279; reduced the Welsh princes, 1282. Eleanor, his queen, 
died of a fever on her journey to Scotland, at Horneby, in Lincoln- 
shire, 1296, and was conveyed to Westminster, when elegant stone 
crosses were erected at each place where the corpse rested; mar- 
ried Margaret, sister to the king of France, Sept. 12, 1299; conquered 
Scotland, 1299, and brought to England their coronation chair, &c. 
died of a flux at Burgh upon the Sands, in Cumberland, July 7, 1307; 
was buried at Westminster, where, on May 2, 1774, some antiqua- 
rians, by consent of the chapter, examined his tomb, when they 
found his corpse unconsumed, though buried 466 years. — He was 
succeeded by his fourth son, 

EDWARD II. born at Caernarvon, in Wales, April 25, 1284; was the 
first king of England's eldest son that had the title of Prince of 
Wales, with which he was invested in 1284. — He ascended the throne, 
July 7, 1307; married Isabella, daughter of the French king, 1308; 
and was crowned with his queen at Westminster, Feb. 26, 1308; 
obliged by his barons to invest the government of the kingdom in 
twenty-one persons, March 16, 1310 ; went on a pilgrimage to Bou- 
logne, Dec. 13, 1313; declared his queen and all her adherents ene- 
mies to the kingdom, 1325; conveyed his French dominions to his 
son Edward, Sept. 10, 1325; dethroned, Jan. 13, 1327, and succeeded 
by his son, Edward III. ; murdered at Berkeley castle, Sept. 21 fol- 
lowing, and was buried at Gloucester. 

EDWARD III. born at Windsor, Nov. 15, 1312; succeeded to the 
crown, Jan. 13, 1327; crowned at Westminster, Feb. 1 following; he 
married Philippa, daughter of the earl of Hainault, Jan. 24, 1328; 
claimed the crown of France, 1329; confined his mother Isabella, 
and caused her favourite, earl Mortimer, to be hanged at Tyburn, 
Nov. 23, 1330; the Scots defeated atHalidown, 1339; invaded France, 
and pawned his crown and jewels for 50,000 florins, 1340; quartered 
the arms of England and France, 1341; made the first distinction 
between Lords and Commons, 1342; defeated the French at Cressy, 
30,000 slain, among whom was the king of Bohemia, 1346; the queen 
took the king of Scotland prisoner, and 20,000 Scots slain, the same 
year; Calais besieged and taken, Aug. 16, 1347, and St. Stephen's 
chapel, now the House of Commons, built, 1347; the order of the 
Garter instituted, 1349; the French defeated at Poictiers, their king- 
and prince taken, and the king of Navarre imprisoned, 1356; the 
king of Scotland ransomed for 100,000/. 1357; in which year Edward 
lost his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, of a consumption; the 
king of France ransomed for 300,000/. 1359; four kings entertained 
at the Lord Mayor's feast, viz. England, France, Scotland, and Cy- 
prus, 1364; Philippa, his queen, died at Windsor, Aug. 16, 1369; and 



172 



CHRONOLOGY. 



was buried at Westminster; Edward died at Richmond, June 2*1 „ 
1877, and was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. son to 

EDWARD the Black Prince, who was born June 15, 1330; created 
duke of Cornwall in full parliament, March 7, 1337, the first in Eng- 
land that bore the title of duke; created prince of Wales, 1344; 
brought the king of France prisoner to England, from the battle of 
Poictiers. Sept. 19, 1356; went to Castile, 1367; died of a consump- 
tion, June 8, 1376; and was buried at Canterbury. 

JOHN OF GAUNT, duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward IIL 
born 1340, married Blanch, daughter of the duke of Lancaster, 1359; 
by whom he became possessed of that dukedom and title ; she died 
1369, and in 1372 he married the daughter of the king of Castile and 
Leon, and took that title.— In 1396, he married a third wife, Cathe- 
rine Swmford, from whom descended Henry VII.— He died 1399, and 
was buried in St. Paul's cathedra.], JLondon. 

Hi CHARD II. born at Bourdeaux, Jan. 6, 1367; had two royal god- 
fathers, the kings of Navarre and Majorca; made guardian of the 
kingdom, Aug. 30, 1372; created prince of Wales, 1376; succeeded 
his grandfather, Edward III. June 21, 1377, when not seven years 
old, and crowned at Westminster, July 16 following; the rebellion 
of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, 1378; married Anne, sister to the 
emperor of Germany, and king of Bohemia, Jan. 13S2, who died 
without issue, at Shene, and was buried in Westminster abbey, 
Aug. 3, 1395; married Isabella, daughter to the king of France, 
Nov. 1, 1396. — He was taken prisoner by Henry duke of Lancaster, 
his cousin, and sent to the Tower, Sept. 1, 1399; resigned his crown, 
Sept. 29 following, and was succeeded by Henry IV. — Richard was 
murdered in Pomfret Castle, Feb. 13, 1400, and buried at Langley, 
but removed to Westminster. 

THOMAS, duke of Gloucester, uncle to Richard II. was smothered, 
Feb.28,'l367. 

THOMAS BEAUFORT, duke of Exeter, half brother to Richard II. 
died without issue, Dec. 24, 1424, and was buried at St. Edmonds- 
bury, where his body was discovered uncorrupted in 1772, after his 
burial 34S years. 

HENRY IV". duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III. born 1367; 
married Mary, the daughter of the earl of Hereford, who diedI394. 5 . 
before he obtained the crown; fought with the duke of NorfoDi, 
1397, and banished ; returned to England in arms against Richard II. 
who resigned him his crown, and Henry was crowned, Oct. 13, 1399, 
when he instituted the Order of the Bath, and created 47 knights; 
conspired against, Jan. 1400; defeated by the Welsh, 1402; married 
a second queen Joan of Navarre, widow of the duke ofBretagne, 
1403; she was crowned with great magnificence the 26th of January 
following, and died in 1437 ; in 1403 began the rebellion of the Per- 
cies, suppressed July following. — He died of an apoplexy, in West- 
minster, March 20 5 1413; was buried at Canterbury, and succeeded 
by his son, 

HENRY V. who w r as born in 1388, and, when prince of Wales, was 
committed to prison for insulting' one of the judges, 1412; crowned 
at Westminster, April 9, 1413; claimed the crown of France, 1414 ; 
gained the battle of Agincourt, Oct. 24, 1415; pledged his regalia 
for 20,000:!. to push his conquests, 1416. — The emperor Sigismund 
paid a visit to Henry, and was installed Knight of the Garter, 1416; 
invaded Normandy with an army of 26,000 men, 1417; declared re- 
gent, and married Catharine of France, on May 30, 1420; she was 
crowned at Westminster the 22nd of February following; outlived 
Henry, and was married afterwards to Owen Tudor, grandfather of 
Henry VII— Henry died of a pleurisy at Rouen, Aug. 31, 1422, 
a^ed 34, was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by 

HEN RY VI. born at Windsor, Dec. 6, 1421; ascended the throne on 
Aug. 31, 1-122; proclaimed king of France the sa.ue year; crowned 
at Westminster, Nov. 6, 1429; crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430; mar- 
ried to Margaret, daughter of the duke of Anjou, at Soutlnvick, 
Hampshire, April 22, 1445, and was crowned at W estminster, May 30 
following; Jack Cade's insurrection, 1446; Henry taken prisoner at 
St. Alban's, 1455 ; but regained his liberty, 1461 ; ami deposed 
Exarch 5 following, by his fourth cousin, Edward IV. ; fled into ScoU 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 173 

land, and taken prisoner in Lancashire, 1463; restored to his throne, 
Oct. 6, 1470; taken prisoner again by Edward, April 11, 1471 ; queen 
Margaret and her son taken prisoners at. Tewkesbury, by Edward, 
May 4 ; the prince killed in cold blood, May 21, and Henry murdered 
in the Tower, June 20 following, and buried at Chertsey, aged 49. 
HUMPHREY, duke of Gloucester, fourth son of Henry IV. was strangled 
by the order of his nephew, Henry VI. and buried at St. Alban's, 
1447. 

EDWARD IV. born at Rouen, April 29, 1443; descended from the 
third son of Edward III. elected king, March 5, 1461 ; and before his 
coronation was obliged to take the field, and fight the battle of Tow- 
ton, when 31,781 fell, and not one prisoner taken but the earl of 
Devonshire, March 13 ; was crowned at Westminster, June 28, 1461 ; 
sat publicly with the judges in Westminster-hall, 1462; married 
Lady Elizabeth Grey, widow of Sir John Grey, of Groby, March 1, 
1464, who was crowned the 26th following. — Edward was taken pri- 
soner by the earl of Warwick, in Yorkshire, whence he was brought 
to London, with his legs tied under his horse's belly, 1467 ; escaped 
■and was expelled the kingdom, 1470; returned, March 25, 1471, and 
restored; and caused his brother, the duke of Clarence, who had 
joined the Earl of Warwick, to be drowned in a butt of malmsey 
wine, March 11, 1478; died of an ague at Westminster, April 9, 
1483; and was buried at Windsor, where his corpse was discovered 
undecayed, March 11, 1789, and his dress nearly perfect, as were the 
lineaments of his face. — He was succeeded by his infant son, 

EDWARD V. born Nov. 4, 1470; proclaimed king at London, April 9, 
1483; deposed June 20 following, and with the dnke of York, his 
brother, smothered soon after by their uncle, who succeeded him. 

RICHARD III. duke of Gloucester^ brother to Edward IV. born, 1453 ; 
took prince Edward, son of Henry VI. prisoner at Tewkesbury, and 
helped to murder him in cold blood, (whose widow he afterwards 
married), 1471; drowned the duke of Clarence, brother to Edward 
IV. in a butt of malmsey wine, 1478 ; made protector of England, 
May 27, 1483; elected king, June 20, and crowned July 6 following ; 
ditto at York, Sept. 8; lost his queen, March 6, I486 ; slain in battle, 
at Bosworth, Aug. 22, 1485, aged 32 ; was buried at Leicester, and 
succeeded by 

HENRY VII. born 1455; who landed at Milford Haven, Aug. 7, 1485; 
defeated Richard III, in Bosworth- field, and was elected king, 1485; 
crowned Oct. 20, the same year; married Elizabeth, daughter of 
Edward IV. Jan. 18, 1486, who was crowned Nov. 25, 1487 following; 
defeated Lambert Symnel, the impostor, June 16, 1487 ; received of 
the French king-, as a conrprcmise for his claim on that crown, i86,250£. 
besides 25,000 crowns yearly, 1492 ; married his eldest son Arthur 
to princess Catharine of Spain, Nov. 14, 1501; prince Arthur died, 
April 2, 1502; queen Elizabeth died in child-bed, Feb. 11 following, 
and was buried at W estminster. — xYIary, his third daughter, married- 
Louis XII. of France, Aug. 12, 1514, by whom she was left without 
issue, and she married, Oct. following, Charles Brandon, duke or 
Suffolk, by whom she had issue, and died 1533, and was buried at 
St, Edmondsbury, where her corpse was discovered, Sept. 6, 1784, 
in a perfect state. — She was grandmother of the unfortunate Lady 
Jane Grey. — Henry married his daughter Margaret to James IV". of 
Scotland, 1501 ; died of a consumption, at Richmond, April 22, 1509; 
aged 54, was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son, 

HENRY VIII. born June 28, 1491; married Catharine, Snfanta of Spain, 
widow of his brother Arthur, June 3, 1509; crowned June 24 follow- 
ing; had a personal interview with Francis I. king of France, at 
Guisnes in Flanders, June, 1520, and again at Boulogne, Oct. 21, 1532 ; 
received the title of Defender of the Faith, 1521; styled Head of 
the Church, 1532; divorced queen Catharine and married Anne 
Bulleyn, Nov. 14, 1532; Anne crowned, June 1, 1633; assumed the 
title of Head of the Church of England, in the presence of his whole 
court, Jan. 18, 1535; he was excommunicated by Pope Paul, Aug. 30, 
1535; Catharine, his first queen, died at Khnboiton, Jan, 8, 1536, 
aged 50 ; he put Anne, his second queen, to death, May 19, and mar- 
ried Jane Seymour, May 20, 1536, who died in childbed, Oct. 12, 
1&37; he dissolved the religious foundations in England, 1539; mar- 



174 



CHRONOLOGY. 



ried Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6, 1540; divorced her, July 10, 1540; mar- 
ried Catharine Howard, his fifth wife, Aug 1 . 5 following-, and be- 
headed her on Tower-hill, with Lady Rochford, Feb. 12, 1542; the 
title of king cf Ireland was confirmed by act of parliament, Jan. 24. 
1543, to the king and his successors ; married Catharine Parr, his 
sixth wife, July 12, 1543. — He died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, 
at Westminster, Jan. 28, 1547, in the 56th year of his age ; was bu- 
ried at Windsor, and was succeeded by his only son, 
EDWARD VI. born October 12, 1537; crowned Sunday, Feb. 20, 1547; 
who died of a consumption at Greenwich, July 6, 1553 ; was buried 
at Westminster, and was succeeded, agreeably to his will, by his 
cousin, 

JANE GREY, born 1537; proclaimed queen, July 9, 1553; deposed 
soon after and sent to the Tower, where she, with lord Dudley, her 
husband, and her father, were beheaded, Feb. 12, 1554, aged 17, by 

the order of 

MARY, born, Feb. 11, 1516 ; proclaimed, July 9, 1553 ; and crowned, 
Oct. 1 foUowing ; married Philip of Spain, July 25, 1554, died of a 
dropsy, Nov. 17, 155S; was buried at Westminster, and was suc- 
ceeded by her half-sister, 

ELIZABETH, born Sept. 7, 1533; sent prisoner to the Tower, 1554; 
began to reign, Nov. 17, 155S; crowned at Westminster, Jan. 15, 
1559; Mary of Scots fled to England, May 16, 1568, and was impri- 
soned in Tutbury castle, Jan. 1569; Elizabeth relieved the protest- 
ants in the Netherlands with above 200,000 crowns, besides stores, 
1569; a marriage proposed to the queen by the duke of Alenqon, 
1571 ; but finally rejected, 1581 ; beheaded Mary queen of Scots, at 
Fotheringay Castle, in Northamptonshire, Feb. 8, 1587, aged 44; the 
Spanish armada destroyed, 1588 ; Tyrone's rebellion in Ireland, 
1598; Essex, the queen's favourite, beheaded, Feb. 25, 1602; the 
queeu died at Richmond, March 24, 1603 ; was buried at West- 
minster, and was succeeded by the son of Mary queen of Scots, then 
James VI. of Scotlaud. 

JAMES I. born at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566; was crowned king of 
Scotland, July 22, 1567; married Anne, princess of Denmark, Aug. 
10, 1589; succeeded to the crown of England, March 24, 1603 ; first 
styled king of Great Britain, 1604 ; arrived at London, May 7 fol- 
lowing ; lost his eldest son, Henry prince of Wales, Nov. 6, 1612, 
aged IS ; married his daughter Elizabeth, to the prince Palatine of 
the Rhine, 1612; from whom his present majesty, George IV. is 
descended; went to Scotland, March 4, 1617; returned, Sept. 14, 
1618; lost his queen, March, 1619 ; died of an ague, March 27, 1625; 
was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by 

CHARLES I. born Nov. 19, 1600; visited Madrid to fetch a wife, 
March 7, 1623; succeeded to the crown, March 27, 1625; married 
Henrietta, daughter of the king of France, the same year ; crowned 
Feb. 2, 1626; crowned at Edinburgh, 1633: went to Scotland, Aug. 
1641; returned, Nov. 25 following; went to the House of Commons 
and demanded the five members, Jan. 1641-2; retired to Y'ork, 
March, 1642; raised his standard at Nottingham, Aug. 25 following; 
travelled in the disguise of a servant, and put himself* into the hands 
of the Scots, at Newark, May 5, 1646; sold by the Scots for 200,000^. 
Aug. 8 following; seized by Col. Joyce, at Holmby, June 3, 1646; 
escaped from Hampton-court, and retreated to the Isle of Wight, 
July 29, 1648; closely confined in Hurst castle, Dec. 1 following; re- 
moved to W indsor castle, Dec. 23, to St. James's house, Jan. 19, 
1649; brought to trial the next day, condemned the 27th, beheaded 
at Whitehall the 30th, aged 48, and buried in St. George's chapel, 
Windsor. His queen, Henrietta, died in France, Aug. 10, 1669. 

OLIVER CROMWELL, born at Huntingdon, April 25, 15S9, chosen 
member of parliament for Huntingdon, 1628; made a colonel, 16^3 ; 
went over to Ireland with his army, July, 1649 ; returned, May , 1650 ; 
made protector for life, Dec. 12, 1653; was near beiug killed by 
falling from a coach-box, Oct 1654 ; re-admitted the Jews into Eng- 
land in 1656, after their expulsion of 365 years ; refused the title of 
king, May 8, 1657; died at Whitehall, Sept. 3, 1658; and was suc- 
ceeded by his son, 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



175 



RICHARD CROMWELL, proclaimed protector, Sept. 4, 1658 ; re- 
signed, April 22, 1659; died at Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, July 12, 
1712, aged 82. 

CHARLES II. born May 29, 1630 ; escaped from St. James's, April 
23, 1648; landed in Scotland, 1650; crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 1651; 
defeated at the battle of Worcester, 1651 ; landed at Dover, May 
20, 1660, and restored to his throne ; crowned April 13, 1661 ; mar- 
ried Catharine, infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662 ; accepted the 
city freedom, Dec. 18, 1674; died^Feb. 6, 1685, aged 54, of an apo- 
plexy ; was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by his bro- 
ther James. Catherine, his queen, died, Dec. 21, 1705. 

JAMES II. born Oct. 15, 1633 ; married Anne Hyde, Sept. 1660, who 
died, 1671; married the princess of Modena,Nov. 21, 1673; succeed- 
ed to the throne, Feb. 6, 1685 ; Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. 
landed in England, June 11, 1685; proclaimed king at Taunton, in 
Somersetshire, June 20, following ; defeated near Bridgewater, 
July 5; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15 following, aged 35; James's 
queen had a son born, June 10, 1688; the king fled from his palace, 
Dec. 12, 1688; was seized soon after at Feversham, and brought 
back to Whitehall ; left England, Dec. 23 following ; landed at Kin- 
sale, in Ireland, March 12, 1689; returned to France, July, 1690; 
died at St. Germain's, Aug. 6, 1701. 

WILLIAM III. prince of Orange, born Nov. 4, 1650; created Stadt- 
holder, July 3, 1672 ; married the princess Mary of England, Nov. 
4;, 1677 ; landed at Torbay, in England, with an army, Nov. 4, 1688 ; 
declared king of England, Feb. 13, 1689; crowned with his queen, 
April 11, 1689; landed at Carrickfergus, June 14, 1690; and defeat- 
ed James II. at the battle of the Boyne, July 1 following; a plotlaid 
for assassinating him. Feb. 1690; fell from his horse and broke his 
collar-bone, Feb. 21, 1702; died, March 8, aged 51; was buried 
April 12 following, and left his sister-in-law, Anne, his successor to 
the crown. 

MARY, WILLIAM'S queen, born April 30, 1662; proclaimed (with 
her husband) queen, regent of England, Feb. 13, 1689; died of the 
small-pox, Dec. 28, 1694, aged 32, and was buried at Westminster. 

ANNE, born Feb. 6, 1665; married to prince George of Denmark, 
July 28, 1683, by whom she had 18 children, all of whom died young ; 
she came to the crown, March 8, 1702 ; crowned, April 13 following; 
lost her son George, duke of Gloucester, by a fever, July 29, 1700, 
aged 11 ; lost her husband, who died of an asthma and dropsy, Oct. 
28, 1708, aged 55 ; the queen died of an apoplexy, Aug. 1, 1714, aged 
49; was buried at W estminster, and was succeeded by 

GEORGE I. elector of Hanover, duke of Brunswick Lunenburgh, born 
May 28, 1660; created duke of Cambridge, &c. Oct. 5, 1706. Prin- 
cess Sophia, his queen, mother of George II. died June 8, 1714, aged 
83. He was proclaimed Aug. 1, 1714; landed at Greenwich, Sept. 
18 following; died on his journey to Hanover, at Osnaburgh, Sun- 
day, June 11, 1727, of a paralytic disorder, aged 67, and was suc- 
ceeded by his eldest son, 

GEORGE II. born Oct. 30, 1683 ; created prince of Wales, Oct. 4,1714; 
married the princess, Wilhelmina Carolina Dorothea, of Branden- 
burgh Anspach, 1704 ; ascended the throne, June 11, 1727; lost his 
queen of a mortification in her bowels, Nov. 20, 1737, aged 54; sup- 
pressed a rebellion, 1745; died suddenly at Kensington, Oct. 25, 
1760, aged 77, and was succeeded by his grandson, George III. 

FREDERICK LEWIS, prince of Wales, son of George II. born Jan. 
20, 1706; arrived in England, Dec. 1729; married Augusta, princess 
of Saxe Gotha, April 27, 1736 ; forbidden the court the year follow- 
ing i died March 20, 1751, aged 44; having had issue, Augusta, born 
Aug. 11, 1737, afterwards duchess of Brunswick; George Augustus, 
the last king of England ; Edward Augustus, born March 25, 1759, 
died duke of York, Sept. 17, 17G9 ; Eliza Caroline, born Jan. 10, 
1740, died Sept. 17. 1 >9 ; William Henry, born Nov. 23, 1743, late duke 
of Gloucester, died Aug. 25, 1805; Henry Frederick, born Nov. 7, 
1T45, late duke of Cumberland, married Oct. 1171, Anne Horton, 
daughter of lord Irnham, and died without issue, Sept. 18, 1790; 
Louisa-Anne, born May 29, 1748, died May 21, 1768; Frederick Wil- 
H 4 



176 



CHRONOLOGY. 



liam, born May 24, 1750, died May 10, 1765; Caroline Matilda, born 
July 22, 1751, died queen of Denmark, 1775. His princess died of a 
consumption, Feb. 8, 1772, aged 52. 
GEORGE III. eldest son of Frederick, late prince of Wales, was bom 
June 4, 1738; created prince of Wales, 1751 ; succeeded his grand- 
father, Oct. 25, 1760; proclaimed the next day; manned Charlotte 
Sophia, princess of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, Sept. 8, 1761, who was 
born May 19, 1744; and both were crowned, Sept. 22, 1761. His 
majesty was deranged in mind from October, 1788, to March, 1789; 
on April 24, 1789, he went in procession to St. Paul's cathedral; re- 
covered from a second attack, March 16, 1804 ; relapsed, 1810 ; con- 
tinued insane till he died, Jan. 29, 1820. Their issue are, 

1. George, prince of Wales, (the present king), born Aug. 12, 1762 ; 
married, April 8, 1795, Caroline Amelia Augusta, the second daugh- 
ter of the Duke of Brunswick, (by Augusta, the eldest sister of 
George III.)? born May 17, 1768, by whom he had issue Charlotte 
Carolina Augusta, born Jan. 7, 1796, who died Nov. 6, 1817. 

2. Frederick, duke of York, bishop of Osnaburgh, born Aug. 16, 1763; 
married Sept. 29, 1791, to Frederica Charlotta Ulrica Catharina, 
princess royal of Prussia, who was born May 7, 1767. 

3. William Henry, born Aug. 21, 1765 ; duke of Clarence, admiral in 
the royal navy. 

4* Charlotte Augusta Matilda, born Sept. 29, 1766 ; married, May IS, 
1797, to Frederick William, duke (afterwards king) of Wurtem- 
burg, who died, 1816. 

5. Edward, duke of Kent, born Nov. 2, 1767; died, Jan. 23. 1820* 

6. Augusta Sophia, born Nov. 8, 1768. 

7. Elizabeth, born May 22, 1770. 

S. Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, born June 5, 1771 ; married 
to the dowager princess of Salms, Aug. 29, 1814. 

9. Augustus Frederick, duke of Sussex, born Jan. 27, 1773. 

10. Adolphus Frederick, duke of Cambridge, born Feb. 24, 1774. 

11. Mary, bom April 25, 1776; married to William Frederick, duke of 

Gloucester, July 22, 1816. 
1?. Sophia, bom Nov. 3, 1777. 

IS. Octavius, born Feb. 23, 1779 ; died, May 3, 1783. 

14. Alfred, bom Sept. 22, 1780; died, Aug. 20, 1782. 

15. Amelia, born Aug. 8, 1783; died, Nov. 2, 1810. 



GEORGE IV. eldest son of George III. born Aug. 12, 1762; married 
the princess Caroline of Brunswick, April 8, 1795; assumed the of- 
fice of Regent, 1810; succeeded to the throne, Jan. 29, 1820 ; queen 
Caroline died, Aug. 27, 1821. Princess Charlotte of Wales born. 
Jan. 6, 1796 ; married prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, May 2, 1816 ; 
died in child-bed, Nov. 6, 1817. 



SECT. VIII. 



SCOTCH SOVEREIGNS, &c. 



THIS nation has as great pretensions to antiquity as any in Europe, 
having, according to their historians, possessed that kingdom for 
above 2000 years, without ever being entirely conquered; though 



SCOTCH SOVEREIGNS. 



177 



%hey have been subdued at certain periods by the Romans and Eng- 
lish, and in a great measure over-run by the "Danes. They boast of a 
iine of 115 kings, who can all of thein deduce their pedigree from 
Fergus II. who was sent by the people of Ireland, and came into Scot- 
land about the time that Alexander the Great took Babylon, viz. 330 
before Christ. As to the origin of the Scots, there are various opi- 
nions ; and the historians, who contend for their great antiquity, say 
they came from Spain. Those are opposed by others, who in gene- 
ral suppose them to be a remainder of the Britons who lied from the 
Romaif servitude. However, we shall begin with Meteilaus, the 1 2th 



king of Scotland, (in the second year of whose reign Jesus Christ was 
born), who died in 29, and was succeeded by Caractacus. 

KIKGS OF SCOTLAND. 

Names. Began to reign. Names. Began to reign, 

Caractacus — 32 Achaius — 787 

Corbred I. — 54 Congale III. — Si 9 

Dardanus — 70 Dongal — 824 

Corbred II. — 12 Alpin — 831 

Ductatus — 104 Kenneth II. — 834 

Mogaldus — 10? Donald V. — 854 

Conarus — 142 Constantine II. — S58 

Argadus — 146 Ethus — 874 

Ethodius I. — 161 Gregory — 876 

Satrael — 193 Donald VI. — 892 

Donald I. — 197 Constantine III. — 903 

Ethodius II. — 216 Malcolm I. — 938 

Achiro — 230 Indulphus 958 

Nathaiocus — 2-12 Buphus — 968 

Fin doc us — 252 Cuilenus — 972 

Donald II. — 262 Kenneth ill. — 913 

Donald III. — 263 Constantine IV. — 994 

Crathilinthus — 277 Grimus — 998 

Finchormarchus — 320 Malcolm II — 1004 

Romachus — 368 Duncan — 1034 

Angusianus — 371 Macbeth — 1040 

Fethelmachus — 373 Malcolm III. — 1057 

Eugenius I. — 376 Donald VII. — 1093 

Fergus I. — 403 Duncan II. — 1095 

Eugenius II. — 419 Donald VII, again — 1095 

Dongard — 451 Interregnum — 1096 

Constantine I. — 457 Edgar — 1097 

Congale I. — 479 Alexander I. — 1107 

Goran I. — 501 David I. — 1124 

Eugenius III. — 545 Malcolm IV. — 1153 

Congale II. — 558 William — 1165 

Chinlane or > Alexander II. — 1214 

Cumatillus j 0bS Alexander III. — 1240 

Aidan — 569 Interregnum — 1245 

Kenneth I. — 604 John Baliol — 1S92 

Eugenius IV. — 606 Robert I. — 1306 

Ferchard I. — 622 David II. — 1309 

Donald IV. — €32 Edward Baliol — 1332 

Ferchard II. — 646 David II. again — 1341 

Maid win — 664 Robert II. — 1371 

Eugenius V. — 684 John Robert — 1390 

Eugenius VI. — 687 James I. — i 40 5 

Amberchelet — 697 James II. — 1437 

Eugenius VII. — 698 James III. — liOO 

Mordac — 715 James IV. — u$$ 

Etsinius — 730 James V. _ 1513 

Eugenius VIII. — 761 Mary Stuart — 1542 

Fergus II. — 763 James VI. — 1557 

Solvatius — 766 



James VI. on the death of Elizabeth, queen of England, ascended 
that throne in 1603, and his descendants were the kings of England 
H 5 



178 



CHRONOLOGY. 



also till 1707, when the two kingdoms were united under the title of 
Great Britain. 



KINGS OF FRANCE, FROM HUGH CAPET. 

Hugh Capet — 987 John — 1350 

Robert — 996 Charles V. the Wise — 1364 

Henry I. — 1031 Charles VI. the Well -beloved 13SO 

Philip I. — 1059 Charles VII. the Victorious 1422 

Louis VI. — 1105 Henry VI. of England 

Louis VII. the Young' — 1137 proclaimed 

Philip II. the August — 1160 Louis XI. — ^461 

Louis VIII. — 1223 Charles VIII. — 1463 

Louis IX, — 1226 Louis XII. — 1498 

Philip III. the Hardy — 1271 Francis I. — 1515 

Philip IV. the Fair — 1255 Francis II. — 1559 

Louis X. — 1314 Charles IX. — 1560 

John — 1316 Henry III. — 1574 

Philip V. — 1316 Henry IV. — - 1589 

Charles IV. the Fair — 1322 Louis XIII. — 1610 

Edward of England crowned Louis XIV. — 1643 

Philip VI. the^Courtier 1328 Louis XV. — 1715 
Louis XVI. king of > ranee, 1774; deposed, Aug. 10, 1792; beheaded, 

Jan. 21, 1793, and the country declared a republic. 

Louis XVII. died, June 4, 1795, in prison. — Napoleon Buonaparte 

crowned emperor, Dec. 2, 1804. — Louis XVIII., to whom the king- 
dom was restored, 1S14. 



KINGS OF SPAIN, FROM FERDINAND THE GREAT. 



Ferdinand the Great, under 
whom Castile and Leon 
were united, from 1027 to 1035 



Sancho the Strong — 1067 

Alphonso the Valiant 1072 

Alphonso VII. — 1109 

Alphonso VIII. — 1122 

Sancho III. — 1157 

Ferdinand II. — 1158 

Alphonso IX. — 1158 

Henry I. — 1214 

Ferdinand III. — 1216 

Alphonso X. — 1252 

Sancho IV. — 1284 

Ferdinand IV. — 1295 

Alphonso XL — 1312 

Peter the Cruel — 1350 

Henry II. — 1368 

John I. the Bastard — 1379 



Henry III. — 1390 

John II. — 1406 

Henry IV. — 1454 

Ferdinand and Isabella, the 

first styled Catholic 1474 

Philin I. — 1504 

Charles I. — 1516 

Philip II. — 1555 

Philip III. — 1591 

Philip IV. — 1621 

Charles II. — 1665 

Philip V. resigned — 1700 

Lewis — 1724 

Fhilip re-assumed, died 1725 

Ferdinand VI. — 1746 

Charles III. — 1759 

Charles IV. — 1788 

who resigned the crown to 

his son Ferdinand VII. 1SOS 



EMPERORS OF GERMANY, FROM CHARLEMAGNE. 



Charlemagne, began — 800 Henry the Fowler — 918 

Lothario I. — 840 Otho the Great — 936 

Lewis II. — 855 Otho II. — 973 

Charles the Bald — 874 Otho III. — 983 

Louis III. — 875 Henry II. — 1002 

Charles the Fat — 879 Conrad II. — 1024 

Arnold — 888 Henry III. — 1039 

Guy and Lambert — 891 Henry IV. — 1056 

Louis the Infant — 899 Henry V. — 1106 

Conrad I. — 911 Lothario II. — H25 



KINGS OF SWEDEN, 179 

Conrad III. — 1133 Frederick III. — 1440 

Frederick I. — 1155 Maximilian I. — 1493 

Henry VI. — 1190 Charles V. — 1519 

Philip — 1197 Ferdinand I. — I6&S 

Otho IV. — 1208 Maximilian II. of Hungary 1564 

Frederick II. — 1212 Rodolphus II. — 1576 

William or Conrad IV. 1250 Mathias — 1612 

Rodolphus of Hapsburgh 1273 Ferdinand II. — 1619 

Adolphus of Nassau — 1291 Ferdinand III. — 1639 

Albert I. of Austria — 1298 Leopold I. — 1656 

Henry VII. — 1309 Joseph I. — 1705 

Lewis V. — 1314 Charles VI. — 1711 

John and Philip the Long 1317 Charles VII. of Bavaria 1742 

Charles IV. — 1342 .Francis I. of Lorraine 1745 

Wenceslaus — 1378 Joseph II. — 1765 

Frederick and Robert Pala- Leopold II. — 1790 

tine — 1400 Francis — 1792 

Joseph of Moravia, Sigis- who took the title of Empe- 

mund of Luxemburgh 1410 r or of Austria, Aug. 11, 1804 

Albert of Austria — \438 



EMPERORS AND EMPRESSES OF RUSSIA, FROM PETER I. 



Peter the Great began 
Catharine I. — 
Peter II. — 
Anne — 
John V. two months old 



1682 Elizabeth 

1725 Peter III. 

1727 Catharine II. 

1730 Paul 
1740 



Alexander, the present emperor, March 28, 1801. 



1741 
1762 
1163 
1796 



KINGS OF POLAND, FROM SIGISMUND, SON OF THE KING 
OF SWEDEN. 



Sigismund III. began — 1583 

Uladislaus VII. — 1632 

John II. — 1648 

Michael, a Russian Prince 1669 

John III. Sobieski — 1674 



Frederick II. Elector of 

Saxony — 1697 

Stanislaus I. — 1704 

Frederick II. again — 1710 

Frederick III. — 1733 



Stanislaus II. count Poniatowski, 1764, who resigned the regal dignity 
in 1795, when his kingdom was divided between Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia, and he died at Petersburg!!, Feb. 11, 1798. 



KINGS AND QUEENS OF SWEDEN, FROM SIGISMUND I. 
KING OF POLAND. 

Sigismund I. began — 1592 Ulrique, sister to Charles, 



Charles IX. — 1606 aged 15 — 1718 

Gustavus II. Adolphus 1611 Adolphus of Holstein — 1751 

Christina, aged 6 — 1633 Gustavus III. — 1771 

Charles X. — 1654 Gustavus IV. — 1792 

Charles XI. four years old 1660 Charles XIII, — 1809 

Charles XII. aged 15 — 1699 



Crown Prince, John Jules, prince of Ponte Corvo (marshal Berna- 
dotte), born Jan. 26, 1764; elected crown prince of Sweden, 1810; 
ascended the throne, under the title of Charles XIV. Feb. 5, 1S18. 

H 6 



ISO 



CHRONOLOGY. 



KINGS OF DENMARK, FROM FREDERICK L 



Frederick I. began — 1523 Frederick IV. — 1699 

Christian III. — 1554 Christian VI. — 1730 

Frederick II. — 1559 Frederick V. — 1746 

Christian IV. — 155S Christian VII. — 1766 

Frederick Hi. — 1643 Frederick VI. 1808 

Christian V. — 1670 



KINGS AND QUEENS OF PORTUGAL*, FROM JOHN IV. 

John IV. began — 1640 John V. — 1706 

Alphonso — 1646 Joseph — 1750 

Peter II. — 1683 Mary, the late queen 1777 
John VI. 1S16. 



KINGS OF PRUSSIA, FROM FREDERICK I. THEIR FIRST 
KING. 

Frederick L began — 1701 Frederick II. — 1740 

Frederick William I. 1713 Frederick William II. 1786 

Frederick William III. the present king, 1797. 



SECT. IX. 



KINGDOMS, STATES, CITIES, TOWNS, &c &c. 
FOUNDED. 

Abingdon, in Berks, built in 517. 

Achaia founded, 1800 years before Christ. 

Aix la Chapelle built, 795. 

Alexandria, in Egypt, built in 17 days, the walls whereof were six 
miles in circuit, 332 before Christ; taken by the French, 179S. 

Algiers was a Roman province, 44 before Christ ; seized by Barba- 
rossa, 1516. 

America, first discovered byColumbus, 1492 — The complete discovery 
of South America was made by Vespucius Americanus, a Floren- 
tine, from whom it derives its name, 1497. Mexico was conquered 
by Spain, 1518. — Peru, 1520. — Brazil was discovered by the Portu- 
guese, 1500; planted by them in 1549, and remains in their posses- 
sion — Terra Firma was conquered by Spain, in 1514 — North Ame- 
rica was first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian, in the 
service of England, and his son John Cabot, an Englishman, in 
1497 — John Cabot settled Newfoundland, the first English colony in 
America, 1498— Florida was first discovered by John Cabot, in 1500; 
it was ceded to Spain, by the peace of 17S3— Louisiana was dis- 
covered by the French, 1663; they took possession of it, 171S; but 
eastward of the Mississippi, was ceded to England, 1763 — The first 
British settlement made in North America was in Virginia, 4th 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 181 

James I. 1607— New England was the second in 1614, by the Ply- 
mouth Company.— In 1620, a large body of dissenters, who fled from 
church tyranny in England, purchased the Plymouth patent, and 
built New Plymouth.— Salem was built in 1628 ; and Boston, the 
present capital, 1630.— Pennsylvania was settled by William Penn, 
a celebrated quaker, in whose family the patent lately subsisted, 

1681 Maryland, by lord Baltimore, 1633.— Carolina, by English 

merchants, 1670.— New York was first settled by the Dutch ; but 
the English dispossessed them and the Swedes, 1664. Georgia, by 
General Oglethorpe, 1732.— Nova Scotia was settled by the Scotch, 
under Sir William Alexander, 1622; but underwent several 
changes from the English to the French, and then to the English 
again, till it was confirmed to the latter by the peace of 1748 — Ca- 
nada was attempted to be settled by the French m 1534 ; they 
built Quebec in 1608 ; but the whole country was conquered by the 
English, in 1762 ; and ceded by the peace of 1763.— Packet boats first 
established between Old and New Spain with the liberty of trading, 
1564.— Free trade opened between Old and New Spain, by the Straits 
of Magellan, 1774— Paper currency established in America, May 15, 
1775. — Several viceroys appointed in Spanish America, 1776.— 
Thirteen colonies united, and declared themselves independent of 
the English crown, July 4. 1776; allowed by France, Feb. 6, 1778; 
by Holland, Oct. 8, 1782; by the English parliament, Nov. 30, 1783. 
— American congress first met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1775. — 
William Henry, third son of king George III. was the first prince of 
the blood royal that ever landed in North America, 1781. — Spanish 
America declared itself independent, 1810.— Provinces of, assem- 
bled in congress, declared the sovereignty of the people, July 5, 
1811.— United States of America declared war against England, 
June 18, 1812.— Made peace with England, Dec. 24, 1814. 

Amsterdam first settled, 1203; walled, 1482; taken possession of by 
the French, Jan. 18, 1795. 

And over made a free burgh, 1205. 

Antioch built, 300 before Christ. 

Antwerp first mentioned in history, 517; walled, 1256; pillaged by 
its garrison, 1576; ruined, 1585; declared a free port, 1784; sur- 
rendered to the French, 1701. 

Aquitaine erected into a principality, 1362; re-annexed to the crown 
of France, 1730. 

Areopagus first erected at Athens, 1272 before Christ. 

Argos, the kingdom of, began 1586 before Christ. 

Arragon, erected into a kingdom, 912. 

Assyria, kingdom of, began under Ninus, 2059 before Christ; lasted 
above 1264 years, ended with Sardanapalus ; out of its ruins were 
formed the Assyrians of Babylon, those of Nineveh, and the Medes. 

Athens, kingdom of, began 1556 before Christ. 

Austria annexed to Germany, 1042; erected into a duchy, 1156; 

erected into an empire, Aug. 11, 1804. 
Azof founded by the Genoese, 1261. 

Babylon, the city of, founded by Nimrod, 2640 ; walled, 1243 ; taken 
by Cyrus, 588; by Darius, after 19 months siege, 511 before 
Christ. 

Babylonish monarchy founded, 2217 before Christ. 
Bagdad built, 762. 

Balbec built 144; totally obliterated by an earthquake, 1759. 

Bavaria, dukedom of, founded 1180; made an electorate, 1038: 
erected into a kingdom by Buonaparte, 1805. 

Berne, in Switzerland, made an imperial city, 1290; ancient go- 
vernment of, overturned by the French, re-established, Dec. 24, 
1813. 

Bilboa rebuilt, 1300. 
Bohemia, kingdom of, founded, 550. 
Bourbon erected into a duchy, 1336. 
Brabant made a dukedom, 620. 

Bra ndenburgh created a marquisate, 925; created a dukedom, 1526. 
Bremen fortified, 1010. 

British isles ; they were inhabited originally by a people called Bri- 
tons, of the same stock with the ancient Gauls or Celtee.^-The Ro- 



182 



CHRONOLOGY. 



mans first invaded them under Julius Caesar, 54 B. C. but made no 
conquests. — The emperor Claudius, and his generals Plautiu9, Ves- 
pasian, and Titus, subdued several provinces after 30 pitched bat- 
tles with the natives, A. D. 43 and 44. — The conquest was completed 
by Agricola in the reign of Domitian, S5. — Wrested from the Roman 
empire by Carausius, 289 ; recovered by Constantius, 296. The 
Romans held their conquests till 428; then the old inhabitants called 
in the Saxons to assist them against the Picts and Scots ; these 
Saxons made a second conquest, and divided South Briton into 
seven kingdoms, 455. — This government was called the Saxon Hep- 
tarchy, and lasted till 829, when Egbert having subdued and united 
them under one government, was crowned king of England. (See 
England.) 

Britanny, founded as a kingdom, 3S3 ; made a duchy, S74 ; annexed 

to the crown of France, 1150. 
Bruges founded, 700: fortified, 890. 
Brunswick built, 361. 

Burgundy, the dukedom of, established, S90; the kingdom founded, 
413; again in 814: united to the German empire, 1035; disunited 
by a revolt, and divided into four sovereignties, 1074. 

Byzantium, now Constantinople, founded, 715 B. C. 

Caesarea built after 12 years labour, by Augustus Caesar, seven years 
before Christ. 

Calcutta seized and settled by the English, 1689. 

Canterbury built, 912 before Christ ; paved, 1477. 

Carthage founded by the Tyrians, 1259; built by queen Dido, 1233 ; 
destroyed, 146; rebuilt, 123 B. C. 

Cambridge, once a city called Granta, built by Carausius ; university 
chartered, 53S; founded, 900; the town burnt by the Danes, 1010; 
university revived, 1110 ; its castle built, 1067; streets paved, 
1410; again, 1544; chancellor's court established by queen Eliza- 
beth ; refused a degree to a papist recommended by the king, Feb. 
1687; a senate-house built, 1722: installation of the duke of New- 
castle, July 5, 1749 ; the duke of Grafton, 1768; the statue of the 
duke of Somerset erected in the senate-house, July 14, 1756 ; of the 
late king, in 1765; paved and lighted, 1789. 

Castile and Arragon kingdom begun, 1035. 

Chichester built by Cissa, 516; paved, 1576. 

China empire, founded, 2100 before Christ; but its history does not 
extend above the Greek Olympiads ; the first dynasty, when Prince 
Yu reig-ned, 2207 before Christ ; before this time the Chinese chro- 
nology is imperfect ; by some, Fohi is supposed to be the founder 
of the empire, and its first sovereign, 2247 before Christ; literature 
there revived, and the art of printing practised, 206 before Christ ; 
the first history of China was published by Sematsian, 97 before 
Christ; first grant of the island of Macoa, at the entrance of the 
river Canton, to the Portuguese, 15S6; the country conquered bv 
the eastern Tartars, when the emperor and his family killed them- 
selves, 1635; an attempt to establish Christianity there by the 
Jesuits, 1692; the missionaries expelled, 1724. It is 15 time* larger 
than Great Britain and Ireland; and though not half the size of 
Europe, contains full as many inhabitants. 

Cisalpine republic founded by the French, June 30, 1797 ; acknow- 
ledged by the emperor to be independent, Oct. 17, following. 

Colchester built, 125 before Christ ; walled, 1382. 

Cologne made an imperial city, 959, made archiepiscopal, 742; elec- 
toral, 1021. 

Constantinople changed its name from Byzantium, 329 ; was made 
the seat of an emperor, 1268 ; Cadies or justices introduced, to de- 
cide the disputes between the Greeks and Turks, 1390; taken by 
Mahomet II, May 29, 1452, who put an end to the eastern empire, 
1453; walled 20 miles round, 413. 

Copenhagen founded, 1169; made a city, 1319 ; made the capital of 
Denmark, 1443. 

Corinth, kingdom of, established 1355 before Christ. 

Cork, in Ireland, built, 1170. 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 



183 



Corsica dependent on Genoa till 1730; ceded to France, 1770; offered 
to Germany for 150,000/. in 1781 ; surrendered its sovereignty to 
Great Britaiu, 1794 ; relinquished, in 1796. 

Conrland made a duchy, 1561. 

Cracow, in Poland, founded, 700. 

Cronstadt built by Peter the Great, of Russia, 170*. 

Dantzick founded, 1169; first walled in, 1398; admitted to a suffrage 
in the election of kings of Poland, 1632; put themselves under the 
protection of Prussia, 1703; compelled to acknowledge Stanislaus 
king- of Poland, 1707; the king of Prussia seized upon the territory 
rouud the city, 1789. 

Dauphiny annexed to the kingdom of France, 1349. 

Delft city founded, 1072. 

Denmark united to Norway, 1412; separated from it, 1521; crown 
made hereditary, 1660; Pomerania and the isle of Rugen annexed 
to it in exchange for Norway, by treaty, Jan. 14, 1814. 

Deptford erected for the king's naval store-house, 1513. 

Domingo, St. given up by the French governor, Rochambeau, to the 
black troops, Nov 19, 1803.j 

Dover castle built by Julius Caesar; town fortified, 1525. 

Dresden founded, 808. 

Dublin city walls built about 838; its first charter granted, 1173; its 
castle built, 1220 ; university founded, 1591 ; students admitted to 
its university, Jan. 1594. 

Dunkirk founded, 966. 

East Indies were first discovered by the Romans, but authors differ as 
to the time ; but with certainty we know, that Alexander the Great 
made extensive conquests in this country, 327 B.C.; by the Portu- 
guese, 1497 ; conquered in 1500, and settled by them in 1506. — The 
first settlement was Goa. — The first commercial intercourse of the 
English with the East Indies, was a private adventure of three ships 
fitted out from England, 33 Eliz. 1591; only one of them reached 
India; and after a voyage ofUiree years, the commander, Capt. 
Lancaster, was brought home in another ship, the sailors having 
seized on his own; but his information gave rise to a capital mer- 
cantile voyage, and the first East India company's charter, on Dec. 
31, 1600, their stock consisting of 72,000/., they fitted out four ships, 
and meeting with success, they have continued ever since. — A new 
company established, 1698: the old one re-established, 1700; agreed 
to give government 400,000/. a year, for five years, so they might 
continue unmolested, Feb. 1769; house built, 1726; India bill passed, 
1773; sent judges from England thither, 1774. — Dutch East India 
company established, 1594. — East India company at Copenhagen 
established, 1612; another at Embden, 1750; in Sweden, 1731; char- 
ter of the English East India company renewed, 1813. 

East Angles' kingdom began, 571; ended, 792. 

East Saxons' kingdom began, 527; ended, 746. 

Edinburgh built, 950; fortified, and castle erected, 1074; made the 
metropolis of Scotland by James III. 1482 ; James II. was the first 
king crowned there, 1437. 

Egypt, the kingdom of, began, 2188 before Christ, and lasted 1633 
years ; reduced to a province, 31 after Christ; and subdued by the 
Turks, in 1525 ; the French army entered it in 1798, and conquered 
it, but were expelled by the English in 1801. 

Elbing, in Prussia, founded, 1240. 

Elsineur, in Denmark, built two before Christ. 

England originally inhabited by the Britons, a branch of the ancient 
Gauls, or Celtae. — The western part, in the time of the Romans, was 
inhabited by the Belgas, the northern by the Brigantes, South Wales, 
by the Silures, and Norfolk and Suffolk, by the Iceni. — Invaded by 
Julius Caesar, 54 before Christ, subdued by Claudius, 44, and com- 
pletely so by Agricola, in 85. — The Romans kept possession till 410. 
— Conquered by the Saxons, 455, who were invited over by the an- 
cient inhabitants, and they divided it into seven kingdoms, called 
the heptarchy. — Ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 448. — Erected into 
a kingdom by the union of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy, near 
400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 823. — Called England by 
order of Egbert, who was the first king of England, in a general 



184 



CHRONOLOGY. 



council held at Winchester, A. D. 827. — The name of England and 
of Englishman, had been used as far back as 6S8, but had never been 
ratified by any assembly of the nation. — Conquered by the Danes, 
877. — Recovered by Alfred, 880. — Divided into counties and hun- 
dreds, 886. — A general survey made, and the rolls deposited at 
Winchester, 896. — An inglorious peace made with the Danes, and 
tribute agreed to be paid annually, besides 16,( 00Z. in money, pro- 
vided they retired, and discontinued their invasions, 995* — In 1002 
the Danes broke the agreement, committed horrid cruelties and 
devastations, and the timid Ethelred II. paid them no less than 
24,000/. for peace, which sum was levied by a tax on all the lands 
in England for Banegelt, by which ignominious name this first land 
tax was known and collected in England, till it was suppressed by 
Edward the Confessor, in 1051. — William I. revived it as a crown 
revenue. — In 1012, Swein totally conquered England, and obliging- 
Ethelred to retire to Normandy, was proclaimed king; it remained 
in the bauds of the Danish kings, till 1042. — William, duke of Nor- 
mandy, claimed the crown, invaded England, defeated the reigning 
king Harold II. and the English were next governed by the Norman 
line, 1056. — A new survey made of England, and the register called 
Doomsday-book, being- however only an alteration and improve- 
ment of Alfred's, 1080; the taxes were levied according to this sur- 
vey till 13 Henry VIII. 1522, when a more accurate survey was 
taken, and was called by the people the new Doomsday -book. — Put 
under an interdict by the pope, for John's opposing* his nomination 
to the see of Canterbury, 1206. — Interdict taken off' on John's sub- 
mission, 1214. — All in arms, 1215, — Underwent a reformation in go- 
vernment, 1258. — Put under an interdict on Henry VIII 's shaking 
off* the pope's supremacy, 1535. — The crowns of England and Scot- 
land united in the person of James Stuart, the sixth of that name, 
king of Scotland, who succeeded to the throne of England, by the 
title of James I. 1603. — The two kingdoms united by the consent of 
both nations, and thenceforth named Great Britain, 1707. — Ireland 
united to England and Scotland, and the whole denominated the 
British empire, Jan. 1, 1801. — Prince of Wales sworn in regent of 
the kingdom, during the indisposition of George III. Feb. 5, 1811. 

Erfurt, in Thur ingia, founded, 416. 

Eustaiia isle, settled by the Dutch, 1632. 

Fort St. George, in India, firs,, settled by the English East India Com- 
pany, 1620. 

France, the country of the ancient Gauls, a colony of the Belgse from 
Germany were permitted to settle in it, 200 before Christ. — It was 
conquered by the Romans 25 before Christ. — The Goths, Vandals, 
Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi, divided it amongst 
them from A. D. 400 to 476, when the Franks, another set of German 
emigrants, who had settled between the Rhine and the Maine, com- 
pleted the foundation of the late kingdom under Clovis.— Conquered, 
except Paris, by Edward III. of England, between 1341 and 1359. — 
An entire conquest by Henry V. who was made regent during the 
life of Charles VI., acknowledged heir to the crown of France, and 
homage paid to him accordingly, 1420. — The English crown lost all 
its possessions in France in the reign of Henry VI. between 1434 and 
1450. — This is the only state in Europe that could boast a perpetual 
succession from the conquerors of the western empire. — Its first king 
was Pharamond, who began to reign in 418; Clovis was the first 
Christian king, 481. — It was peopled by the natives of Germany, who 
crossed the Rhine to invade the Gauls. — The assemblies, called the 
states general, first met in 1302, and continued to 1614. — Scots guards 
were ever about the king, from the reign of St. Louis to that of 
Henry II. — It continued through 41 reigns of kings from Charle- 
magne. — King of, taken prisoner by the English, 1356, by Edward 
the black prince. — The Taillon tax established, 1549. — The French 
began to date from the birth of Christ, 1618 ; before they reckoned 
from the creaticm. — Queen mother of, visited England, 163S. — Law's 
banking scheme, something like the South Sea bubble in England, 
tookplace,1716; destroyed,! 720. — Francis I. taken prisoner by the im- 
perialists, and carried into Spain, Aug-. 1525; Francis II. killed at a tilt- 
ing match, 1559. — Alio wed the American independency, Feb. 16, 177S. 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 18& 

-^-Revolution commenced, July 14, 17S9. — King attempted to escape, 
June 21, 1791; confirmed the constitutional laws presented him, 
Sept. 13, 1791 ; divested of the reg al dignity, was sent to the Temple 
for confinement, Aug 1 . 10, 1792, and was beheaded, Jan. 91, 1793, 
when the state declared itself a republic. — His queen beheaded, 
Oct. 16, 1793. — Louis XVII. their only son, died in prison, June S, 
1795; and the princess Maria Theresa Charlotte, their daughter, 
was delivered up in exchange for deputies, Dec. 26, 1795. — Formed 
into an empire, May 5, 1804, and one of its generals, named Napo- 
leon Buonaparte, a Corsican, who had previously been first consul, 
crowned emperor, the 2d of December following. — Holland and the 
Hanseatic towns annexed to it, July 9, 1810. — The Italian territories 
on the left bank of the Enza united to it, Aug. 5, 1810.— The throne 
renounced by Buonaparte, April 5, 1814. — Louis XVIII. advanced 
to it, May 3, 1814. — Peace between France and the allied powers 
proclaimed at Paris, May 31, 1814. — Napoleon restored and re-ex- 
pelled, 1815. 

Flanders erected into an earldom, 793; made part of France, 1795; 

annexed to Holland, 1813. 
Florence founded, 1408 before Christ. 

Frankfort declared by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, 

an independent government, 1813. 
Fribourg in Switzerland founded, 1179. 

Friesland, East, and Hariingen. annexed to the kingdom of Hanover, 
1815. 

Geneva republic founded, 1512. 

Genoese republic founded, 1096. — Genoa annexed to the French em- 
pire, 1805.— Transferred to the king of Sardinia, 1814. 

Georgia colony settled, June 22, 1732; incorporated, July 31, 1752. 

Germany was divided anciently into several independent states, 
which made no figure in history till 25 before Christ, when they 
withstood the attempts of the Romans to subdue them, who con- 
quered some parts ; but by the repeated efforts of the Germans were 
entirely expelled about A. D. 290. — In 432, the Huns, driven from 
China, conquered the greatest part of this extensive country; but 
it was not totally subdued till Charlemagne became master of the 
whole, A. D. 802. — He was the first emperor, and added the second 
head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the empires of Rome 
and Germany were in him united. — It was called Allemania-, from 
Alleman, i. e. in German, 4 Every man,' denoting that all nations 
were welcome there. — Dukes being at this time made governors of 
those provinces, they claimed a right to sovereignty ; hence came 
most of the sovereign princes of Germany. — Louis I. Charlemagne's 
son, was the first king that made this empire independent, 814. — It 
continued united to the crown of France till 841. — Charles III. was 
the first that added the year of our Lord to the year of his reign, 
879. — Conrade I. was the first elected emperor, 912 ; he is deemed 
the first emperor of Germany freely chosen, but we have no authen- 
tic account of the electors of the empire till 1273, when Rodolph of 
Hapsburgh was chosen emperor by the seven electors, after an in- 
terregnum of 22 years. — The electors, according to some, reduced 
to seven, in 999. — To bring in their sons successors, the emperors, 
in their life-time, politically got them elected king of the Romans, 
which was a part of the sovereignty; the first emperor so elected, 
1054. — The elective power originated by tbe emperors getting their 
last will, wherein they nominated their successors, confirmed be- 
fore their deaths by the princes and great men. — The emperor 
Philip murdered, 1208. — Seven electors first appointed to choose an 
emperor, 1258. — Louis V. made tbe empire independent of the holy 
see, Aug. 8, 133H. — Golden bulls relating to ihe election of the em- 
perors, established by Charles IV. of Germany, 1356. — To get his son 
elected king of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 
ducats, and was forced to mortgage several cities to raise the mo- 
ney, 1376; the descendants of the mortgag ees continue still in the 

possession of them Charles V. born 1500; visited England, 1522; 

resigned his crown to his brother, 1558, and turned monk, 1558. — A 
reformation took place in the empire, 1648. — The peace of Car- 
lowitz, when the bounds of the German and Eastern empires were 
settled, 1689.— Rodolph was the first emperor of the house of Austria, 



186 



CHRONOLOGY. 



In which family the German empire continued till it passed into the 
house of Lorraine, by the marriage of the heiress of Austria, the 
celebrated queen of Hungary, to Francis, duke of Lorraine, who 
was elected erriperor, 1745. — There were nine electors, three ecclesi- 
astical and six secular, in whom was invested the right of electing the 
emperors of Germany. The three ecclesiastical were the archbishops 
of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne. The secular were Bohemia, Sax- 
ony, Brandenburgh, the Palatine, Bavaria, and Hanover. — The two 
last were added in violation of the golden bull, which restricted the 
number to seven. — The heir apparent to the empire must be chosen 
by the electors, king of the Romans, to secure his succession. — The 
emperor Leopold was poisoned, March 1, 1192. — The emperor of 
Germany assumed the title of emperor of Austria, Aug. 11, 1804. 

Gloucester built by Arviragus, 47, in honour of Claudius Caesar, whose 
daughter he married. 

Goree Isle first planted by the Dutch, 1617. 

Grand Cairo built by the Saracens, 969. 

Gravel ine founded, 1160. 

Gravesend erected to protect the river Thames, 1513. 
Grecian empire founded by Alexander, 331; commenced, 811. 
Groningen built, 433 before Christ. 

Hamburgh founded, 801; walled, 811 ; disfranchised, and incorporated 
with France, Jan. 1810; restored to independence by the allied so- 
vereigns, 1814. 

Hanover, hitherto but a village, walled, 1556; obtained the privileges 
of a city, 1578; made the ninth electorate, 1692; annexed to West- 
phalia, by Buonaparte, March 18, 1810; regained to England, Nov. 6, 
1813; principality of Hildesheim annexed to it, 1813; erected into 
a kingdom, 1814 ; assembly of the states of the new kingdom open- 
ed by the duke of Cambridge, Dec. 15, 1814; East Friesland and 
Harlingen added to it, 1815; duke of Cambridge appointed lieute- 
nant-governor of, Nov. 1816. 

Harmony town, Pennsylvania, formed by a number of German fami- 
lies, styling themselves the harmony society, who emigrated in Dec. 
1804. 

Havre-de-Grace built and fortified, 1545. 
Heptarchy, in England, commenced, 455; ended, 824. 
Hildesheim founded, 818. 

Holborn-bars first set up by the city of London, 1346. 
Holland, originally part of the territory of the Belgae, conquered by 
the Romans, 47 before Christ. — A sovereignty founded by Thierry, 
first count of Holland, A. D. 868; continued till 1417, when it passed 
by surrender to the duke of Burgundy, A, D. 1534; being oppressed 
by the bishop of Utrecht, the people ceded the country to Spain. 
The Spanish tyranny being insupportable, they revolted and formed 
the republic, now called the United Provinces, by the union of 
Utrecht, 1579. The office of stadthoider, or captain general of the 
United Provinces, made hereditary in the prince of Orange's family, 
not excepting- females, 1747.— A revolt formed, but prevented by 
the Prussians, 1787. — Invaded by the French in 1793, who took pos- 
session of it, Jan. 1795, and expelled the sladtholder.— Erected into 
a kingdom by the command of Buonaparte, and the title of king 
given to his brother Louis, June 5, 1806. The throne abdicated by 
Louis, July 1, 1810. United to France by a decree of Buonaparte, 
July 9, 1810.— Restored to the house of Orange, and Belgium an- 
nexed to it, Nov. 1813. 
Holstein delivered by Russia to the Danes, Nov. 16, 1775. 
Hull founded, 1296 ; incorporated by the name of Kingston, 1299. 
Ionian islands ceded to Britain, as a free and independent state, by 

the allied sovereigns in congress, Nov. 5, 1815. 
Jersey, Guernsey, i^ark, and Alderney, were appendages <sx the duchy 
of Normandy , and united to the crown of England, by, the first prince 
of Use Norman line. 
Jerusalem built 1800 before Christ; destroyed by Titus, 70; rebuilt by 
Adrian, 130; again destroyed, 136; taken by the Saracens, 637; 
taken by the Crusaders, July 14, 1099, when 70,000 infidels are said 
to have been massacred ; taken from the Christians by Saladin, 1190. 
Ilium buiit, 1359 before Christ. 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 



187 



Ireland; the original inhabitants of this country are supposed to have 
been of the Celtic stock ; it was divided formerly among- a number 
of petty sovereigns. — Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, at the request 
of Dermot, king of Leinster, invaded Ireland, and landed near Wa- 
terford, Aug. 23, 1170. — King Henry II. set sail from Milford Haven 
with a large army on board 440 transports, for the conquest of Ire- 
land.— He landed near Waterford, Oct. 26, 1171; and completed the 
conquest of the whole island, 1172.— In 1314, the Scots fomented a 
rebellion, and Edward Bruce, their sovereign, having expelled the 
English, was proclaimed king of Ireland, 1315. The Scots were 
driven out by the English, 1318. — All the Irish were ordered home, 
1423. The kings of England were called lords of Ireland till 1542, 
when Henry the VHIth. took the title of king. — Erected into a king- 
dom by a bull from Foye Paul IV. 1555. — Invaded by the Spaniards, 
1582; again, by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601. — Admitted to a free trade 
by the British parliament, 1779 ; and released from subserviency to 
the English privy council, 1782. — Harrassed by the Peep-of-day-boys, 
1789. — Invaded by the French, 1797.— Broke out in open rebellion in 
May, 1798, which was suppressed in August following. — Again the 
French made an unsuccessful landing at Killala Bay, and were all 
taken prisoners, 1798. — Union with England took place on the 1st of 
Jan. 1801. 

Italy, kingdom of, began, 476; ended, 964; began again, 1805; and 

Buonaparte the Corsican crowned king, May 26. 
Kent, kingdom of, began, 455 ; ended, 823. 

Lancaster was created a county palatine by Edward III. in favour of 
J ohn of Gaunt. 

Lauenburg, duchy of, ceded to Denmark by Prussia, in exchange for 
Pomerania and Rugen, June 4, 1815. 

Liverpool was incorporated, 1299. 

Lombardian kings began, 73; ended, 771., 

Lombardy annexed to the Austrian dominions, 1814. 

London fortified by the Romans, 50 ; walled, and a palace built, 294 ; 
made a bishopric, 653 ; repaired by Alfred, 885 ; greatly damaged 
by a fire, 982, 1027, and 1130 ; not paved, 1090 ; houses of timber 
thatched with straw, but to prevent fire, ordered to be built with 
stone, and covered with slates, 1192, but the order not observed ; a 
charter by king John to the Londoners to choose a mayor out of 
their own body, annually (this ofiice formerly was for life), to elect 
and remove their sheriffs at pleasure, and their common-council- 
men annually, 1208; a common hunt first appointed, 1226; aldermen 
first appointed, 1242; the houses still thatched with straw, Cheap- 
side lay out of the city, 1246; all built of wood, 1300; their privi- 
leges taken away, but restored on submission, 1366 ; the first lord 
mayor sworn at VV estminster that went by water, 1433 ; the lord 
mayor's show instituted, 1453; a sheriff fined bOl. for kneeling too 
near the lord mayor, when at prayers in St. Paul's cathedral, I486; 
the Thames water first conveyed into the city, 1582; the city chiefly 
built of wood, and in every respect very irregular, 1600; the New 
River brought to London, 1613 ; the lord mayor and sheriffs arrested 
at the suit of two pretended sheriffs, April 24, 1652; the greatest 
part of the city destroyed by fire, 1666; Pilkington and Shute, the 
city sheriffs, sent prisoners to the Tower, for continuing a poll after 
the lord mayor had adjourned it, 1682; the charter of the city de- 
clared forfeited to the crown, June 12, 16S2; privileges taken away, 
but restored, 1688; built a mansion-house, 1737 ; furnished and in- 
habited the same, 1752 ; repaired London-bridge, 1758, when go- 
vernment granted them 15,000^. and permitted them to pull down 
the gates, 1760; began Blackfriars-bridge, Oct. 31, 1760; the com- 
mon-council ordered to wear blue mazarine gowns, Sept. 14, 1761 ; 
lost their cause against the dissenters serving sheriffs, July 5, 1762; 
the city remonstrated on the king's paying no atteutiou to their pe- 
tition for a redress of grievances, and was censured, March, 1770; 
Brass Crosby, Esq. lord mayor, and alderman Oliver, sent to the 
Tower by the House of Commons, for committing their messenger, 
March, 1771; trade greatly injured by bankruptcies, 1772; regula- 
tion of admitting the livery at Guildhall, by Mr. Stone's scheme, 
1774; the coinmou-councilmen discontinued the wearing of their 



188 



CHRONOLOGY. 



mazarine gowns in court, in 1175; the city abandoned to the mercy 
of an nngoverned mob, July 3, 1180; rebuilt the compters near 
Newgate, 1TS9 ; from the year 1768 to the year 1776, the corpora- 
tion of London expended the following- sums for public uses, which 
show the opulence of the city : in new paving-, repairing- old pave- 
ments, lighting, cleansing-, and purchasing old houses to widen 
streets, 200,000/. ; 200,000/. for the new bridge at Blackfriars; seve- 
ral large sums for new roads, embanking the river, and other con- 
tingencies; 200,000/. for repairing the Royal Exchange; the jail of 
Newgate cost 100,000/. London is now supposed to contain 160,000 
houses, 7000 streets, to cover 3000 acres, and to be in circumference 
23 miles, and its population 1,200,000. 

London-bridge built, about 1016 ; burnt, 1136 ; built new with timber, 
1165; rebuilt with stone, 1212; houses took fire at both ends, the 
people thinking to suppress it, were Uemmed in, and leaping over 
into boats and barges several sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 
1214 ; its water-works invented and begun, 1582 ; a great fire on it, 
Feb. 11, 1632 ; houses taken down, 1756 ; temporary bridge burnt, 
April 11, 1758 ; water- works destroyed by fire, 1774; toll ceased, 
March 27, 1782. 

Lubec was founded, 1110. 

Lucca republic founded, 1450. 

Lydia kingdom began, 797 B. C. 

Lyons, in France, founded 43 B. C. ; opposed the national convention, 

by whom it was besieged, 1793. 
Macedon, kingdom of, began, 814 B. C. 

Madrid built, 936 B. C, but remained an obscure village in 1515. 

Malta given to the knights of Rhodes by the emperor Charles V. 1522 ; 
surrendered to the French, June 12, 1798 ; the emperor of Russia 
declared himself grand master, June, 1799; ceded to England, 1SI4. 

Man, isle of, formerly subject to Norway; then to John ana Henry 
III. of England, and afterwards to Scotland ; governed by its lords, 
from 1043; conquered by Henry IV. and by him given to the earl of 
Northumberland, with the title of king, 1341 ; at whose attainder it 
was granted to Sir John de Stanley, 1406 ; in his family it continued 
till 1594, when it was seized by the queen; granted to William earl 
of Derby, 1608; fell by inheritance to the duke of Athol, 17S5; 
Christianity first established there by St. Patrick and St. Andrew, 
about 440 ; episcopal see established, 447 ; conquered from the Scots, 
by Montacute, earl of Sarum, 1314, to whom Edward III. gave 
the title of earl of Man ; first Tynwald meeting, about 1418 ; the 
proprietors first called lords of Man, 1521 ; the bishopric annexed to 
the province of York, 1541 ; island of. annexed to the crown of Eng- 
land, having been purchased of the duke of Athol for 70,000/. 1765. 

Marienburgh, in Prussia, founded by the Teutonic knights, 1231. 

Mercian kingdom began, 584 ; ended, 828. 

Milan, the capital of this celebrated dukedom is reputed to have been 
built by the Gairis, about 408 B. C. — It submitted to the Romans. 222 
B.C.; was formed into a republic, A. D. 121; and lastly, was go- 
verned by dukes from 1395 till 1501. — The French expelled from it 
by Charles V. of Germany, about 1525, who gave it to his son, Philip 
II. — -Taken by the imperialists, 1796. — Given to Austria, on Naples 
and Sicily being ceded to Spain, 1748. — Seized by the French, 1796. 
— .Retaken by the Austrians, May, 1799. 

Modena made a duchy, 1451. 

Mogul empire — The first conqueror was Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian 
prince, who died, 1236. — Timer Bek became great Mogul by con- 
quest, 1399. — The dynasty continued in his family till the conquest 
of Tamerlane, in the 15th century, whose descendants have kept 
the throne ever since. — Khouli Khan, the famous sophi of Persia, 
considerably diminished the power of the moguls, carried away im- 
mense treasures from Delhi, and since that event many of the na- 
bobs have made themselves independent. 

Monmouth was made an English county by Henry VIII., 1535. 

Morocco, empire of, anciently Mauritania, first known, 1008. — Possess- 
ed by the Romans, 25 B. C, and reduced by them to a province, 50. 
— From this time it underwent various revolutions, till the establish- 

• ment of the Almovarides.— The second emperor of this family built 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 



189 



. the capital, Morocco. — About 1116, Abdallah, the leader of a sect of 
Mahometans, founded the dynasty of Almahides, which ended in the 
last sovereign's total defeat in Spain, 1312. — At this period Fez and 
Tremecen, then provinces of the empire, shook oif their depen- 
dence. — Morocco was afterwards seized by the king- of Fez ; but 
the descendants of Mahomet, about 1550, subdued and united again 
the three kingdoms, and formed what is at present the empire of 
Morocco. 
Moscow founded, 1156. 

Munich, in Bavaria, founded, 962 ; walled, 1157. 
Naples founded, 323 B. C. 

Naples, anciently Capua and Campania, kingdom of, began, t020. — 
Great part of the country was inhabited, in ancient times, by the 
Etruscans, v/ho built Nola and Capua. This territory has underg one 
various revolutions, and was distinguished from another division of 
Sicily by the title of the kingdom of Puglia, of which Roger, count 
of Sicily, was the first monarch, 1127. — Given by the pope to the 
count d'Anjou, in exclusion of the right heir Conradin, who was 
taken prisoner and beheaded, aged 16, 1266. — Charles, king of 
Naples, being invited by the Hungarians to the crown of Hungary, 
was, when there, crowned; murdered by order of the queen regent, 
in her presence, who for this, was soon after taken out of her car- 
riage, and drowned in the river Boseth, 1386. — Alphonsus of Arra- 
g-on, united Sicily to it, and the kings have been since called king of 
the two Sicilies, 1442. — Taken from the French, and annexed to 
Spain, 1504. — Continued with the Spaniards till 1706, when it was 
again taken by the emperor. — Conquered by the Spaniards again, 
1734, and settled on don Carlos, the king of Spain's son, 1736; he re- 
signed it to his third son, Ferdinand, 1759. — The French seized on 
Naples, and compelled the king to retire to Sicily, Jan. 24, 1799, but 
was restored on July 10 following, when the king returned. — In 1806, 
the lawful monarch was again driven from Naples, and Joseph 
Buonaparte made king of it by his brother. — The crown transferred 
to Jcachim Murat, Aug. 1, 1808.— Restored to Ferdinand, 1814. 

Narva, in Livonia, founded, 1223. 

Naumburg-h founded, 808. 

Netherlands declared themselves a free state, 1565 and 1789 ; became 
a province to France in 1794 ; placed under the sovereignty of the 
house of Orange, 1814. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne built, 1079; incorporated by king John, 1213. 

Normandy erected into a dukedom, 876. 

Northumberland kingdom began, 547 ; ended, 828. 

Norway attached to Sweden, and Charles XIII. of Sweden proclaimed 
king of, Nov. 4, 1814. 

Nottingham built, 924. 

Nova Scotia divided into two provinces, 1784. 

Orkney isles, sold by Denmark to Scotland, 839 ; re-granted, 1468. 
Osnaburgh bishopric established, 1780. 

Ostrogoths, their kingdom began in Italy, 476 ; ended, 554. 

Ostend, in Flanders, endured a siege of three years, and the garrison 
and inhabitants, reduced by famine, surrendered on capitulation to 
the Spaniards, 1604; attempted to be taken by the French, but the 
scheme miscarried with great loss to them, owing* to the minister 
having been deceived by his agents, 1658; India company charter- 
ed, 1722; suppressed by the treaty at Vienna, 1731; made a free 
port, June 15, 1784; surrendered to the French in 1792, was taken 
by the English in 1793; and in 1794, with all the Netherlands, sur- 
rendered to the French. 

Ottoman empire begun, 1293. 

Oxford university, founded by Alfred, 886 ; its castle built, 1071 ; arch- 
deaconry erected, 1092; Beaumont-place finished, about 1128; 
chancellor's court established, 1244 ; bishoprick taken from Lincoln, 
and founded, 1541 ; first public lecture in Arabic read there, 1636 ; 
new theatre built, 1669 ; a terrible fire at, 1644 ; again, 1671 ; library 
built, 1745; hospital begun, May 1, 1772; observatory built, 1772 ; 
visited by George III. &c. Oct. 12, 1785. 

Padua built, 1269 before Christ; surrounded with a wall, &c. by the 
Venetians, 1019. 



190 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Paris founded, 357; made the capital of France, 510; the city of, con- 
sumed by fire, 588; first paved with stones, 1185; barricadoes of, 
1^88, to oppose the entry of the duke of Guise ; again, Aug 1 . 27, 1648, 
in opposition to the regency; first parliament there, 1302; old par- 
liament recalled, Nov 25, 1774; under the influence of the popu- 
lace, who destroyed the public prisons, July, 1789; became again 
the seat of empire under the Corsican usurper, May 5, 1804. 

Persian empire founded, 536 before Christ. 

Petersburgh, in Muscovy, built by the czar, Pete? I. 1703. 

Pisa republic founded, 1403. 

Poland, once the country of the Vandals, who left it to invade the 
Roman empire ; it was made a duchy, 694 ; kingdom of, began, by 
favour of Otho III. emperor of Germany, under Boleslaus, 999; Red 
Russia added to it, 1059 ; Pomerania, that had been separated ISO 
years, again united with it, 14G5 ; embraced Christianity, 965 ; order 
of the white eagle instituted, 1705; Augustus vacated his throne, 
1707; endeavoured to recover it, 1709; pacification treaty, 17V7; 
Augustus Stanislaus carried off by the confederates and wounded, 
Nov. 3, 1771 ; the kingdom seized and divided between Prussia, 
Russia, and Germany, 1773. — So late as the 13th century, the Poles 
retained the custom of killing old men when past their labour, and 
such children as were born imperfect. — A general revolution, April 
14, and the crown made hereditary in the Saxon family, May 3, 1791. 
The sovereignty dissolved, and the kingdom divided between Rus- 
sia, Austria, and Prussia, Nov. 25, 1795, and the king retired on a 
pension of 200,000 ducats. — Invaded by Buonaparte, 1806. — Assem- 
bled a general diet at Warsaw, to recover her political existence, 
June 28, 1812. — United to Russia, whose sovereign has the title of 
king- of Poland, 1815. — Every person in the kingdom to be a soldier, 
from the age of 20 to 30, Oct. 17, 1816. 

Pomerania ceded by Sweden to Denmark, 1814; by Denmark to 
Prussia, 1815. 

Portugal, kingdom of, began, 1139; united to Spain in 1580, and 
continued so till 1640, when they shook off the Spanish yoke. — 
Government of, emigrated to the Brazils, 1807. — Prince Regent 
of, declared war against France, May 1, 1808, in consequence of 
France having invaded it. — French expelled from it, April 3, 
1S11. — Brazil and the two Algarves united to it as a kingdom, 
Dec. 1815. 

Posen annexed to Prussia, 1815. 

Prussia, anciently possessed by the Venedi, whose kings were de- 
scended from Athirius, first king of the Heruli, on the Baltic, 320 be- 
fore Christ. — The Venedi were conquered by the Borussi, who inha- 
bited the Riphaean mountains. — Thence the country was called Bo- 
russia, or Prussia, which was subdued by the Mercian knights sent 
by the emperor Frederick II., 1215 ; weary of the extortions of their 
governors, they revolted to Jagello, king of Poland, 1219. — The 
grand master of the Teutonic order conquered the Poles, and kept 
possession till 1700, when he was made a king. — The king of, visited 
England, 1744; seized part of Poland, 1773 and 1795. — Renounced all 
connection with England, in compliance with the treaty of Tilsit, 
Feb. 15, 1808— Queen of, died, July 19, 1810.— Formed a treaty of 
alliance with France, March 5, 1812. — Formed a treaty of alliance 
with Russia against France, Feb. 2, 1813.— Part of Saxony added to 
the dominions of Prussia, 1815. 

Ratisbon built, 1187 before Christ. 

Riga, founded in 1128, by a colony of Bremeners. 

Roman empire began, 44 before Christ; ended, 476 after Christ; be- 
gan in the East, 395; ended, 1553; it was 2000 miles broad, and 3000 
in length. 

Rome, its foundation laid by Romulus, its first king, 753 B. C, accord- 
ing to most chronologers ; by sir Isaac Newton's chronology, 627 
B. C. — They seize the Sabine women at a public spectacle, and de- 
tain them for wives, 750 B. C. — The Romans and the Albans, con- 
testing for superiority, agree to choose three champions on each 
part to decide it. — The three Horatii, Roman knights, and the three 
Curiatii, Albans, being elected by their respective countries, engage 
in the celebrated combat, which, by the victory of the Horatii, sub- 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 



191 



wits and unites Alba to Rome, 66? B. C— The circus built, said to 
have been capable of containing 150,000 people, 605 B. C— Sextus 
Tarquin, having ravished Lucretia, the Tarquins are expelled, the 
kingly government abolished, and the republican established under 
two annual consuls, 500 B. C— The dictatorship first introduced, 493 
B. C. — Decemviri appointed to form a body of laws, which being 
done, they are written on ten tables, transcribed on pillars of brass, 
and made the standard of judicial proceedings, 451 B. C. — The tri- 
bunes, sediles, &c. divested of all power, 450 B. C. — Creation of cen- 
sors, 443 B. C. — Patrician tribunes chosen instead of consuls, 421 B. C. 
The consulship restored, 418 B. C— Three questors from among the 
people elected, 410 B. C. — Roman soldiers first paid, 406 B. C. — 
Sacked by Brennus, 390 B. C— City burnt by the Gauls, 318 B. C— 
The temple of Mars built, 380 B. C. — Praetor first appointed, 365 B. C. 
— The first Punic war declared ; before this time, the Romans never 
carried their arms beyond Italy, nor encountered their enemies at 
sea, 264 B. C. — About this time silver money was first made at Rome, 
instead of brass before in use ; it took the name of Moneta from the 
temple of Juno Moneta, where it was coined, 269 B. C. — The second 
Punic war began, 218 B. C. — Capitol and temple of Janus built, 207 
B.C. — The third Punic war, 149 B. C. — After a siege of three years, 
the Romans took Carthage, and utterly destroyed it, 146 B. C. — 
Marias made his grand triumphal entry into Rome, preceded by an 
immense treasure in gold and silver, the spoils of Numidia ; the fe- 
mous Jugurtha, its king, and his two sons in chains, graced the tri- 
umph, 103 B. C — The Ambrones and Teutones defeated by Marius ; 
the wives of the former, being refused security from violation, mur- 
der themselves and their children, 102 B. C. — The capitol burnt, 83 
B.C. — Rebuilt by Domitian. — Pompey and Julius Caesar began to 
contend for supreme power over the commonwealth, which produced 
a bloody civil war, 59 B. C. — Caesar was assassinated in the senate 
house, and the revolution intended to be prevented by this catas- 
trophe was only hastened, 44 B. C. — The Roman state divided into 
two factions by Octavius Caesar and Mark Antony; a civil war en- 
sued, 41 B. C. — The republic changed to an empire, Octavius Caesar 
having the titles of Imperator and Augustus conferred on him by the 
senate and people, 27 B. C. — About this time the annual revenue of 
the Roman empire amounted to forty millions of our pounds ster- 
ling. — The city of Rome was computed to have been fifty of our 
miles in circumference, and its inhabitants to exceed four millions. 
The famous temple of the mother of the gods consumed by fire, A. 
Dj. 2. — A new census, or numeration of the people, being taken by 
Claudius, the emperor and censor, the inhabitants of Rome were 
found to amount to six million nine hundred thousand, A. D. 48. — 
The number of inhabitants able to bear arms were 133,419 men, in 
459; in 294, the number was 270,000; 338,214, in 159; and 320,000 in 
50 B.C. — The Goths, Vandals, and other barbarous nations of the 
North, began to invade the Roman empire, about A. D. 250. — It is 
divided into four parts between two emperors, Dioclesian and Con- 
stantius ; the basis of its dissolution, 292. — The seat of empire re- 
moved from Rome to Constantinople, by Cons tantine, 330. — Divided 
again into the eastern and western empires, 379. — Rome taken and 
plundered by the Goths, 410. — By the Vandals, 455. — By the Heruli, 
476. — Is recovered for Justinian by Belisarius, 537. — In 547, the 
Goths retook it. — In 553, IS arses, another of Justinian's generals, re- 
conquered it for the emperor. — In 726, it revolted from the Greek 
emperors, became a free state, and was governed by a senate. — 
Finally, the senate and people acknowledged Charlemagne, king of 
France, as emperor of the West, who surrendered the city and 
duchy to the pope, reserving the sovereignty, A. D. 800. — The popes 
afterwards made themselves independent, and continued in posses- 
sion of this renowned city and its territories, called the ecclesiasti- 
cal states, till 1798. — St. Peter's cathedral was built by pope Julius 
II. who died 1512 ; Bramante was the architect. — The inhabitants of 
Rome, on June 4, 1780, amounted to 155,184, of whom 36,485 were 
housekeepers.— In this number were included 3847 monks, 2327 se- 
cular priests, 1910 nuns, 1065 students, 1470 paupers, seven negroes, 
and 52 persons not Romans. — Reduced by the French to a republic, 



192 



CHRONOLOGY. 



and the pope sent from Rome, Feb. 15, 1798. — The pope being- re- 
stored to the government, goes to Paris to crown Buonaparte em- 
peror of the French, and performs that ceremony, Dec. 2, 1504 — k 
Revolution in the form of its government, 1809.-— United to the 
French empire, Dec. 3, 1809. 
Rostock founded, 1169. 

Roussillon, &c. annexed to the kingdom of France, 1659. 
Rug-en ceded by Sweden to Denmark, 1814. — By Denmark to Prussia, 
1815. 

Russia, or Muscovy, anciently Sarmatia, and inhabited by the Scy- 
thians; not renowned till the natives attempted to take Constanti- 
nople, 834; Rurick was grand duke of Novogorod, in this country, 
A. D. 882; the earliest authentic account of it — In 981, Woladimer 
was the first Christian king. — The Poles conquered it about 1058 ; 

■ but it is uncertain how long they kept it. — Audrey I. began his reign, 
1158, and laid the foundation of Moscow. — About 1200, the Mongols 
Tartars conquered it, and held it subject to them till 1540, when 
John Basilowitz restored it to independency. — About the middle of 
the 16th century, the Russians discovered and conquered Siberia. — 
Navigation from England first discovered by Robert Chancellor, 
1554 — The Tartars surprised Moscow, and killed 30,000 inhabitants, 
1571. — First began their new year, from Jan. 1, 1700 — Became an 
empire, 1727, Peter I. assuming the title of emperor of all the 
Russias, which was admitted by the powers of Europe in their future 
negociations with the court of Petersburgh ; he visited England, and 
worked in the dock-yard at Deptford, 1697. — A revolution, without 
bloodshed, in favour of Elizabeth, 1740 ; another, in favour of the 
late empress, 1762. — The emperor John, an infant, deposed, 1741 ; 
put to death, 1763. — The punishment of the knout abolished, 1752. — 
The empress seized part of Poland, in 1773 and 1795. — Death of 
Paul I. and accession of the present emperor, Alexander, March, 
1801.— Finland, and part of Gallicia, added to the empire, 1809.— 
Invaded by the French, July, 1812. — Poland annexed to the empire, 
1515. 

Sandwich built, 957. 

Sardinia conquered by the Spaniards, 1303, in whose possession it was 
till 1708, when it was taken by an English fleet, and given to the 
duke of Savoy, with the title of king.— The first king was Victor, 
who abdicated the throne, in favour of his son, 1730, and died in a 
prison, 1732; Piedmont annexed to Italy, and Buonaparte crowned 
king of the whole, May 26, 1805 — Restored to its rightful sovereign, 
Victor Emanuel, with Genoa added to it, Dec. 14, 1814. 

Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonensis, which submitted to the Romans, 
118 before Christ.— The Alemans seized it in 395 ; the Franks, 196.— 
It shared the revolutions of Switzerland till 1040, when Conrad, em- 
peror of Germany, gave it to Hubert, with the title of earl. — Ama- 
deus VIII. earl of Savoy, solicited Sigismund, emperor of Germany, 
to erect his dominions into a duchy, which he did at Cambray, Feb. 
19, 1417. — The last duke having taken Sicily, in 1713, by the assis- 
tance of the English, was made king of that country, but, by the 
peace of Utrecht, changed for Sardinia, 1718. — The dukedom of 
Savoy is now possessed by the king of Sardinia ; but great part of 
the country ceded to France, in 1796, seized by the French, Dec. 
1798, who were repulsed in 1799 ; but subjugated it again the year 
following. — Restored to Sardinia, 1816. 

Saxony, Upper, ceded to Prussia, 1815. 

Scotland, anciently Caledonia, history of began, 32S before Christ, 
when Fergus I. was sent over by the people of Ireland ; received 
the Christian faith, A. D. 203, united under one monarchy by Ken- 
neth II. the 69th king, and called Scotland, S38; divided into ba- 
ronies, 1032 ; invaded by the king of Norway, near Loch Lomond, 
1263 ; on the death of Alexander III, was disputed by 12 candidates, 
who submitted their claims to the arbitration of Edward I. of Eng- 
land, 1283, which gave him an opportunity to conquer it ; it was not 
entirely recovered by the Scots till 1314 ; its regalia and crown 
taken and brought to England, with the coronation chair, now in 
Westminster Abbey, 1296; records of Scotland, by being sent by 
sea from England for Scotland, were lost, 129S; first general assem- 



STATES, &C. FOUNDED. 



193 



bly of the church held, Dec. 20, 1560 ; earl of Murray regent, 1567 ; 
earl of Lenox regent, July 12, 1570; earl of Mar regent, Sept. 6, 
1571 ; earl of Morton regent, Nov. 24, 1572 ; James VI. of Scotland, 
succeeded to the crown of England, 1603; this produced an union of 
the two crowns ; and in 1707, the two kingdoms were united, and 
took the style and title of Great Britain. 
Shaftesbury built, 879. 

Sicily first peopled from Italy, 1262 before Christ ; separated from the 
kingdom of Naples, of which latter Joseph Buonaparte, a man of 
neither valour nor abilities, usurped the throne by his brother Na- 
poleon's assistance, 1805. — The government transferred by Ferdi- 
nand to the hereditary prince or vicar-general, Jan. 16, 1812. — New 
constitution adopted by it, resembling the English, July, in the same 
year. — The government restored to Ferdinand, 1814. 

Snow-hill, act of parliament obtained for improving it, June 26, 1795. 

South Saxon kingdom began, 477 ; ended 751. 

Southwark annexed to London, 1550. 

Spain, New, established, 1520. 

Spain was first civilized by the Phoenicians, who possessed great part 
of it; these called in the Carthiginians ; it was afterwards invaded 
by the Rhodians; the Carthaginians however made new conquests, 
209; and after the destruction of ancient Tyre, became the most 
powerful in this country — Conquered by the Romans, 216 before 
Christ. — Grenada and Andalusia were the Bretica ot the Romans, and 
the rest of Spain the province of Tarragona. — The several provinces 
now subject to the crown were once independent kingdoms, but be- 
came one kingdom, in 414. — The Goths and Vandals overturned the 
Roman power, 569, and continued in possession of it till it was con- 
quered by the Moors, in 711. — The Moors kept possession till 1093. — 
The small kingdoms were swallowed up in Castile and Arragon, 
1492. — Primacy of Toledo founded, 680.— St. James, the tutelar saint 
of Spain, since the finding of the apostle's body in the ninth century. 
— Holy brotherhood instituted, 1260. — Kingdom of, founded by the 
union of the two crowns of Castile and Arragon, the queen of Castile 
having married the king of Arragon, 1479, who assumed the title of 
Catholic Majesty. — By the conquests of Navarre and Grenada Fer- 
dinand put a complete end to the dominion of the Moors in this 
country, 1511. — Escurial began building, 1569; Fnero Juzgo code of 
laws enacted by Cindasvindus, 612; that called Les usages, formed 
by the count of Barcelona, 1060; Fnero de Castillo, by Alphonso IX. 
1211 ; Fnero real, by Alphonso X. 1254 ; Siete partidas, by Alphonso 
XI. 1347 ; Recopilacion, by Philip II. 1567 ; Nueva ditto, by Philip 
IV. 1665; Novissima ditto, by Philip V. 1723; who resigned his crown 
to his son, Dec. 1724; but on his son's death he re-assumed it. — The 
kingdom treacherously seized by Buonaparte, and giyen to his bro- 
ther Joseph, 1808. — Charles IV. abdicated in favour of his sonFerdi- 
nand VII., March 19, 180S. — Joseph Buonaparte made king of, July, 
1808.— The theatre of war, from that period to the expulsion of the 
French, in 1814, when Ferdinand, who had been held captive in 
France, was restored. 

Stockholm, built, 1253. 

Stralsund, in Pomerania, founded, 1209. 

Surat factory, in the East Indies, founded, 1603. 

Sussex kingdom, founded by Ella, a Saxon, 419; ended, 448. 

Sweden, anciently Scandinavia, kingdom of, began, 481; united to the 
crown of Denmark and Norway, in 1394; Gustavus Vasa expelled 
the Danes, in 1525, until which time the crown was elective ; Chris- 
tianity introduced there, 829; no nobility there before 1500; no- 
bility massacred, Nov. 8, 1510; Lutheranism established there by 
Gustavus Vasa, about 1525; popery abolished, and the crown de- 
clared hereditary, 1541; Christina, queen of, born, 1626; began 
her reign, 1632; founded the order of Amarante, 1645; resigned 
the crown, 1654 ; died at Rome, 1689 ; Charles XII. began his reign, 
1700; king of, made prisoner by the Turks at Bender, after three 
years' protection there, 1713; conspiracy for altering the govern- 
ment, when Counts Brahe and Home were beheaded, 1756; revo- 
lution in the government, and the king made absolute, Aug. 13,1772 ; 



194 



CHRONOLOGY. 



and again, 1789; the king- assassinated, March 16, 1792. — The late 
king-, Gustavus Adolphus V. dethroned, and the government assum- 
ed by his uncle, the duke of Sudermaiiia, March 13, 1809. — New 
constitution adopted by the diet, June 7, 1809; peace with Russia, 
August 17, 1809; with Denmark, Dec. 10, 1809; with France, Jan, 
6, 1810. — On account of the advanced age of Charles XIII. duke 
of Sudermania, Charles Augustus, prince of Augustenburgh, was 
chosen to succeed him, January 24, 1810. — Charles Augustus dying 
suddenly, May 29, John Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, was 
chosen crown prince, August 21, following. — War declared against 
England, November 17, 1S10; Swedish Pomerania seized by Napo- 
leon, January, 1812. — Sweden made peace and a defensive alliance 
with England. July 18, 1812 ; joined the grand alliance, March 13, 
1813. — Norway ceded to it by treaty, Jan. 14, 1814. 

Switzerland inhabited formerly by the Helvettii, who were subdued 
by Ceesar, 57 years before Christ ; it remained subject to the Ro- 
mans, till again conquered by the Alemans from Germany, 395 ; 
these were driven out by Clovis I. of France, 496; became part of 
the kingdom of Burgundy, 838 ; given by the last king of Burgundy 
to the emperor of Germany, 1032, to which it belonged, till the Swiss 
Cantons were formed, 1307 ; Their form of government made per- 
petual by themselves, 1315; and ratified by other powers, 1649; 
Swiss soldiers first in the pay of France, 1480; order of the Bear 
founded, 1213; six of the Cantons are Protestant, the rest Roman 
Catholic ; their independence abolished by the French, Sept. 9, 
1798; their government finally placed under the care of France, 
Oct. 1S02 ; recalled its troops from the service of England, and voted 
6000 additional men for the service of France, Aug. 24, 1S11; its 
neutrality violated by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prus- 
sians, Dec. 21, 1813; joins the confederacy against Buonaparte, 
May 20, 1815. 

Syracuse, in the isle of Sicily, founded, 709 B. C. 

Temple Bar, act of parliament obtained for improving it, June 26, 
1675. 

Thebes built by Cadmus, 493 before Christ. 

Thorne in Prussia, founded, 1225. 

Tranquebar settled by the Danes, 1617. 

Transylvania was given to Austria, 1699. 

Troy built, 1480; the kingdom of, began 1446 before Christ. 

Treves, Archbishop of, first admitted an elector, 1021. 

Tuscany erected into a dukedom, 1530; seized by the French, on 

March 24, 1799 ; recovered its independence, July 17, 1799; but was 

reduced again under obedience to France the following year. — 

United to France, May 24. 1808. 
United Provinces established, 1579 ; acknowledged independent, 1609 ; 

subdued by France, 1795 ; Louis Buonaparte made king of, June 4, 

1806, by order of his brother Napoleon. 
Vandals began their kingdom in Spain, 412; ended, 534. 
Venetian states, annexed to the Austrian dominions, 1814. 
Venezuelans, the, declare in congress the sovereignty of the people, 

July, 1814. 

Y enice — The first inhabitants of this country were the Veneti ; con- 
quered by the Gauls, and made a kingdom, about 356; conquered 
for the Romans, by Marcellus, 221 before Christ. — The islands on 
which the city stands began to be inhabited by Italians, about 421 ; 
the first house was erected on the morass, by Entinopus, who fled 
from the Goths ; the people of Padua took refuge there also, and 
were assisted by Entinopus in building the eig-hty houses, which 
formed the first city, 413 ; first governed by a Doge, 697 ; but its re- 
public was not independent till 803; reduced to ashes, 1101 ; nearly 
destroyed by the league of Cambray, 1509; the arsenal was de- 
stroyed by fire, 1565 ; the conspiracy on which Otway's play is found- 
ed, 1618; its university founded, 1593 ; declared a free port May 11, 
1736; greatly damaged by fire, 1789; its senate dissolved and its go- 
vernment changed by the French troops in 1797 ; the Doge omitted 
the ceremony of wedding the Adriatic sea, a ceremony that had 
existed from 1173. — The French ceded the city with the adjacent 
country to the emperor of Germany, Oct. 17, 1797. 



UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED. 



195 



Vienna was very obscure till 1151; it was walled and enlarged by 
Henry I. of Austria, 1122, with the ransom of king: Richard I. of Eng- 
land; made an imperial city by Frederick II. 1136; made subject 
to the house of Austria, 1140; besieged and taken by the king- of 
Hungary, 1490 ; besieged by the Turks under Solyman the Magni- 
ficent, with an army of 300,000 men, 1529; again, in 1532, 1543, and 
1663, when the Grand Vizier with 100,000 men cannonaded the city, 
from July 24 to the beginning of September, without effect ; taken 
possession of by the French troops, 1805 and 1809. 

Wales first inhabited by Br?tons, on their being expelled England by 
the Saxons, 685; divided into North Wales, South Wales, and Powis 
Land, 970 ; conquered and divided by William I. among the con- 
querors, 1091 ; Griffith the last king died, 1137 ; the sovereign, from 
that time, was a prince only. — In this state Wales remained un- 
conquered till Henry II. subdued South Wales in 1157 ; and in 1282, 
Edward I entirely reduced the whole country, putting an end to its 
independency by the death ofLlewellin, the last prince. — The Welsh, 
however, were not entirely reconciled to this revolution, till the 
queen happened to be brought to bed of a son at Caernarvon in 
1284 ; Edward very politically styled him prince of Wales ; which 
title the heir to the crown of Great Britain has borne almost ever 
since. — Wales was united and incorporated with England by act of 
parliament 28 Henry VIII. 1536 ; invaded by the French without ef- 
fect, 1796. 

Washington city, in America, founded, 1791. 

Waterford, in Ireland, built 1162. 

West Saxon, kingdom founded, 519; subdued, 828. 

Wirtemberg erected into a county in 1078 ; into a duchy, at the diet 

of Worms, 1495; into a kingdom, 1803. 
Worcester built, 255. 
York built, 1223 before Christ, 
Ypres, in Flanders, founded, 960. 



SECT X, 



UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED. 



A BERDEEN founded, 1477. 
** Abo, Finland, 1640. 
Alba Julia, Transylvania, 1629. 
Altorf, France lia, 1581. 
Andrew's, St. Scot and, 1411. 
Anjou, 1349; enlarged, 1364. 
Avignon, France, 1388 
Basil, Switzerland, 1458. 
Besanqon, Burgundy, 1540. 
Bologna, Italy 423. 
Bruges, Austrian Flanders, 1665. 
Cahor, in Quercy, France, 1320. 
Caen, Normandy, 1417. 

Cambridge began, 626, according to some others, 900; revived lll'J . 

s New England, projected, 1639. 

Cologne, in Germany, refounded, 1389. 
Compostella. Spain 1517. 
Coimbra, Portugal,' 1391 ; enlarged, 1503. 
Constantinople, 425. 

I 2 



196 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Copenhagen, 147 ; enlarged, 1539, 15<59. 

Cordova, Spain, 968. 

Cracow, Poland, TOO ; enlarged, 1102. 

Dijon, France, 1722. 

Diilingen, Suabia, 1565. 

Dole, Burgundy, 1426. 

Douay, French Flanders, 1562. 

Dresden, Saxony, 1694. 

Dublin, 1591. 

Edinburgh, founded by James VI., 1580. 
Erfurt, Thuringia, enlarged, 1390. 
Erlangen, Franconia, 1743. 
Evora, Portugal, 1559. 
Ferrara, Italy, 1316. 
Florence, Italy, enlarged, 1438. 
Franeker, Friesland, 1585. 
Frankfort, on the Oder, 1506. 
Friburg, Germany, 1460. 
Fulda, Germany, 1734, 
Geneva, 1365, 

Giessen, 1607 ; united to Marpurg, 1626, 
Glasgow, Scotland, 1450. 
Goettingen, Hanover, 1734. 
Granada, Spain, 1537. 
Grips wald, 1547. 
Groningen, Friesland, 1614. 
Halle, Saxony, 1694. 
Heidelburgh, Germany, 1346. 

Helmstadt, or Jula, Brunswick- Wolfenbuttle, 1576. 

Jena, or Sala, Thuringia, 1548. 

Ingolstadt, Bavaria, 1573. 

Inspruck, Tyrol, 1677. 

Kiel, Holstein, 1665. 

Koningsberg, Prussia, 1544. 

Eeyden, Holland, 1575. 

Eeipsic, Saxony, 1409. 

Louvain, Flanders, 926 ; enlarged, 1427, 

Lyons, France, 830. 

Marpurg, Hesse, 1527. 

Mechlin, Flanders, 1440, 

Mentz, 1482. 

Montpellier, 1196. 

Moscow, 1754. 

Munster,1491. 

INaples, 1216. 

Orleans, France, 1312. 

Oxford, 886. 

Paderborn, 1592. 

Padua, Italy, 1179. 

Palencia, 1209 ; removed to Salamanca, 1249. 
Paris, 792. 

Pa via, 791 ; enlarged, 1361. 

Perusia, Italy, 1290. 

Petersburgh, Russia, 1747. 

Pisa, Italy, 1339; enlarged, 1487 and 1552, 

Poictiers, France, 1430. 

Prague, Bohemia, 1360. 

Rinteln, Schaumberg, 1619. 

Rheims, 1145; enlarged, 1560. 

Rostock, Mecklenburgh, 1415. 

Salamanca, Spain, 1240. 

Saltzburgh, Germany, 1623. 

Saragossa, Arragon. 1174. 

Sienna, Etruria, 1387. 

Seville, Spain, 1517. 

Sorbonne, France, 1253. 

Strasburg, Germany, 1588. 

Toledo, Spain, 1518. 

Toulouse, France, 809. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 



197 



Treves, Germany, 1473. 
Tubingen, Wurtemburg, 1477. 
Turin, 1412. 

Valence, Dauphiny, 1475, 
Venice, n92. 
Vienna, 1236. 
Upsal, Sweden, 1477. 
Utrecht, Holland, 1636. 
Wit tern berg-, Saxony, 1502. 
Wurtzburg, Franconia, 1402, 
Wurtemburg, Saxony, 1502. 



SECT. XT. 



BEMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 

Castles, Cathedrals, Colleges, Hospitals, and other Public 
Works. 

A BBOTSBURY abbey. Dorsetshire, built, 1026. 

Aberconway castle, Caernarvonshire,, built, 1204. 
Abenistwith castle built, 1110; burnt, 1124. 
Abing don abbey, Berks, built, 941. 
Adelphi buildings, Strand, London, built, 1770. 
Adrian's wall built, 121 after Christ. 
mole, at Rome, built, 120. 

Agricola built the rampart of division between England and Scotland, 

with the chain of castles from the Forth to the Clyde, 84. 
Agatha's, St. monastery, near Richmond, Yorkshire, built, 1131. 
Alban's, St. abbey, Hertfordshire, built, 793. 
Albion mills built, 1786; burnt, 1792. 

Alcantara bridge, over the Tagus, in Portugal, built about 98. 
Aldersgate, London, built, 1616; pulled down, and sold for April, 
1761. 

Aldgate, London, built, 1608 ; pulled down, and sold for 177/. 10.?. July, 
1760. 

Allington castle, Kent, built, 1282. 
All Souls' college, Oxford, founded, 1437. 
Alnwick castle, Northumberland, built, 1147. 
Amberley castle, Sussex, built, 1374. 
Amesbury nunnery, Wilts, built, 976. 

Amphitheatre, at Rome, built, 69; has been deprived of its ornaments 
to adorn palaces, &e. but has 14 modern chapels now erected within 
side. — That at Verona is the next in size, and that at Nismes next. 

Amsterdam Stadthouse, built, 1638; the Exchange, in 1634. 

Andrea, St. Delia Valle, in Rome, built, 1641. 

Antwerp walled round, 1201; re walled, 1514; Burse built, 1531. 

Apollo's temple, at Delphos, built, 434 before Christ; burnt down. 
362. 

Appian Way to Rome made, 312. 

Artists' room in the Strand, London, built, 1772. 

Arts and Sciences' house, in the Adelphi, London, built, 1772. 

Arundel castle built, by the Saxons, about 800. 

Ashby de la Zouch castle built, 1399. 

Ashdown church, in Essex, built, 1020. 

Asaph, St. church and palace, in Flintshire, built, 560; rebuilt, 140?, 
Asylum, near Westminster-bridge, London, instituted, 1758. 



198 



CHRONOLOGY, 



Auction Mart, opposite the Bank, built, 1813. 
Augustine's, St., abbey, Canterbury, built, 1605. 
Aysgarth bridge, Yorkshire, built, 1539. 
Aylmoutb castle, Northumberland, built, 559. 

Babel Tower began to be built, 2247 before Christ, and continued 40 

years building. 
Ealiol college, Oxford, founded, 1263. 
Baltimore House, Southampton Row, built, 1759. 
Bamborough castle, Northumberland, built, 558. 
Bancroft's alms-houses, Mile-end, Middlesex, built, 1T35. 
Bangor cathedral built, 616. / 

Bank of England, London, first established, 1694; house built, 1732; 

enlarged, 1771, 1783, 1789.— Part of the front rebuilt, 1824- 
Banqueting-house, Whitehall, Westminster, built, 1607. 
Barling abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1180. 

Barnard's, Sir John, statue, erected in the Royal Exchange, London, 

May 23, 1747. 
Barnwell castle, Northamptonshire, built, 1132. 

Bartholomew monastery, near Smithfield, London, built, 1162; hos- 
pital founded, 1546; rebuilt from 1750 to 1770. 
Easingwerk abbey, Flintshire, built, 1131. 

Bastile at Paris, the foundations laid, April 23, 1369; not finished till 
1383 ; destroyed by the mob, and the governor killed for resisting 
them, July 14, 1789. 

Bath hospital, Somerset, built, 1738. 

Battersea bridge built, 1772; church rebuilt, 1770. 

Battle abbey, Sussex, built, 1067. 

Beaulieu abbey, Hampshire, built, 1204. 

Beauchief abbey, Derbyshire, built, 1183. 

Beaumaris castle, Anglesea, built, 1295. 

Beckford's, Mr. Alderman, statue, erected in Guildhall, London, 1770. 

Bedford priory built, 1000; rebuilt, 1223; bridge built, 1224. 

Bees, St. priory, Cumberland, founded, 1120. 

Beeston castle, Cheshire, built by Randal Blundeville, 1220. 

Belfast bridge, Ireland, built, 1682 ; bank built, 1787. 

Bergham abbey, Sussex, built, 1160. 

Berkeley castle, Gloucestershire, began by Henry 1. 1108 ; finished by 

Henry II. 
Bernard castle, Durham, built, 1270. 
Berry Pomperoy castle, Devon, built, 1070. 

Bethlehem Hospital, built, 1553 ; rebuilt, 1675; pulled down in por- 
tions, at several periods of time since the commencement of the 
century. 

Bethlehem Hospital, new, first stone laid, April 20, 1812. 

Beveston castle, Gloucestershire, built, 1076. 

Beverley church, in Yorkshire, built, 711. 

Billing, Little, priory, Northamptonshire, built, 1076. 

Bindon abbey, Dorsetshire, built, 1172. 

Bingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1206. 

Birkhedde priory, Cheshire, built, 1189. 

Birmingham, free chapel in, began by subscription, 1803. 

Bisham abbey, Berks, built, 1338. 

Bishop Aukland's palace, Durham, rebuilt, 1665. 

Bisbopsgate, London, pulled down and sold, 1761. 

Biackfriars Bridge voted for in common council, 1755; bill passed, 
May 17, 1756, and the first stone laid, Oct. 3-, 1760; passable, 1766 ; 
finished, 1770; cost 150,840/. Toll houses built, June, 1773; burnt by 
the rioters and re-erected, June 7, 1780; toll taken off, June 24, 
1785 ; Sunday toll took place, June 24, 1786 ; bridge paved, 1792. 

Blantyre priory, Scotland, built, 1290. 

Eiiburgh priory, Suffolk, built, 1110. 

Bodiam castle, Suffolk, built, 1139. 

Bodleian library, Oxford, rebuilt and founded, 1598. 

Bolton abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1120 ; castle built, 1297. 

Boston church, Lincolnshire, founded, 1309. 

Bothel castle, Northumberland, built, 1330. 

Botolph's priory, Colchester, built, 1109. 

Bow-bridge first built, 1087. 

Bow church, Cheapside, built, 1673; present tower finished. 16S0. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 199 

Hoxgrove priory, Sussex, built, 1110. 
Bradenstoke priory, Wilts built, 1076. 
Bradsole abbey, Kent, built, 1191. 

Bramber castle and church, Sussex, built before the conquest. 
Brancepeth castle, Durham, built, 1140. 
Brazen-nose college, Oxford, founded, 1513. 
Breakwater at Plymouth, commenced Aug. 10, 1812. 
Brecknock castle built, 1089; priory built, 1100. 

Bridewell (formerly a palace of king Henry VIII. ), London, built, 

1522 ; converted to an hospital, 1553. 
Bridgewater castle and bridge, Somersetshire, built, 1204. 
Bridgenorth castle Shropshire, built, 800. 
Brinkburn priory, Northumberland, built, 1331. 

Bristol cross built, 1373 ; taken down and removed to Stourhead, 1760; 

Exchange built, 1741 ; bridge bill passed, May 22, 1760. 
British Lying-in Hospital, Brownlow-street, London, instituted, 1749. 
Brodie castle, Scotland, built, 1113. 
Broomholm priory, Norfolk, built, 1113. 
Brougham castle, Westmoreland, built, 1070. 
Buckfastleigh abbey, Devon, built, 918. 

Buckingham house, in St. James's Park, built, 1703; bought for the 
residence of queen Charlotte, for 21,000/. 1760; her first residence 
there, May 19, 1762. 

Buckingham castle, built, 918. 

Buckland priory built, 1278. 

Bugden palace, Huntingdonshire, built, 14S0. 

Buildwas abbey, Shropshire, built, 1153. 

Burgh castle, Staffordshire, built by the Romans. 

Burlington pier built, 1697. 

Barnham priory, Bucks, built, 1266. 

Burrough chapel, Somersetshire, was standing in 900. 

Burton abbey, Staffordshire, built, 1040. 

Bury castle, Suffolk, built, 1020. 

Butley priory built, 1771. 

By land abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1134. 

Caerlaveroc castle, Scotland, built, 1638. 

Calder priory, Cumberland, built, 1134. 

Calshot castle, Hampshire, built, 1540. 

Cambridge castle, built, 1068; senate-house began, 1722. 

Companile of St. Marco, at Venice, built, 1134. 

Canterbury castle, built, 1075; cathedral built, 1184; Westgate built, 
1387. 

Cardigan castle built, 1160. 

Carew castle, Pembrokeshire, built, 1100. 

Carisbrook castle built, 692; rebuilt, 1610. 

Carlisle castle built, 6S0; city walls built, 690; both repaired, 1092 
and 1434. 

Cartmel monastery, Lancashire, built, 1188. 

Castle-acre priory, Norfolk, built, 1090. 

Castle-acre monastery, Yorkshire, built, 1085. 

Castle Cornet, Guernsey, built, 1100. 

Castle Rising castle, Norfolk, built, 1204. 

Castle Rushen castle, Isle of Man, built, 960. 

Castle Town castle, Isle of Man, built, 960. 

Castles, 1100 built in England, between 1140 and 1154. 

Catharine-hall, Cambridge, founded, 1475. 

Catherine-hill chapel, Surrey, built, 1230. 

Charing-cross erected as it now is, 1678. 

Charter-house built, 1371 ; converted to an hospital, 1611. 

Chatham, Earl of, statue erected in Guildhall, 1782. 

Cheapside-cross demolished, May 2, 1613. 

Chelsea college began, 1609; finished, 1790; cost 150,000^.; physic 

garden began, 1732 ; bridge began, 1762. 
Chertsey abbey founded, 664. 

Chelmsford bridge built, 1100; prison built, 1777. 

Chester castle rebuilt, 10S4; cathedral founded, 660 ; St. John's church 

founded, 689; Water tower built, 1322. 
Chichester built by Cissa, 540; cathedral built, 1115. 

I 4 



200 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Childham castle, Kent, erected before 182. 

Christ-church, Birmingham, first stone of, laid July 22, 1805* 

college, Oxford, began 1315 ; completed, 1523. 

priory, Hampshire, built, 1060* 

Christ college, Cambridge, founded, 1505. 
Christ hospital, London, founded, 1552. 
Cirencester abbey founded, 1132. 

Circus at Rome built, 605 B. C. contained 150,000 persons. 
Cisbury fort, Wiltshire, built by Cissa, 547. 
Clare-hall, Cambridge, founded, 1326, 
Clapham church built, 1777. 

Clarendon press printing office, Oxford, founded, 1781. 
Cleobury castle, Shropshire, built, 1160. 

Clerkenwell monastery founded, 1098 ; burnt by a mob, 13S1 ; new 

church, first stone laid, Dec. 18, 1788. 
Cleve abbey, Somerset, founded, 1198. 
Clithero castle, Lancashire, built, 1171. 
Clun castle, Salop, built, 1140. 
Glunokvaur abbey, Caermarthenshire, built, 1616. 
Cockermouth castle, Cumberland, built, 1069. 
Cockersand abbey, Lancashire, built, 1200^ 
Cocklepark tower, Northumberland, built before 1100. 
Colchester built, 125 before Christ; monastery of St. John built, 1097 ; 

castle burnt, 912. 
College of the Four Nations at Paris, built, 1670. 
Cold Norton priory, Oxfordshire, built, 1160. 
Combe abbey ; Warwickshire, built, 1150. 
Combermere abbey, Cheshire, built, 1134. 
Common Pleas, court of, in Westminster-hall, built, 1741. 
Compters of London, built near Newgate, 1789 to 1791, cost -2QA73h 

building-. 

Coningsberg castle, Yorkshire, existed in 489, 
Corfe castle, Dorset, built, 970. 
Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, founded, 135t. 
, Oxford, founded, 1516. 

Cottonian library settled for the public, 1701 ; damaged by fire, Oct. 25 ? 
1731. 

Covent-garden-square built, 1633; church repaired, 1789; burnt, 1795; 

rebuilt, and opened again for divine service, 1798. 
theatre built, 1733; enlarged, 1792 ; burnt, 1S0S ; rebuilt. 

1809. 

Coventry abbey built, 1043. 

Coverham abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1280. 

Cowling Castle, Kent, built, 1481. 

Cowes castle, in the Isle of Wight, built, 1540. 

Cranbourn priory, Dorset, built, 9S0. 

Creak priory, Norfolk, built, 1206. 

Crickhaith castle, Caernarvonshire, built, 1206. 

Cripplegate, London, pulled down and sold for 911. July,. 1760. 

Cross, St. hospital, Winchester, built, 1132. 

Croxton abbey, Staffordshire, built, 1180. 

Crowland abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 718 ; destroyed by the Danes 
867 ; rebuilt, 945. 

Custom House, London, first built, 1559; burnt down and rebuilt, 1718; 
burnt down again, 1814; rebuilt, and opened for business, April 12 , 
1817. 

Cymmer abbey, Merionethshire, built, 1200. 

Dacre castle, Cumberland, built before 925. 

Dartington Temple, Devon, built, 1123. 

Davington nunnery, Kent, built, 1153. 

David's, St cathedral built, 1180 ; palace built, 1335. 

Dartford priory, Kent, built, 1372. 

Deal castle, Kent, built, 1539. 

Denbigh abbey built, 1330; castle built, 1280- 

Dennis' abbey, in France, built, 1140. 

Devizes castle built, 1136. 

Dionysius priory, Hampshire, built, 1124. 

Dolwyddelan castle, Caernarvonshire, built, 500. 



I 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 



201 



Dorchester cathedral first built, 686. 
Bonnington castle, Berks, built, 1260. 
Bomitian's palace at Rome, built in 80. 
Bomus Dei house, at Dover, built, 1240. 
Dormitory, at Westminster school, rebuilt, 1719. 

Dover castle, built by Julius Caesar, 50 years before Christ; tower 
built, 47 ; St. Mary's church built, 121; priory built, 1130; pier built, 
1519. 

Brury-lane theatre built, 1662; destroyed by fire, 1672; rebuilt, 1674; 
pulled down, 1791; rebuilt, 1194; burnt, 1809; rebuilt and opened 
to the public, Nov. 10, 1812. The receipts of the first year of the 

new theatre were 79,925£. 14s. Qd. 

of the second ----- 68,389 3 0 

of the third 61,585 8 5 

of the fourth 49,586 17 O 

Dublin castle. Ireland, built, 1220; parliament-house began, 1729, 
cost 40.000/. ; destroyed by fire, Feb. 27, 1792; custom-house began, 
1781. 

Dudley castle, Staffordshire, built, 700; priory built, 1160. 

Dulwich college built, 1619. 

Dunbar built, 1187 before Christ. 

Buamow priory, Essex, built, 1110. 

Dunoon castle, Scotland, built long before 1334. 

Dunstable priory founded, 1132. 

Dunstanburgh priory, Northumberland, built, 1280. 

Bunstaffnage castle, Scotland, built, 1307. 

Dttorao, or cathedral, at Pisa, built, 1061. 

at Florence, began in 1296 ; finished, 1444. 

Durham castle built, 1069. 

Easby abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1152. 

Eastbury priory, Sussex, built, 1270. 

Eastburn house, Essex, built, 1572. 

East Grinstead tower fell down, Nov. 12, 1785. 

East India College, at Haileybury, Hertfordshire, completed, 1509. 
East India house, Leadenhall-street, London, built, 1726; enlarged, 
1799. 

Eddystone light-house, near Plymouth, first built, 1696; blown down, 
Nov. 26, 1703; rebuilt, 1706; burnt down, Dec. 1755; rebuilt, Oct. 
1759; again burnt down, 1770; rebuilt, 1774. 

Edgar's tower, Worcester, built, 975. 

Edinburgh castle built, 950; first fortified, 1074; New College founda- 
tion laid, 1789; New Bridewell ditto, 1791 ; Bank, first stone of laid, 
June 3, 1801. 

Edmondsbury, St. monastery, Suffolk, built, 633; rebuilt, 1028; the 

arches near the East gate built, 1148. 
Egremont castle, Cumberland, built, 1070. 
Elizabeth castle, Jersey, built, 1586. 

Ely monastery built, 506; destroyed by the Danes, 810; rebuilt 1109; 

bishop's house, in Holborn, built, 1290; pulled down and converted. 

into houses, 1780. 
Eltham palace built, 1290. 
Emanuel college, Cambridge, founded, 1584. 
English college, at Rome, built, 854. 
Escurial, in Spain, built, 1562. 
Esher-place, Surrey, built, 1414. 
Ethelbert's tower, in Canterbury, built, 1047. 
Eton college built, 1441 ; rebuilt, 1569. 
Ewelm palace, Oxfordshire, built, 1424. 
Excise ofiice, in Broad-street, London, built, 1774. 
Exeter castle built, 680; cathedral began, 1064; completed, 1485; new 

bridge began, 1770; county court-house built, 1776; theatre built, 

1783. 

Exeter college, Oxford, built, 1316. 

conduit built, 1486. 

Eynsham abbey, Oxtordshire, built, 1005. 
Farley castle, Somersetshire, burnt, 1342. 
Farnham castle, Surrey, built, 1138. 
Feversham abbey, Kent, built, 1147. 

I 5 



202 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Fishmonger's hall burnt, Feb. 10, 1761. 

Flaxley abbey built, 1110; destroyed by fire, 1777. 

Fleet-market opened, Sept. 30, 1737; obelisk erected, 1773 ; Fleet 

prison burnt by the rioters, June 7, 1780. 
Flint castle built, 1185. 
Florence bridge built, 1330. 
Ford abbey, Devonshire, built, 1133. 
Fotheringay castle, Northamptonshire, built, 1408. 
Foundling-hospital, London, incorporated, 1739; building began, 1743 ; 

opened, 1756. 
Fountains abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1132. 
Fountain, in Piazza Navona, in Rome, built, 1682. 
Fountain di Trevi, at Rome, built, 1751. 

Freemason's-hall, Queen-street, Lincoln's-inn-fields, London, bu.lt, 

1775; consecrated, May 23, 1776. 
French Protestants' hospital, London, incorporated, 1718. 
Frithelstoke priory, Devon, built, 1222. 
Fulham bridge built, 1727. 
Furness abbey, Lancashire, built, 1127. 
Galway college, Ireland, founded by E Iward VI. 1551. 
Gateside monastery, Durham, founded, 653. 

George's St. hospital, Hyde-park-corner, instituted, Oct. 19, 1733. 

George's, St. church, Bloomsbury, London, built, 1730. 

George, St. Fort, in the East Indies, built, 1650. 

Germains, St. priory, Cornwall, built, 937. 

Gervis abbey, Yorkshire, founded, 1145. 

Giles's, St. church, London, rebuilt, 1731. 

Gisborough priory, Yorkshire, founded, 1129. 

Glastonbury abbey, Somerset, built, 640; rebuilt, 954. 

Gleaston castle, Lancashire, built, 1340. 

Gloucester monastery, founded, 710. 

Godalmin bridge, in Surrey, began, July, 1782. 

Godstow nunnery, Oxfordshire, consecrated, 1138. 

Gonvil and Caius college, Cambridge, founded, 1348. 

Goodman's-fields theatre opened, 1729. 

Gray's-inn rebuilt, 1687. 

Grace Dieu nunnery. Leicester, founded, 1151. 

Greenfield monastery, Caernarvonshire, built, 1131. 

Greenwich hospital instituted, 1694; first began to receive disabled 
seamen, 1737; had ihe Derwentwater estate given it, 1735; injured 
by a fire, Jan. 1779; chapel rebuilt and opened for service, Sept, 2. 
1789. 

Gresham college founded, 1681 ; pulled down, 1771; and the Excise- 
office built upon the spot, 1774. 
Gre'ham hospital, in Durham, built, 1220. 

Guildford castle, Surrey, built before 1036; tower fell down, April 23, 
1700. 

Guildhall, London, built, 1116; council chamber, 1425 ; the front and 
porch 1431 ; burnt, 1666; re-built, 1669; beautified, 1762; front re- 
build, 1789. 

Guy's hospital, Southwark, built, 1721. 

Hackney coach office, in Surrey-street, Strand, London, burnt down, 

17*0; removed to Somerset-place, 1782. 
Hadley castle, Essex, built, 1306. 
Hagmon priory, Salop built, 1100. 
Hales abbey, Gloucestershire, built, 1246. 
Hales-Owen Abbey, Shropshire, built, 1215. 
Halling-house, Kent, built, 1183. 

Hampton Court palace, built, 1525; bridge began, 1750. 

Harlech castle, Merionethshire, built by the Britons; rebuilt, 876. 

Hartlebury castle, Worcestershire, built, 1268. 

Harwood nunnery, Bedfordshire, built, 1150. 

Hastings castle, Kent, built, 1070. 

Havard college, New England, built, 1650; burnt down and rebuilt, 
1764. 

Haverfordwest castle, built, about 1700. 

Haugmond abbey, Shropshire, built, 1110. 

Hawarden castle, Flintshire, built, 1250; demolished, 1643. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 



203 



Henry VII.'s clia pel, Westminster, built, Jan. 18, 1502. 
Heralds college instituted, 1340; house built, 1610. 
Hereford cathedral built, 1107 ; western tower fell, 1786. 
Hertford college, Oxford, founded, 1740. 
Hever castle, Kent, built, 1340. 

Hicks's hall, Smithfield, London, built, 1612; pulled down, 1782. 

, Clerkenwell, foundation laid, May 20, 1779; finished, 

1782. 

Higham Ferrars college, Northamptonshire, built, 1422. 
Highgate archway completed, 1813. 
Hinchinbrook priory. Huntingdonshire, built, 1074. 
Holland priory, Lancashire, founded, 1319. 

Holm Cultrum abbey, Cumberland, built by David king of Scots, 1150. 

Holy-Rood-House, Edinburgh, built, 1128; repaired, 1753. 

Holyhead, Anglesea, church built, 1291. 

Holy Cross church, Tipperary, in Ireland, built, 1169. 

Hyde abbey, near Winchester, founded, 1130. 

House of Commous, Westminster, repaired, 1348. 

Holdenby house, Northamptonshire, built, 1585. 

Horse-guards, Westminster, built, 1758. 

Huntingdon castle, built, 921. 

Hurst castle, Hampshire, built, 1539. 

Hurstmonceaux castle, Sussex, built before 1066. 

Hylton castle, Durham, built, 930. 

India-house, Leadenhall-street, London, built, 1726. 

Ipres tower, at Rye, built, 1160. 

Ipswich college built, 1524. 

Irish hospitals, Smith's school incorporated, 1669. — Bluecoat hospital 
incorporated, 1670. — Royal, near Kilmainham, ditto, 1683. — Dublin 
workhouse established, 1728. — Charitable infirmary opened, 1728. — 
Stephen's hospital incorporated, 1730.— St. Patrick's founded, 1745; 
incorporated, 1746. — Lying-in hospital established, 1745; incorpo- 
rated, 1757. — Mercers' incorporated, 1750. — St. Nicholas' opened, 
1753.— Lock instituted, 1755. — Charitable loan, ditto, 1757.— Vene- 
real opened, 1758. — Dublin hospital, ditto, 1762. 

Islington church, Middlesex, rebuilt, Aug. 28, 1751. 

James's, St. built, 1530; converted to a palace, and the park made, 
1536; one of the wings destroyed by fire, 1809. — Repaired, 1823. 

Jerusalem temple built, 1094 before Christ. 

Jesuits' church, in Rome, built, 1573. $ 

Jesus college, Cambridge, founded, 1496. 

, Oxford, founded, 1571. 

John's, St. college, Cambridge, founded, 1508. 

, Oxford, founded, 1557. 

John's, St. church, Milbank, Westminster, consecrated, June 24, 1728 ; 

burnt, Sept. 26, 1742; repaired, 1743. 
monastery, near Smithfield, London, built, 1098; burnt 

down by Wat Tyler's rabble, 1381. 
John of Gaunt's house near Lincoln, built, 1397. 
Katharine -hall, Cambridge, founded, 1472. 

Kenelworth castle, Warwickshire, built, 1120; priory built, 1106. 
Kew-bridge built of wood, 1759; of stone, began, 1783; opened, Sept. 
23, 1789. 

King's-bench prison, in St. George's-fields, Southwark, built, 1751 ; 

enlarged, 1776; burnt by rioters, June 7, 1780; rebuilt, 1781; 50 

apartments burnt, July 14, 1799. 
King's college, Cambridge, founded, 1541. 
* , Aberdeen, founded, 1500. 

, in Nova Scotia, founded, 1798; charter granted, May 

12, 1802. 

Kirkham priory, Yorkshire, built, 1122. 

Kirkstali al bey, Yorkshire, built, 1153. 

Kirkstead aobey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139. 

Knaresborotigh castle, Yorkshire, built, 1100. 

Lacock nunnery, Wilts, built, 1133. 

Lambeth chapel founded, 1169; palace built, 1184. 

Lancaster castle built, 124, by Agricola, the Roman general. 

Landaff cathedral built, 1120. 

I 6 



204 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Lanercort priory, Cumberland, built, 1169. 

Lanark castle, Scotland, founded, 1314. 

Languard fort, Essex, built, 1618. 

Latton priory, built before 1270. 

Launceston castle, Cornwall, built by the Romans. 

Leadenhall, London, built, 1446. 

Leeds castle, Kent, built, 857; rebuilt, 1071. 

Leeds priory, Essex, built. 1306. 

Leiburn castle, Kent, built, 1190. 

Leicester abbey, built, 1143. 

Leith-bridge, near Edinburgh, had the first stone laid, Sept. 23, 1 7 SS ^ 

Wet docks founded, 1801. 
Lewes priory and castle. Sussex, built, 1078. 
Lachdeld cathedral built. 656; rebuilt, 1148. 
Lilleshall priory, Salop, built, 1104. 
Lincoln college, Oxford, founded, 1427. 
Lincoln 's-inn square enclosed with rails, 1737. 
Lincoln castle built by the Remans; cathedral built, 1060. 
palace built, 1149. 

Lincoln's-inn, London, built, 1229; converted from the bishop of Chi* 
Chester's palace to an inn of court, 1310; theatre built, 1695. 

chapel finished, 1626; new buildings erected, 17S2. 

Lincluden abbey, Scotland, founded, 1165. 

Lnndisfarne monastery, Northumberland, founded, 651; rebuilt, 1014. 
Llanstephan castle y Caermarthenshire, built, 1138. 
Ltlanfhony monastery, Monmouthshire, built, 1110. 
Lock hospital, Knights bridge, instituted, 1746. 

London-bridge built of wood, 1016; burnt, 1136; rebuilt with timber, 
1163; built with stone, began in 1176; finished, 1209: houses on it 
pulled down, and the whole repaired, 1758; -when the temporary 
bridge was burnt, April 11, 1758, and made passable again for car- 
riages in ten days. — First coffer dam for the new bridge, com- 
menced April, 1824. 

water- works erected on the bridge, 16S2; burnt, 1??9. 

dispensary . instituted, 1770. 

— hospital, Mile-end, instituted, 1740; foundation laid, June \o f 

1752 ; incorporated, 1758 ; medical theatre opened, Oct. 2 7, 17S5. 

institution, first stone of the new building for, laid in the am- 
phitheatre, Moorfields, Nov. 4, 1815. 

lying-in hospital, in Bro widow-street, instituted, March 30, 

1750. 

stone, in Cannon-street, first placed there by the Romans, 15 

before Christ. 
wall built, 306. 

workhouse, Bishopsgate-street, instituted, 1611. 

Louth Park abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139. 
Louvre, in Paris, built, 1552; its front built, 1688. 
Ludgate, London, sold and pulled down, 1760. 
Ludlow castle, Salop, built, 1097. 
Luggers hall castle, Wilts, built, 1199. 
Lulworth castle, Dorset, built, 1610. 

Luke's, St. hospital, Moorfields, began, July 31, 1751: built in the 

City-road, 1785. 
Lunatic asylum, St. George's-fields. 

Lying-in hospital, in Old-street, began to be built, 1770. 
Lyme castle, Kent, built before 791. 
Magdalen college, Oxford, founded, 1479. 
_ Cambridge, founded, 1519. 

Magdalen hospital instituted, in Prescot-street, Goodman's -fields, 

1758; in St. George's-fields, built, 1772. 
Maison-dieu hospital, Dover, built, 1229. 
Malmesbury abbey built, 642; castle built, 1134. 
Maunorbeer castle, Pembrokeshire, built, 108S. 
Mansion-house, London, built, 1739; inhabited, 1752. 
Marcellus's theatre at Rome, built in 80. 
Marischal college, Aberdeen, founded, 1593. 
Maria del Fiore, cathedral of, at Florence, built, 296. 
Mark's St. palace, at Venice, built, 450. 
Marsh castle, Guernsey, built by the Danes. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 



205 



Marine society-house, Bishopsgate-street, London, began, April 30, 
1773. 

Mark's, St. church, at Venice, built, 826. 
Martin's, St. church, in Canterbury, built, 182. 

i n the fields, Westminster, built, 1726. 

Mary's, St. abbey, York, built, 1088. 

— priory, Thetford, built, 1104; old house built, 1075. 

Mary-le-bone church, built, 1817. 
Mayfield's-place, Sussex, built, 988. 

Maxtoke castle, Warwickshire, built, 1346 ; priory built, 1337. 
Mercers' chapel, London, built, 1187. 
Merchant-taylors' school founded, 1568. 
Merlin's cave, in Richmond gardens, made, 1735. 
Merton college, Oxford, founded, 1247. 
Mettingham castle and college, Suffolk, built, 1335. 
Meuse, Charing-cross, Westminster, built, 1732. 
Michaelham priory built, 1230. 

Michael. St. or Vale castle, Guernsey, built, 1100 ; church built, 1117. 
Michael, St. Mount monastery, Cornwall, built, 1030. 
Middleham castle, Yorkshire, built, 1190. 

Middlesex hospital instituted, 1745; built, 1755; house of correction 

finished, 179*. 
Middleton abbey, Dorset, built, 938. 
Military asylum, foundation laid, June 19, 1801. 
Minerva's temple, at Athens, built, 450 before Christ. 
Mint, new, erected, 1813. 
Montacute priory, Somerset, built, 1070. 
Montgomery castle rebuilt, 1093. 

Monument, London, began, 1671; finished, 1677 ; repaired, 1186. 

Moorgate, London, sold for 166Z. and pulled down, 1761. 

Moorfields, London, levelled and planted, 1614; quarters formed, 
gravelled, and planted, 1740; division wall pulled down, 1754; road 
made to cross it, 1786; formed into an elegant square, 1791. 

Morpeth castle, Northumberland, built about 1230. 

Mont Orgueil castle, Jersey, built, 1000. 

Mount, St. Michael, on the coast of France, built, 966; completed, 
1070. 

Mole at Athens, built, 120. 

Museum, (late Montague house) purchased by parliament, 1753; in- 
habited by the military, 1780. 

, the Leverian, built by Mr. Parkinson, 1786; first occupied by 

the Surrey institution, 1808. 

, London, Piccadilly, erected, 1811-12. 

Na worth castle, Cumberland, built, 1330. 

Neath abbey, Glamorganshire, built, 1150; castle built, 1090. 

Nether-hall, Essex, built, 1280. 

Netley abbey, Hants, built, 1239; castle built, 1540. 
Newark castle, Nottinghamshire, built, 1140. 
priory, Surrey, built, 1191. 

Newcastle-on-the-Tyne castle built, 1081 ; bridge rebuilt, 1779. 

Newcastle-under-Line castle built, 1340. 

New church, Strand, London, opened, Feb. 1, 1720-1. 

New college, Oxford, founded, 1375. 

New cut from the river Lea to Limehouse, opened, Sept. 17, 1770. 
New forest, Hampshire, made, 1079. 

Newgate, in the Old Bailey, London, built, 1776; burnt by the rioters, 
June 6, 1780; restored, 1781. 

New river first brought to London, 1614; their office in Salisbury- 
court built, 1770. 

Newton's, sir Isaac, statue erected in Trinity college, Cambridge, 

July 5, 1755. 
Newstead abbey, Nottinghamshire, built, 1160. 
Norton priory, Cheshire, built, 1210. 
Norham castle, Durham, built, 1100. 
Norwich cathedral began, 1096. 
Nottingham castle built, 1068. 
Notre Dame church, in Paris, built, 1270. 
Nwneaton nunnery, Warwickshire, built, 1170. 



206 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Nutley abbey, Bucks, built, 1162. 
Oakham castle, Rutlandshire, built, 1162. 
Odiam castle, Hants, built, 1190. 
Offa's dyke made, 774. 
Oakhampton castle, Devon, built, 1058. 

Old Bailey sessions-house, London, built, 1773; enlarged, 1808. 
Olveston priory, Lincolnshire, built, 1160. 

Opera-house, Haymarket, opened, 1704; burnt, 1789; and the founda- 
tion of a new one laid, April 3, 1790; and used as a play-house, 
Sept. 22, 1791. 

Opera-house, new, built on the site of the Lyceum in the Strand, 1816. 
Oransey abbey, Scotland, built, 567. 
Oriel college, founded, 1337. 
Orford castle, Suffolk, built, 1066. 

Oswego fort, on Lake Ontario, America, built, 1727; rebuilt in 1759. 
Osyth's, St. priory, Essex, built, 1120. 
Ottery priory, Devon, built, 1060. 
O use-bridge, at York, rebuilt, 1566. 

Oxford castle built, 1074; theatre built, 1169; library built, 1745; 

hospital began, May 4, 1772; observatory built, 1772. 
Paisley monastery, Scotland, founded, 1160. 
Pantheon, at Rome, built, 25 before Christ. 

, in Oxford-road, London, first opened, Jan. 27, 1772; con- 
verted to an opera-house, March, 1191 ; burnt down, Jan. 14, 1792. 

Park, St. James's, drained by Henry VIII. 1537; improved, planted, 
and made a thoroughfare for public use, 1668 ; decoy removed, and 
drains filled up, 1775. 

Parliament house, Dublin, built, 1729, at the expence of 40,0002., but 
was destroyed by fire, Feb. 27, 1792. 

Paul's, St., London, built on the foundation of an old temple of Diana, 
610 ; burnt, 964 ; rebuilt, 1240, having been 150 years building, the 
steeple fired by lightning, 1443 ; rebuilt, having been in great part 
burnt down, 1631 ; totally destroyed by fire, 1666; first stone of the 
present building laid, 1675 ; finished, 1710; and cost 1,000,0002. ; first 
service performed, Dec. 2, 1697. The bail and cross renewed, 
1823. The iron balustrade round the church-yard is three furlongs 
and one -fifth. 

Paul's, St., school, built, 1510. 

Peel castle, in the Isle of Man, built before 1245. 

, Lancashire, built, 1140. 

Pembroke college, Oxford, founded, 620. 

hall, Cambridge, founded, 1343. 

Pendragon castle, Westmoreland, destroyed, 1341; repaired, 1660. 
Penitentiary, new, for convicts at Mill-bank, the quadrangle of, com- 
pleted, and convicts removed to, June, 1816. 
Penmon priory, Anglesea, built, 540. 
Peterborough cathedral built, 1200. 
Peterhouse college, Cambridge, founded, 1257. 
Peter's, St., at Rome, began, 1514; finished, 1629. 
Pevensey castle, Sussex, built by the Romans. 
Pharos, of Alexandria, built 282 before Christ. 
Physic garden, Oxford, began, 1652. 

, Chelsea, began, 1732. 

, Cambridge, began, 1163. 

Physicians' college, London, founded, 1519. 
Piazza Fountain Navona, at Rome, built, 1680. 

Picts' wall, between England and Scotland, built, 85, by Agricola ; re- 
paired by Urbicus, 144; Adrian built one from Newcastle to Car- 
lisle, 121 ; Severus from sea to sea, 203. 

Picton castle, Pembrokeshire, built before the conquest, and is now 
entire. 

Pleshey castle, Essex, built by the Romans. 
Pontefract, or Pomfret castle, Yorkshire, built, 1069. 
Porchester castle. Hampshire, built by the Romans. 
Powis castle, Montgomeryshire, built, 1110. 
Powderham castle, Devonshire, built, 970. 

Prison, new debtors, Whitecross-street, first stone of, laid, July 5, 

1813; completed, 1815. 
Propyleum, at Athens, built 432 before Christ. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 



207 



Putney-bridge built, 1726. 
Pyramids in Egypt, built 1430 before Christ. 
Pythagoras' school, Cambridge, built, 1092. 
Queen's college, Oxford, founded, 1340. 

, Cambridge, founded, 1448. 

Raby castle, Durham, built, 1020. 

Radcliffian library, Oxford, began building, May 12, 1737 ; opened, 

April 13, 1749. 
Ramsey abbey, Huntingdonshire, built, 939. 
Raine's charity commenced, 1758. 
Ransa castle, Arran isle, Scotland, built before 1380. 
Ravensworth castle, in Yorkshire, built, 1030. 
Reading abbey founded, 1130. 
Reculver abbey, Kent, built, 669. 
Restormel castle, Cornwall, built, 1100. 
Rheims cathedral built, 840. 

Rhuddlan castle, in Wales, built before the conquest; rebuilt, 1063 ; 

repaired, 1281. 
Rialto, at Venice was begun, 15S8, finished, 1591. 

Richmond palace built, 1498; bridge, Surrey, began building, Aug. 
23, 1774; finished, 1777. 

— castle, Yorkshire, built ,1070. 

Richhorough castle, Kent, built by the Romans. 
Rippon monastery, Yorkshire, built, 677. 
Rivaulx abbey , Yorkshire, built, 1132. 
Roche abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1147. 

Rochester-bridge built, 1392; cathedral, 610; repaired, 1080; castle 
built, 1070. 

Rockingham castle, Northamptonshire, built, 1070. 

Roll's chapel, Chancery-lane, London, built, 1232; master's house 

built, Sept. 18, 1717. 
Roman highways made in Britain, 415. 

Rome's walls built, and the sewers made, 602; the great circus made, 
which would contain 150,000 persons; and the temple of Janus built, 
207. 

Rothsay castle, isle of Bute, Scotland, built before 1263. 

Round towers in Ireland, were built about 838; were called Cloeht- 
heach, or House of the Bell, and were built by the Danes, or Ostmen. 

Royal Exchange, London, built, 1566; titled royal by queen Elizabeth, 
Jan. 29, 1571; burnt, 1666; rebuilt, 1670; repaired and beautified, 
Sept. 28 1769.— The tower re-built, 1821 ; repaired, 1824. 

Royal observatory, in Greenwich park, built, 1675. 

society academy, Strand. London, first stone laid, June 4, 1776. 

institution founded, 1799. 

Rumsey abbey, Hants, built, 972. 

Saltwood castle, Kent, built by the Romans. 

Salisbury cathedral began building, April 28, 1220; finished, 1258; cost 

40,000 marks. 
Sampson's, St. church at Guernsey, built. 1111. 
Sandford castle, Dorset, built, 1540. 

Sancta Casa, or the holy house of Loretto, pretended to have been 
brought by angels from Palestine into Illyria, in 1291; pillaged by 
the French, Feb. 12, 1797, when the statue of the Madona was con- 
veyed to Paris. 

Sandal castle, Yorkshire, built, 1317. 

Sandown castle, Kent, built, 1539. 

Sandgate castle, Kent, built, 1540. 

Sandwich bridge, built, 1756. 

Saturn's temple, in Rome, built, 407 B. C. 

Saviour's, St church, Southwark, built, 1098. 

Savoy palace, Strand, London, built, 1245; converted to an hospital , 

1549; burnt down, March 2, 1776. 
Sawley abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1147. 
Scarborough castle, built, 1140; rebuilt, 1170. 

Scone abbey, near Perth, founded, 1114 ; burnt by the populace at the 
reformation, 1599, afterwards rebuilt; Charles II. was the last king 
crowned in the kirk, all the Scottish.monarchs having been crowned 



208 



CHRONOLOGY. 



in this abbey ; made the residence of the count d'Artois, of France. 
1798. 

Severus's wall, built in the north of England, 203. 
Snap monastery, Westmoreland, founded, 1159. 
Shakspeare's monument, Westminster abbey, erected, 1741. 
Sherborne castle, Dorset, built, 1107. 

Shrewsbury abbey, Salop, built, 1033; castle built, 1084. 
Sion abbey, Middlesex, built, 1414. 
Sion college, London-wall, built, 162*. 

Simpson's hospital, Dublin, for blind and gouty men, established and 
built, 1780. 

Six-clerks-office, Chancery-lane, London, built, 1776. 

Skipton castle, Yorkshire, built about 1070. 

Small -pox hospital, Coldbath-fields, instituted, Sept. 26, 1746. 

Somerset-house, Strand, London, built, 1549; pulled down, 1776, and 
began to be rebuilt in its present state ; the navy office, pipe office, 
victualling office, and other public offices, removed into it in 1788 ; 
terrace fell down, Dec. 26, 1788; had 306,1342. 9^d granted by par- 
liament to defray the expense of its erection to the year 17SS, and 
1500*. addition in 1798, and 2550/. in 1801. 

Scmerton castle, near Newark, Lincomshire, built, 1303. 

Sophia, St. at Constantinople, built, 566. 

Surbonne, at Paris, founded, 1250. 

Southwark -bridge, first stone laid, May 23, 1S15. 

Southwell palace, Newark, Nottinghamshire, built, 1518. 

Stadthouse, at Amsterdam, built, 1649; finished, 1655. 

Stafford castle built, 1070. 

Stamford castle, Lincolnshire, built, 922. 

Stock-exchange, in Capel-court, foundation of, laid. May IS, 1800. 

Strand bridge, first stone of, laid, Oct. 11, 1811 ; finished and opened 
to the public by a grand procession, the name having been changed 
to Waterloo Bridge, in honour of the duke of Wellington, June 18, 
1817. 

Strasburgh cathedral built, 1035; its Tower, 1049. 
Stratford-upon-Avon monastery built, 1070. 

St. Stephen's chapel, now the house of commons. Westminster, built. 
1115. 

Strataflovida abbey, Cardiganshire, built, 1164 ; rebuilt, 123S. 
Street, crossing the west end of the metropolis from Carltcn-house t* 

the Regent's park, commenced building-, 1815. 
Sudeley castle, Gloucestershire, built, 1442. 
Swansea castle, Glamorganshire, built, 1113. 
Sydney Sussex college, Cambridge, founded, 159S. 
Tamworth castle, Warwickshire, built, 914. 
Tavistock monastery, Devon, built, 961. 

Temple, London, founded by the knights-templars, 11S5; Middle 

temple hall built, 1572; their present church built, 1240. 
Temple-bar built, 1672. 
Tenby castle, Pembrokeshire, built, 1079. 

Tetbury church, Gloucestershire, rebuilt at the expence of 3.658/. 16*. 

the pavement and pews cost 1000/. 17s. addition ; opened. Oct. 1781. 
Tewkesbury abbey, Gloucestershire, built, 1102. 
Theobald's house, Herts, pulled down, 1765. 
Theseus's temple, at Athens, built 428 before Christ. 
Thetford monastery, founded, 1103. 
Thomas, St. hospital, Southwark, founded, 1553. 
Thornbury castle, Gloucestershire, built, 1510. 
Thorney abbey, Cambridgeshire, built, 972. 
Thornton college, Lincolnshire, built, 1174. 
Thuilleries, in Paris, built, 1577. 
Tichfield abbey, Hampshire, built, 1232. 
Tilbury fort built, 1545. 
Tiltey abbey, Essex, built, 1152. 
Tintern abbey, Monmouthshire, built, 1131. 
Tiverton castle, Devonshire, built, llio. 
Tower of London built, 1078 ; walled in, 1099. 

of the winds, at Athens, built, 550 before Christ. 

at Pisa, built, 1174. 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 



209 



Trajan's pillar erected in Rome, 114. 

piazza built at Rome, in 100. 

treasury office, Westminster, built, 1732. 

Trematon castle, Cornwall, built before the conquest, and yet entire. 
Trinity-house, London, founded, 1515; incorporated, 1685; built on 

Tower-hill, 1795. 
Trinity college, Cambridge, founded, 1536. 

college, Oxford, founded, 1555. 

hall, Cambridge, founded, 1350. 

Tunbridge castle built, 1090; priory built, 1094. 

Tupholme priory, near Lincoln, built, 1160. 

Tynemouth castle and priory, Northumberland, built, 700. 

Val de Grace, in Paris, built, 1666. 

Vatican library founded, 1418. 

Valle Crucis abbey, Denbighshire, built, 1200. 

Vauxhall bridge, first stone of, laid, May 9, 18T1 ; opened, July 25 5 
1817. 

Versailles palace, France, began, 1687 ; finished 1708. 

Ulverscroft priory, Leicestershire, built, 1167. 

University college, Oxford, founded, 872. 

Upnor castle built, 1561. 

Wadham college, Oxford, founded, 1613» 

Walmer castle, Kent, built, 1539. 

Walsingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1070* 

Waltham abbey, 1062; cross built, 1292. 

Walton bridge erected, 747; rebuilt, 1786. 

Wapping new dock, had its first stone laid, June 27, 1802; opened, 

Jan. 30, 1805. 
Warden monastery, Bedfordshire, built, 1136. 
W r arwick castle built, 912 ; rebuilt, 1072. 
Waterloo bridge. (See Strand bridge.') 
Waverley abbey, in Surrey, built, 1128. 
Welsh hospital, Gray's-inn-lane, London, erected, 1772. 

cathedral built, 704. 

Westmalling abbey, Kent, founded, 944. 

Wenlock abbey, Salop, built, 1081 ; monastery. 680. 

Westham abbey, Essex, founded, 1154. 

Westminster abbey, built by Ethelbert, of Kent, on the spot where 
stood the temple of Apollo, 914; rebuilt, 1065 ; again rebuilt, 1269 ; 
made collegiate, 1560; towers built, 1732 ; and north porch repair- 
ed, 1750; damaged by fire, July 7, 1803 ; complete repair of, begun, 
1810. 

bridge began, Sept. 13, 1738; first stone laid, Jan. 29, 

1738-9; centre arch finished, March 3, 1741-2; last arch, Aug. 1746; 
pier sunk and repaired, Sept. 1, 1747 ; opened for passengers, Nov. 
17, 1750 ; and cost 426,650^. 

hall built by William Rufus, 1098 ; rebuilt, 1399, by 

Richard II. ; repaired, 1748; slated, 1750 ; beautified and repaired, 
1782; went through a general repair in 1802, at the expence of 
13,000^. 

■ infirmary instituted, 1720. 

■ lying-in hospital instituted, 1765. 

■ palace built, 1098 ; burnt, 1298 ; again, 1540, 

school founded, 1070 ; again, by queen Elizabeth, 1560. 

Wetherhall priory, Cumberland, built, 1086. 

Weymouth castle built, 1539. 

Whalley abbey, Lancashire, built, 1178. 

Whitecross street, debtors' prison begun July 5, 1813. 

Whitehall, Westminster, built by Cardinal Wolsey, 1545; damaged 

by fire, 1690; consumed, June 5, 1697-8; gateway pulled down and 

carried to Windsor, 1746. 
W hitby monastery, Yorkshire, founded, 1075. 
Whorwell nunnery, Hants, built, 979. 
Wigmore castle, Herefordshire, built, 1074. 
Winchcomb monastery, Gloucestershire, founded, 800. 
Winchelsea monastery built, 1310; castle built, 1543. 
Winchester college founded, 1387 ; cathedral built, 1366 ; palace he* 

fan, 1683 ; north gate built, 1290, 



210 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Winds, tower of, at Athens, built, 540 before Christ. 

Windsor castle built, 1365 ; chap el built, 1473 ; college founded, 1543; 

terrace made, 1587 ; chapel thoroughly repaired and opened, Oct. 

17, 1790. 

Wing-field castle, Suffolk, built before the conquest. 
Winifred's Well chapel built, 1490. 
Witham priory, Essex, built, 913. ■ 
Wobura abbey, Bedfordshire, founded, 1145. 
Wolsey college, Ipswich, founded, 1529. 
Wolverhampton cathedral founded, 996. 
Woodstock park made, the first in England, 1123. 
Woolwich church rebuilt, 1732; academy finished, 1741. 
Worcester college, Oxford, founded, 1713; incorporated 1744. 

cathedral built, 1055. 

Worksop abbey, Nottinghamshire, built, 1103. 
Wymondham monastery founded, 1105. 

York monastery founded, 1072; cathedral built, 62S; rebuilt, 1075: 
St. Mary's abbey built, 10S8; Ouse bridge built, 1566; castle built 
by "William the Conqueror ; rebuilt, 1701; Mansion-house built, 1728. 

Yarrow monastery, Durham, built, 674. 

Zecca, at Venice, built, 1570. 



SECT. XII. 



ACADEMIES INSTITUTED OX THE CONTINENT, &c; 



AMERICA, Province of Massachusetts Bay, arts and sciences, 1780. 
Academy, Ionian, instituted at Corfu, 1S09. 
Berlin, 1700, a literary society incorporated with it, 1744; Prussian 

sons of nobility , 1769; architecture, 1799- 
Bologna, for physic and mathematics, 1690 ; arts and sciences, 1714. 
Brescia, 1526. 
Brest, military, 16S2. 
Caen, belles lettres, 1705. 
Copenhagen, polite arts, 1753. 
Cortona, Etruscan, 1756. 

Cremona, 1560; renewed, 1607, under the title of Disuuiti. 
Drotningholm, polite arts, 1753. 
Dublin, arts, 1750. 
Erfurt, sciences, 1755. 

Florence, belles lettres, 1272.— Delia Crusca, 1683. 

Geneva, medical, 1715. 

Genoa, for painting, sculpture, &c. 1751. 

Germany, natural history, 1652 ; military, 1752 and 1763 ; medical, 161 
Haerlem, sciences, 1760. 
Lisbon, royal historical, 1722. 

Lyons, sciences, belles lettres, 1700; royal societies of physic, mathe- 
matics, and arts, united in 1758. 
Madrid, painting, sculpture, and architecture, 1753. 
Mantua, Vigilanti, for sciences, 1704. 
Marseilles, belles lettres, history, and criticism, 1726. 
Massachusetts Bay, arts and sciences, 1780. 
Milan, sciences, 1719. 
Naples, arts and scieuces, 1540. 
New York, literary and philosophical. 1S14, 
Nismes, royal, 1682. 



COMPANIES, &C. INCORPORATED. 



211 



Padua, Ricovrati, for poetry, 1610. 
Palermo, medical, 1645. 

Paris, Sorbonne, for divinity, 1256; painting, 1391; music, 1543; elo- 
quence and poetry, 1635; royal, of inscriptions and belles lettres, 
1663 ; painting- and sculpture, 1664; architecture, 1671 ; royal, of sur- 
gery, 1731 ; agriculture, 1761 ; royal military, 1751 ; natural philo- 
sophy, 1796. 

Parina, Innominati, 1550 ; Cremona, 1560; renewed as Disuniti, 1607. 
Perousa, of the Insensati, 1561 ; of Filirgiti, or the lovers of industry, 

1574; improved, 1652. 
Petersburgh, sciences, 1724 ; military 1732; school of arts, 1764; friends 

to Russian literature, 1811. 
Philadelphia, sciences, 1149. 
Prussian academies reformed, 1750. 

Rome, Umoristi, for poetry, 1611; Fantastici, 1625; Infecondi, 1653; 

painting, 1665 ; English, 1752. 
Spain, royal military, 1751. 

Stockholm, royal, of sciences, 1739; belles lettres, 1758; agriculture, 
1781. 

Turkey, military, 1775. 
Toulon, military, 16S2. 
Up sal, sciences, 1720. 
Venice, medical, 1701. 
Verona, at first music, 1543. 
Vienna, orientalists, 1810. 

W arsaw, languages, history, and chronology, 1753. 



SECT. XIII. 

COMPANIES, SOCIETIES, OFFICES, &c. 
INCORPORATED. 

AFRICAN company established, 1618, 1762. In 1746, government 
owed the company 11,686,800^. and its divided capital amounted 
to 10,780,000^. both which continued till 1776. 
African institution society instituted, 1806. 
Agricultural societies established in England, 1787. 
American philosophical society instituted, Jan, 2, 1672. 
Amicable society incorporated, 1706. 
Antiquarian society incorporated, Nov. 2, 1751. 

at Edinburgh, instituted, Dec. 18, 17S0. 

at Newcastle, 1812. 

Apothecaries' company, London, incorporated, 1617. 
Armourers' company London, incorporated, 1423. 
Artillery company revived, 1610. 

Artists, society of, London, incorporated, Feb. 26, 1765. 
Arts and sciences, society of, London, instituted, 1753. 

society established at New York, 1765. 

Arts, royal, at London, instituted, 1768. 
Augmentation office established, 1704. 
Bankers' company, London, incorporated, 1307. 

Bank of Amsterdam founded, 1609 ; of Venice, 1157; of Rotterdam, 
1635. 

of England established, 1693. Bank notes at 13 and 14 per cent. 

dis. and 15 and 20 ; also jiaid three per cent, on their bank notes 



CHRONOLOGY. 



once in three months, 1697. — The dividend on their stock raised from 
five to seven per cent. March 19, 17S8. — Lent government, in 1693, 
the sum of 1,300,000/. at eight per cent. — In 1696, their stock amount- 
ed to 2,201,171/. 10s —In 1709, they augmented it to 4,402,313/. when 
they advanced government 400,000/. ; and in 1714, another loan of 
1,500,000*.— In 1742, government was indebted to them 3,200,000/. 

Bank of Scotland established, 1695. 

— of Copenhagen, 1736. 

— of Berlin, 1765. 

Caisse d'Escompte, in France, 1776. 

~— - — at Petersburgh, 1786. 

Banks, saving, first established in different places in England, 1816. 

Barber-Surgeons' company, London, incorporated, 1308. 

Barnard's-inn society, in Chancery *lane, commenced, 1445. 

Bible society, naval and military, instituted, 1780. 

Blacksmiths' company, London, incorporated, 1577* 

31ackwell-hall factors' company, London, established, 1516. 

Blind, school for the, instituted, 1799. 

Book society, Dissenters, for tracts, instituted, 1750. 

Bowyers' company, London, incorporated, 1620. 

Brewers' company, London, incorporated, 1438. 

Bricklayers' company, London, incorporated, 1568. 

British herring fishery incorporated, 1750. 

■ institution founded, June 4, 1805 ; opened, Jan. 18, 1806. 

=— — — and foreign Bible society, 1804. 

£ o — • — school society instituted, 1815. 

— linen company erected, 1746. 
— — mineralogical society commenced, 1799. 
— museum established, 1758. 

society incorporated, for extending the fisheries, 1786. 

= Iy;ag-ii» hospital, for married women, instituted, 1749. 

Butchers' company, London, incorporated, 1604. 
Cabinet council first constituted, April 25, 1610, 
Cap-makers* company, London, incorporated, 1650, 
Card-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1629. 
Carpenters' company, London, incorporated, 1344. 
Charitable corporation instituted, 1703; abolished, 1731. 
Chatham chest first established, 1582. 
Chelsea water-works company incorporated, 1722. 
Christian knowledge, society for promoting, instituted, 1698. 
Clement's-inn society established, 1471. 

Clergymen's widows' and orphans' corporation established in Eng- 
land, July, 1670. 

Clergymen's sons', &c. society, established in Scotland, Oct. 1794. 

Clifford's-inn society began, 1315. 

Clock-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1632. 

Cloth-workers' company, London, incorporated, 1482. 

Coach-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1677. 

Condition of the poor, society for bettering the, instituted, 1796. 

Comb-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1650. 

Commissioners of sewers first appointed, 1125. 

Companies first established in London, 1198. 

Cooks' company, London, incorporated, 1481. 

Coopers' company, London, incorporated, 1501. 

Cordwainers' company, London, incorporated, 1410, 

Curriers' company, London, incorporated, 1605. 

Cutlers' company, London, incorporated, 1417. 

Deaf and dumb asylum instituted, 1792. 

Drapers' company, London, incorporated, 1169. 

Dublin society incorporated, 1750. 

Dyers' company, London, incorporated, 1469. 

Kast India company, at Embden, established, 1750. 

, in England, established, 1600; their slock then 

consisting of 72,000/. when they fitted out four ships; and, meeting 
with success, they have continued ever since ; India stock sold from 
360 to 500 per cent. 1683 ; a new company established, 1698; the old 
one re-established, and the two united, 1700; agreed to give go- 
vernment 400.000/. per annum, for four years, on condition that they 



COMPANIES, &C. 



INCORPORATED. 



213 



might continue unmolested, 1769 ; in great confusion, and applied to 
parliament for assistance, 1773 ; judges sent from England by go- 
vernment faithfully to administer the laws there, to the company's 
servants, April 2, 1774; board of control instituted, 1784 ; charter of, 
renewed, 1813. 

East India company's alms'-houses, founded, 1656. 

East India company of Sweden erected, March, 1731. 

of France, established, 1627 ; abolished by the 

national assembly, and the trade laid open, Jan. 26, 1791. 

of Holland, incorporated, 1604. 

East-land company incorporated, 1579. 

Electrical dispensatory, London, instituted, 1793. 

Emanuel hospital, Westminster, instituted, 1534. 

Embroiderers' company, London, incorporated, 1592, 

English copper office incorporated, 1691. 

Excise office formed, 1643. 

Eye, royal infirmary for the, instituted, 1804. 

, London infirmary for, instituted, 1804. 

Fan-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1709. 

Farriers' company, London, incorporated, 1673. 

Felt-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1604. 

Fishermen's company, London, incorporated, 1687. 

Fishmongers' company, London, incorporated, 1536. 

First-fruit's office established, 1543. 

Fletchers' company, London, incorporated, 1526. 

Founders' company, London, incorporated, 1614. 

Frame-work-knitters' company, London, incorporated, 1664, 

Fruiterers' company, London, incorporated, 1604. 

Furriers' company, London, incorporated, 1509. 

Furnival's-inn society began, 1563. 

Gardeners' company, London, incorporated, 1616. 

Geological society instituted, 1813. 

Girdlers' company, London, incorporated, 1448. 

Glass-sellers' company, London, incorporated, 1664. 

Glaziers' company, London, incorporated, 1637. 

Glovers' company, London, incorporated, 1556. 

Gold and silver wire-drawers' company, London, incorporated, 1623, 
Goldsmiths' company, London, incorporated, 1327. 
Gray's-inn society began, 1357; house built, 1687. 
Greenock society for the encouragement of arts and sciences, formed 
1812. 

Grocers' company, London, incorporated, 1429. 

Gunsmiths' company, London, incorporated, 1638. 

Haberdashers' company, London, incorporated, 1407. 

Hackney-coach office established, June 24, 1694. 

Hamburgh company incorporated, 1296. 

Hand-in-hand fire office incorporated, 1696. 

Hat-band makers' company, London, incorporated, 1638. 

Hawkers' and pedlars' licence office, 1697. 

Heralds' college instituted, 1340. 

Herring fishery established, Sept. 2, 1750. 

Highland society for agriculture instituted, Feb. 1785. 

Horners' company, London, incorporated, 1638. 

Hudson's-bay company incorporated, 1610. 

Humane society instituted, 1774. 

Inn-holders' company, London, incorporated, 1515. 

Institution, the national benevolent, at Gloucester, for the relief of 
distressed persons in middle life, of whatsoever country or persua- 
sion, 1812. 

Devon and Exeter, for the diffusion of science, literature, 

and the arts, 1812. 
Irish working schools 9 society incorporated, Oct. 1773. 
Ironmongers' company, London, incorporated, 1464. 
Joiners' company, London, incorporated, 1564. 

King's college in Halifax, Nova Scotia, founded and incorporated by 

charter, Oct. 7, 1802. 
Lead office established, 1692. 

Leather-sellers' company, London, incorporated, 1442. 



214 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Lincoln's -inn society established, 1310. 

Literary fund for the relief of distressed authors, established, 1790. 

Liverpool society of arts instituted, 1S10. 

Linnaean society founded, 1783 ; incorporated, 1802. 

London assurance office charter granted. 1716. 

London incorporated, and obtained their first charter for electing ma- 
gistrates, 1208. 
London institution commenced, 1S05. 
JLoriners' company incorporated, 1438. 
Lyon's-inn society established, 1420. 

Marine society established, 1756 ; to whom W. Hicks, Esq. left 300/. 

per annum. 1763 ; incorporated, 1772. 
Masons' company, London, incorporated, 1677. 
Medical society at Dublin instituted, 1785. 
Mercers' company, London, incorporated, 1393. 
Merckant-taylors' company, London, incorporated, 1166. 
Military academy. Woolwich, established, 1711. 
Mine and battery company incorporated, 1588. 
Mines, royal, established, 1565. 
Mint office in the Tower established, 1066. 
Musicians' company, London, incorporated, 1601. 
Naval asylum instituted by the duke of Clarence, 1801. 
Navy ofiice founded, Dec. 4, 1641. 

Needle-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1656. 
New inn society founded, 1485. 

Ostend company erected, Jan. 1722-3 ; abolished, March, 1731-2. 

Paper-stainers' company. London, incorporated, 1580. 

Painting, academy of, in London, incorporated, 1768. 

Parish clerks' company, London, incorporated, 1232. 

Patten-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1670. 

Pensioners, the band of, established, 1590. 

Pewterers' company, London, incorporated, 1474. 

Philanthropic society commenced, 1788. 

Physicians' college incorporated, Sept. 23, 1518. 

Physic, school of established in Dublin, 1814. 

Pin-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1636. 

Plasterers' company, London, incorporated, 1500. 

Plumbers' company, London, incorporated, 1611. 

Poulterers' company, London, incorporated, 1503. 

Preston Guild established, 1172. 

Promotion of Christian knowledge, society for the, established, 1699. 
Propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts, society for the, incorpo- 
rated, 1701. 

Propagation of the Gospelin New England, society from the, incorpo- 
rated, Feb. 7, 1662. 
Raine's charity began to portion out four young women, 175S. 
Reformation of manners, society for, formed, 1698. 
Royal exchange assurance ofiice charter granted, 1716. 
Roj'al miners' company incorp'orated, 1564. 

Royal society, London, instituted, Dec. 30, 1660; incorporated, 1663. 

Royal institution of Great Britain commenced, 1800. 

Royal society of aris instituted in London, 1768. 

Royal society of musicians, 1785. 

Russel institution commenced, 1S0S. 

Russia company incorporated, 1555. 

Saddlers' company, London, incorporated, 1280. 

Salt office established, 1694; duties formed, June 15, 1702. 

Salters' company, London, incorporated, 1558. 

Samaritan society at the London hospital commenced, 1791. 

Scots' corporation began, 1665. 

Scriveners' company, London, incorporated, 1616. 

Seamen's widows' corporation erected, Oct. 13, 1732. 

Secretary of state's office began, 1530. 

Shipwrights' company, London, incorporated, 1610. 

Sick and wounded seamen's incorporation began, June 24, 171?. 

Silk-throwsters' company, London, incorporated, 1629. 

Sion college, London-wall, founded, 1623; incorporated, 1664. 

Skinners' company, London, incorporated, 1327. 



OLD TESTAMENT EVENTS, 



215 



Soap-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1638. 
Societies first established in London, 1198. 

Society for the relief of persons confined for small debts, commenced, 
1772. 

for the relief of the widows and orphans of medical men, in- 
stituted, 1788. 

for bettering- the condition of the poor, instituted, 1796. 

for abolishing- the common method of sweeping chimneys, 

commenced, 1802. 

national, for promoting the education of the poor in the prin- 
ciples of the established church, 1811. 

of ladies at Liverpool, for converting female Jews to the pro- 

testant religion, 1812. 

for the suppression of begging, instituted at Edinburgh, 1813. 

South Sea company'began, May 6, 1710 ; its bubble, 1750; its direc- 
tors' estates, to the value of 2,000,000Z. seized 1721; compounded 
with Mr. Knight, their cashier, for 10,000/., who had absconded with 
100,000/. in 1720; and he returned to England, 1743. 

Spectacle-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1630. 

Stamp office established, 169i. 

Staple's-hm society established, 1415, 

Starch-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1632. 

Stationers' company, London, incorporated, 1556. 

Surgeons' company, London, incorporated, 1715. 

Surrey institution commenced, 1808: dissolved, 1823. 

Tallow-chandlers' company, London, incorporated, 1463. 

Temple, three societies of the, (inner, middle, and outer), 1340; found- 
ed, 1560. 

Thaive's-inn society established, 1519; dissolved, 1768. 

Tin-plate workers' company, London, incorporated, 1670. 

Tobacco-pipe-makers' company, London, incorporated, 1663. 

Trinity house founded by Sir Thomas Spert, 1512 ; incorporated, 16S5> 

Turkey company incorporated, 1579. 

Turners' company, London, incorporated, 1604. 

Victualling office instituted, Dec. 10, 1663. 

Vintners' company, London, incorporated, 1437. 

Upholders' company, London, incorporated, 1627. 

Wardrobe, great, in Scotland yard, established, 14S5. 

Watermen's company, London, incorporated, 1550. 

Wax-chandlers' company, London, incorporated, 1484. 

Weavers' company, London, incorporated, 1164. 

Welsh copper-office incorporated, 1694. 

Wheelwrights' company incorporated, 1670. 

York-buildings water- works' company incorporated, 1691. 



SECT. XIII. 

REMARKABLE EVENTS CONNECTED WITH THE 
HISTORY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 

Arranyed in the Order of their Dates. 

4004 nnHE creation of the world began according to archbishop Usher, 
A on Sunday. Oct. 23, and in the year before the vulgar era of 
the birth of Christ, as given in the Hebrew text, 1001; in the 
LXX. 5872; in the Samaritan, 4700 ; of the Julian period, 710.— 



216 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Adam and Eve were created on Friday, Oct. 28 ; they are placed 
in Paradise, but are soon tempted and fall; sentence is passed 
upon them by God, who encourages them at the same time with 
the promise of the seed of the woman; they are banished Pa- 
radise. 

4003 The birth of Cain, the fh'st who was born of a woman. — Abel is 
bora soon after. 

3875 Abel is murdered by Cain, because his sacrifice was more ac- 
ceptable to God. 

3874 Seth born, whose offspring 1 were the children of God, by way of 
distinction from those of Cain, who were named the children of 
men. 

3017 Enoch, for his piety, is translated to heaven. 

2-469 The term of 120 years is allowed by God for the repentance of 
the world, before the deluge : this is communicated to Noah, who 
is sent to them as a preacher of righteousness. 

2349 On the tenth day of the second month, which was on Sunday, No- 
vember 30, God commanded Isioah to enter into the ark with his 
family, &c. and on Sunday, Dec. 7, it began to rain, and rained 
40 days; and the deluge continued 150 days. 

2343 The ark rested on Mount Ararat, on Wednesday, May 6; the tops 
of the mountains became visible on Sunday , July 19 ; and on Fri- 
day, Dec. 18, Noah came out of the ark with all that were with 
him . — He built an altar, and sacrificed to God for his deliverance. 

2247 The Tower of Babel is built about this time, by Noah's posterity, 
in the valley of Shinar, upon which God miraculously confounds 
their language, and thus disperses them into different nations. 

1996 Abram the patriarch, born at Ur, in Chaldaea ; died 1821, aged 
175. 

1927 Sarah, wife to Abraham, born; died 1859, aged 127. 

1925 Chedorlaomer, king ofElam, subdues the five kings of Sodom, 
Gomorrha, Adama, Seboim, and Zoar. 

1921 The covenant of God made with Abram when he leaves Haran 
to go into Canaan, on the 15th of Abib, or Wednesday, May 4, 
which begins the 430 years of sojourning. — Abram and Lot go into 
Egypt for famine, and return the next year, when they separate, 
the one for Sodom and the other to Hebron. 

1912 The five kings rebelling against Chedorlaomer are defeated by 
him. — He plunders Sodom, and carries off Lot captive. — Abram 
pursues and defeats Chedorlaomer, and rescues Lot. — On his re- 
turn he receives the benediction of Melchizedek king of Salem, 
the priest of the Most High God. 

1910 Ishmael is born to Abram by Hagar ; died 1773, aged 137. 

1S97 The covenant is renewed by God with Abram, in memorial of 
which circumcision is instituted, and his name changed to Abra- 
ham. — The cities of Sodom, &c. are destroyed for their wicked- 
ness by fire from Heaven. — Lot, with his wife and two daughters, 
leave Sodom before-hand, being warned ; his wife looking back 
is turned into a pillar of salt. 

1896 Isaac born to Abraham by Sarah, 90 years old; died in 1716, 
aged 180. 

1871 The faith of Abraham is proved hi offering to sacrifice his son 

Isaac, who was then 25 years old. 
1S36 Esau and Jacob are born to Isaac by Rebecca, after above 19 

years' barrenness. 
1821 Abraham dies being 175 years old. 

1759 Jacob, having received his father's blessing, goes to Haran to his 

uncle Laban, and marries his two daughters. 
1739 Jacob returns into Canaan, after a 20 years servitude under 

Laban. 

1131 Dinah, Jacob's daughter, is ravished by Shechem. — He and all 
his people are treacherously put to death on the third day after 
circumcision, by Simeon and Levi. 

1728 Joseph is sold into Egypt by his brethren. 

1715 Joseph interprets Pharoalvs dreams, and is promoted. — The 

seven years of plenty begin. 
170S The seven years of famine begin; and the year after, Joseph's 

ten brethren come into Egypt for corn. 



OLD TESTAMENT EVJENTS. 



217 



1706 Joseph discovers himself to his brethren, and at Pharoah's de- 
sire sends for Jacob and his family into Egypt. 

1704 All the money in Egypt and Canaan is collected by Joseph into 
Pharaoh's treasury; and the year following 1 they sell him their 
herds and flocks. 

1702 The property of all the lands in Egypt is sold to Joseph, who lets 
them out with a perpetual tax of the fifth part of their produce. 

1€S9 Jacob on his death-bed adopts Manasseh and Ephraim. the two 
sons of Joseph; and, collecting all his children, blesses them, and 
foretels many things, particularly the coming of the Messiah ; he 
died aged 147, having resided 17 years in Egypt. 

1635 Joseph foretells the egress of the Israelites from Egypt, and dies 
aged 110, having been prefect of Egypt for eighty years.— His 
death concludes the book of Genesis, which contains a period of 
2369 years. 

1574: Aaron born ; and the year after Pharoah publishes an edict for 
drowning all male children of the Israelites. 

1571 Moses born, and three months after exposed among the flags on 
the banks of the river, where he is found by Thermutis, Pha- 
roah's daughter, who adopts and educates him in all the learning 
of the Egyptians. 

1531 Moses being 40 years of age, visits the Israelites his brethren; 
and, observing their oppression, kills an Egyptian, whom he 
' found smiting an Hebrew, and then flies into Midian, where he 
continues 40 years, and marries Zipporah the daughter of Jethro. 

1491 God appears to Moses in a burning bush, and sends him into 
Egypt, where he performs a number of miracles, and afflicts 
Pharoah with ten successive plagues, till the Israelites were al- 
lowed to depart, to the number of 600,000, besides children, on 
Tuesday the 5th of May, which completed the 430 years of so- 
journing; and on Monday, May 11, Moses opened miraculously a 
passage for the Israelites through the Red Sea into the desert of 
Etham, when Pharoah with all his host following them, were 
drowned. — They came out about the 22d of June, to the desert 
of Sinai, near Mount Horeb, where they continued near a year, 
during which time Moses receives from God, and delivers to the 
people, the Ten Commandments, and the other laws, and sets 
up the tabernacle, and in it the ark of the covenant. 

1452 The five Books of Moses are written in the land of Moab, where 
he dies the year following, aged 110. 

1451 The Israelites under Joshua pass the river Jordan, and enter 
Canaan, on Friday, April 30 — Jericho is taken by Joshua, and 
after that the city of Ai. — He makes a treaty with Gibeon, and 
defeats the five kings of the Amorites, while the sun and moon 
stand still. — The Israelites began to till the lands they had con- 
quered, so that the period of the sabbatical year commences 
from this autumn. 

1445 Joshua makes a division of the land of Canaan among the tribes 
of Israel, and rests from his conquests, upon the sabbatical year, 
* which begins from the autumnal equinox. 

1426 Joshua dies in his retirement at Timnath-serah, aged 110. 

1413 The Israelites haying sunk into idolatry after the death of Joshua, 
are now in servitude under Chushan,king of Mesopotamia, and 
continue so for eight years. 

1405 Othniel,the first of their judges, defeats Chushan, and gives rest 
to Israel, in the 40th year after the rest given by Joshua. 

1390 The tribe of Benjamin almost totally destroyed by the other 
eleven tribes, for their cruel usage of the wife of a Levite. It 
happened while Phineas was high priest. 

1343 The Israelites relapsing into idolatry, are again in servitude 
under Eglon king of Moab, for 18 years. 

1325 Ehud the Benjamite, being a second judge in an embassy, kills 
Eglon, and so relieves them from their second bondage, in the 
80th year from their rest under Othniel. — A little after ibis, 
Shamgar killed 600 Philistines, with an ox goad. 

1305 The Israelites returning to their former wickedness upon Ehud's 
death, are delivered by God into the hands of Jabin king of Ca- 
naan. This third servitude continued 20 years. 



218 



CHRONOLOGY. 



12S5 Deborah the prophetess, and third judge of Israel, with Barak 
general of the Israelites, defeats the Canaanites under Sisera, 
at the waters of Megiddo. — Sisera is killed by Jael the wife of 
Heber. — Upon this battle was composed the beautiful song- of 
Victory, in Judges, chap. v. — The land of Israel had rest in the 
40th year after the rest given by Ehud. 

1952 The fourth servitude of the Israelites, under the Midiankes, 
which continues 7 years. 

1245 Gideon, the fourth judg e of Israel, routs the Midianites with only 
300 men, and slays their two kings, Zebah and Zalmunna. — He is 
offered the kingdom of Israel, which he refuses. — The land had 
rest in the 40th year after the rest given by Deborah, and 200 
years after that of Joshua. 

1236 Upon Gideon's death Abimilech, his natural son, murders his 
seventy brothers upon one stone, and makes himself king of 
Israel for three years. 

1206 The Israelites being given to idolatry, are delivered by God into 
the hands of the Philistines and Ammonites. This is their fifth 
servitude, and continues 18 years. 

1155 Jephtha, the seventh judge of Israel for six years. — He defeats 
the Ammonites, and rashly makes a vow which deprives him of 
his daughter. — He chastises the insolence of the Ephraimites, 
having killed 42,000 of them in a battle. 

1182 Ibzan, the eighth judge of Israel, for seven years. 

1175 Elon, the ninth judge of Israel, for ten years. 

1165 Abdon, the tenth judge of Israel, for eight years. 

1157 Eli the high priest, the eleventh judge of Israel, for 40 years. 

1156 The sixth servitude of the Israelites under the Philistines, which 
continues 40 years. 

1136 Sampson kills 1GC0 Philistines with the jaw-bone of an ass. 

1117 Sampson is betrayed to the Philistines, being deprived of his 
strength. — Upon his return he pulled down the Temple of Dagon 
on their heads, and with himself there perished more than he 
had ever killed before. — The Israelites being encouraged by the 
disaster attack the Philistines, but are defeated with the loss of 
4000 men. — They send then for the ark from Shiloh, and renew 
the battle, but are again defeated with the loss of 30,000 men and 
of the ark. — Eli hearing this, fell down, broke his neck, and died. 

1118 Samuel, the twelfth and last judge of Israel, for 21 years. — The 
Philistines having placed the ark in the temple of Dagon, are 
smitten with emerods, and send it back after seven months pos- 
session. 

1096 The Philistines are defeated by Samuel, at Ehen-ezer. 

1095 The Israelites ask for a king, which is granted thein, though 

with God's displeasure; and Saul is anointed by Samuel to be 

their king. 

1093 Saul defeats the Philistines.— Before this they did not allow him 
a smith in all his kingdom. — Saul is rejected of God for disobe- 
dience with regard to the Amalekites; and David, when 22 years 
old, is anointed by Samuel to be king after Saul. 

1062 David, finding that Saul sought his life, retired into the deserts 
of Judah. 

1056 David retires among the Philistines, who give him Ziklag, where 
he is one year and four months. 

1055 Saul consults the witch of Endor, and is totally defeated by the 
Philistines next day upon Mount Gilboa. — Three of his sons are 
slain, upon which he kills himself. 

1048 Jerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites, and made the 
seat of his kingdom. 

1034 David is reproved by Nathan for his adultery, &c. and repents. 

1023 Absalom rebels against David, and takes Jerusalem ; but is de- 
feated and killed by Joab. 

1012 Solomon begins the building of the temple, 4S0 years after the 
" going out from Egypt. 

1004 The temple is solemnly dedicated on Friday, Oct. 30, 1000 before 
Christ. 

992 Solomon finishes the building of his palace, which, with that ot 
the temple, employed him 20 years. 



OLD TESTAMENT EVENTS. 



975 The division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel. — Jeroboam 
sets up two golden calves, one at Dan and the other at Bethel, to 
prevent his subjects going- to worship at Jerusalem. 

971 Shishak king of Egypt takes Jerusalem, and carries off the trea- 
sures of the temple and of the palace. 

941 Zerah the Ethiopian, with 1,000,000 men, totally defeated by 
king Asa, in the valley of Zephatbah. 

940 Benhadad king of Syria attacks Baasha king of Israel, and takes 
several of his cities. 

596 Elijah the prophet is taken up into heaven. 

£73 Athaliah queen of Judah is put to death by order of the high 
priest Jehoiada, suruamed Johanan. 

839 The army ofHazael king of Syria desolates great part of the 
kingdom of Judah. 

SOT Ahab is killed by the Syrians in the battle of Ramoth Gilead, ac- 
cording to the prophecy of Micaiah ; upon this the Moabites re- 
volt, having been tributary from the days of king David. 

787 Amos prophecies against Jeroboam second king of Israel. 

785 Hosea the prophet lived; died in 721. 

771 Azariah king of Judah, presuming to burn incense, is struck with 

leprosy, which continues till his death. 
757 Isaiah the prophet begins to prophesy, and continues it for above 

60 years. 

731 Habakkuk the prophet nourished about this time. 

721 Samaria taken after three years siege, and the kingdom of Israel 

finished by Shalmaneser king of Assyria. 
717 Tyre is besieged in vain for about five years, by Shalmaneser 

king of Assyria. 

710 Sennacherib's army destroyed by an angel in one night, to the 

amount of 185,000 men. 
©77 Manasseh king of Judah is taken prisoner, and carried in chains 

to Babylon. 

641 Amon king of Judah is treacherously put to death by his domestic 
servants. 

627 Jeremiah the prophet; died, 577. 
626 Zephaniah the prophet flourished. 

608 Josiah king of Judah is slain in battle at Megiddo, in the spring, 

by Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. 
605 The beginning of the captivity. 

597 Jehoiachin king of Judah is carried away captive by Nebuchad- 
nezzar to Babylon. 

587 The city of Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege 

of eighteen months, June 9. 
586 The temple of Jerusalem is burnt on the seventh day in the fifth 

month. 

558 Daniel the prophet lived. 

528 Haggai and Zachariah the prophets flourished at this time. 

458 Ezra is sent from Babylon to Jerusalem with the captive Jews, 
and the vessels of gold and silver, &c. by Artaxerxes, in the 
seventh year of his reign, being 70 weeks of years, or 490 years 
before the crucifixion of our Saviour. 

456 Nehemiah the prophet lived. 

436 Malachi, the last of the prophets. 

430 The History of the Old Testament finishes about this time. 



220 



CHRONOLOGY. 



SECT. XIV. 



RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, COUNCILS, SACRED 
WRITINGS, &c 

ACTS of the Apostles written, 63. 
Adam and Eve created, 4004 B. C. 
Advent Sunday first observed, 433; the number determined, 1000. 
Agnus Dei, or " O Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the 

world/' &c. first appointed in the Litany, 687. 
Agnus Dei's first consecration, 1566. 
All Saints festival instituted, 625. 
Ail Souls festival established, 1604. 

Altars in churches first used, 135; first consecrated, 271 ; first erected 

in Britain, 634. 
Anathemas first brought into the church, 387. 
Andrew's, St. festival instituted, 359. 
Annates, or first fruits, instituted, 1306. 
Annunciation of the Virgin Mary observed, 350. 
Anthems first introduced into the church service, 386. 
Apparitors first instituted, about 1234. 
Appeals to Rome first practised from England, 697. 
Archdeacon, the first in England, 1075. 

Articles of religion, six published by Henry VIII. 1536. — Forty-two 
published without the consent of parliament, 1552. — The 42 reduced 
to 39, Jan. 1563; received the authority of parliament, 1571. — One 
hundred and four drawn up by archbishop Usher, for Ireland, 1615 ; 
established, 1634. 

Ascension day first commemorated, 68. 

Assumption of the Virgin, festival of, instituted, 813. 

Athanasian creed said to be written, 340. 

Auricular confession first introduced, 1215. 

Augsburg confession of faith made, 1550. 

Banns, publication of, for marriage, instituted, 1210. 

Bartholomew's, St. festival instituted, 1130. 

Beads first used in the Papists' devotion, 1093. 

Bells introduced into churches, 458 ; first consecrated, 968; baptised, 
1000. 

Benefices began about 500. The following account of those in Eng- 
land is given as the fact by Dr. Burn, viz. 
1071 livings not exceeding 10/. per annum. 

1467 livings above 10/. and not exceeding 20/. per annum. 
1126 - - 20/. - - - 30/. 
1049 - - 30/. - 40/. 

8S4 - - 40/. - 50/. 

5597 livings under 50/. per annum. 
Tt must be 500 years before every living can be raised to 60/. a- 
year, by queen Anne's bounty ; and 399 years before any of them 
can exceed 50/. a-year. On the whole there are above 11,000 
church preferments in England, exclusive of bishoprics, deaneries, 
canonries prebendaries, priest-vicars, lay-vicars, secondaries, &c. 
belonging to cathedrals, or choristers, or even curates to well be- 
neficed clergymen. 
Bible history ceases, 430 years before Christ. — Septuagint version 
made, 284; first divided into chapters, 1253. — The first English edi- 
tion was La 1536; the first authorized edition in England was in 1539; 




RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &C. 221 

the second translation was ordered to be read in churches, 1549; 
the present translation finished, Sept. 1611 ; permitted by the Pope 
to be translated into all the languages of the Catholic states, Feb. 28, 
1759; the following- is a dissection of the Old and New Testament: — 
In the Old Testament. In the New. Total. 

Books 39 27 66 

Chapters 929 260 1,189 

Verses 23,214 7,959 31,173 

Words 592,493 181,253 773,746 

Letters 2,728,100 838,380 3,566 480 

The Apocrypha has 183 chapters, 6091 verses, and 125,185 words.— 
The middle chapter, and the least in the Bible, is the 117th Psalm; 
the middle verse is the 8th of 118th Psalm; the middle line is the 
2d book of the Chronicles, 4th chapter, and 16th verse; the word 
and occurs in the Old Testament 35,535 times ; the same word in 
the New Testament occurs 10,684 times ; the word Jehovah occurs 
6,855 times. 

Old Testament. — The middle book is Proverbs ; the middle chapter is 
the 29th of Job ; the middle verse is the 2d book of Chronicles, 20th 
chapter, and the 18th verse ; the least verse is the 1st book of Chro- 
cles, 1st chapter and 1st verse. 

New Testament. — The middle is the Thessalonians, 2d ; the middle 
chapter is between the 13th and 14th of the Romans ; the middle 
verse is the 17th of the 17th chapter of the Acts; the least verse is 
the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of the Gospel by St. John. 

The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra has all the letters of the al- 
phabet in it. 

The 19th chapter of the 2d book of Kings, and the 37th chapter of 
Isaiah, are alike. 

The book of Esther has 10 chapters, but neither the words Lord nor 
God in it. 

Bishops, their translation first instituted, 239; were appointed by the 
people, 400 ; first in England, 694 ; first in Denmark, 939 ; made ba- 
rons, 1072; precedency settled, 1075; banished England,' 1208 ; con- 
sented to be tributary to Rome, 1245; deprived of the privilege of 
sitting as judges in capital offences, 1388; the first that suffered 
death in England by the sentence of the civil power, 1405; six new 
ones instituted, 1530; elected by the King's conge ci'elire, 1535; held 
their sees during pleasure, 1547 ; form of consecration ordained, 
1549; seven deprived for being married, 1554; several burnt for not 
changing their religion, 1555; fifteen consecrated at Lambeth, 1559; 
expelled Scotland, 1589; twelve impeached, and committed for 
protesting against any law passed in the house of lords during the 
time the populace prevented their attending parliament, 1641 ; their 
whole order abolished by parliament, Oct. 9, 1646; nine restored, 
and eight new ones consecrated, Oct. 25, 1660 ; regained their seats 
in the house of peers, Nov. 30, 1661 ; seven committed to the tower, 
for not ordering the king's declaration for liberty of conscience to 
be read throughout their dioceses, 1688; six suspended for not 
taking the oaths to King William, 1639; deprived, 1690. 

Bishoprics of England and Wales, according to the antiquity of their 
institution. — London, an archbishopric and metropolitan of England, 
founded by Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, 185. — Landaff, 
185. — Bangor, 516 — St. David's, 519, (the archbishopric of Wales, 
from 550 till 1100, when the bishop submitted to the archbishop of 
Canterbury as his metropolitan;. St. Asaph's, 547. — St. Augustin, 
or Austin, made Canterbury the metropolitan archbishopric, by 
order of Pope Gregory, 596.— Wells, 604. — Rochester, 604. — Win- 
chester, 650. — Lichfield and Coventry, 656. — Worcester, 679. — Here- 
ford, 680. — Durham, 690. — Sodor and Man (with jurisdiction of the 
Hebrides in Scotland), 838. — Exeter, 1050. — Sherborne (changed to 
Salisbury), 1056. — York, archbishopric, 1067. — Dorchester (changed 
to Lincoln), 1070. — Chichester, 1071. — Thetford (changed to Nor- 
wich), 1088.— Bath and Wells, ib.— Ely, 1109.— Carlisle, 1133.— The 
following six were founded upon the suppression of the monasteries 
by Henry VIII. Chester, Peterborough, Gloucester, Oxford, Bristol, 
Westminster, 1538. — Westminster was united to London, 1550. — Ca- 
nada made a bishopric in 1793. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Estimated Revenues attached to the several bishoprics of Great Bri- 
tain and Ireland, per annum : the real amount is far higher. 

England. 

^SOfiO St. Asaph - ^1500 

7000 Carlisle - 1800 

6200 Llandaff - 1600 

8700 Peterborough - - 1700 

7400 Gloucester - 2200 

4000 Rochester - 2400 

3400 Litchfield and Coventry 2S0O 

3500 Bangor - 1200 

5000 Chester ... 2700 

3200 Oxford - 2800 

3000 Exeter - - - - 2700 

2200 St. David's - - - 400 

2400 Bristol - 150O 



Ireland. 



Armagh 


- ^8000 


Cork - 


- #2700 


Dublin - 


50C0 


Cloyne - 


2500 


Tuam 


4000 


Down - 


2300 


Cashell - 


4000 


Dromore 


2000 


JTerry - 


7000 


Leigh and Ferns - 


2200 


Clonfert 


2400 


Kildare 


2600 


Clogher 


4000 


Raphoe 


2600 


Kilmore 


2600 


Meath - 


3200 


Elphin 


3700 


Killaloe 


2300 


Killala - 


2900 


Ossory - 


2000 


Limerick 


3500 


Waterford 


2600 



Burial places first permitted in cities in England, 742; forbidden 
within towns in Poland, 1792. 

Canada made a bishopric of 2000Z. per annum, 1793. 

Caudle-light first introduced into churches, 274. 

Canon law first introduced into England, 1147. 

Canonical hours for prayers instituted, 391. 

Canonization first introduced by papal authority, 993. 

Cardinals were originally the parish priests at Rome ; title began to 
be used, 308 ; college of, founded by Pope Pascal I. 817 ; did not e'ect 
the popes till 1160 ; wore the red hat (to remind them, that they 
ought to shed their blood, if required, for religion), and were de- 
clared princes of the church, 1222; the cardinals set fire to the con- 
clave, and separated, and a vacancy in the papal chair for two 
years, 1314; Cardinal Caraffa -was hanged by order of Pius IV. 1560; 
as was Cardinal Poli, under Leo X. ; title of Eminence first given 
them by Pope Urban VIII. about 1630. 

Catechism, a short one published by the bishop of Winchester, 1552. 

Catholic, name of, was given the Roman Christians, 38. 

Christian, the term of distinction first given the disciples of Christ at 
Antioch, 40. 

Christianity was propagated in Spain in 36; in Britain, GO; or, as 
others say, in the 5th century ; in Franconia and Flanders, in the 7th 
century; m Lombardy, Thuringia, and Hesse, in the 8th century ; 
in Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, in the 9th century; in 
Hungary and Sclavonia, in the 10th century ; in Vandalia and 
Prussia, in the 11th century; in Pomerania and Norway, in the 12th 
century; in Livonia, Lithuania, and part ofTartary, in the 13lh 
century; in Sclavonia, part of Turkey, and the Canary isles, in the 
14th century; in Africa, at Guinea, Angola, and Congo, in the 15th 
century ; made great progress in Prussia, both the Indies, and in 
China, by the Protestant faith, in the 16th century; reinstated in 
Greece, &c. &c. in the 17th century. 

Christmas-day first observed as a festival, 98. 

Churches first began to be built in England, at Babingley, in Norfolk, 

638. — Fifty new ones ordered by parliament to be built, 171 L 
Churches first built for Christians, 214. 

Church-mu=nc introduced inio worship, 350; choral service first used 
in England at Canterbury 5 67?; changed throughout England from 



Canterbury - 
York 
London - 
Durham 
Winchester - 
Ely 

Worcester 

Salisbury 

Norwich 

Lincoln - 

Hereford 

Chichester 

Bath and Wells 



I 



RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &C. 223 

the use of St« Paul's to that of Sarum, 1413 ; first performed in En- 
glish, May 8, 1559. 

Church -wardens and overseers instituted, 1127. 

Church-yards first consecrated, 317 : admitted into cities, 742. 

Circumcision instituted, 1897 before Christ. 

Commandments given to Moses, 1124? before Christ. 

— . , Creed, and Lord's Prayer, translated into the Saxon 

language, 781. 

Common Prayer published in English, with the authority of parlia- 
ment, 154S. 

Conception of the Virgin, festival of, instituted, 1387. 

Conclave for the election of popes, first ordered, 1274* 

Concubines allowed the priests, 1132. 

Confession, auricular, introduced, 1254. 

Confirmation took place, 190. 

Consecration of churches instituted, 153. 

— of bishops, the form ordained, 1549. 

Convents and other religious orders suppressed in the two Sicilies by 
order of king Joachim Murat, 1S09 ; abolished in Spain, 1811 ; re- 
stored in Spain, May, 1814 ; restored in the two Sicilies, 1815. 

Copes instituted, 256. 

Corpus Christi, the festival of, appointed, 1265. 

Councils — That at Jerusalem, when the first controversy was dis- 
cussed, 48; at Antioch, 269; at Aries, 314, at which three English 
bishops were present; the first Nicene one, when 328 fathers at- 
tended, against Arius, 325; the first at Constantinople, when Pope 
Damasus presided, and 150 fathers attended, 381 ; that at Sardis, 
when 376 fathers attended, 400 ; the first at Ephesus, when Pope 
Celestine presided, and 200 fathers attended, 431 ; that at Chalce- 
don, when Pope Leo presided, and 600 fathers attended, 451 ; the 
second at Constantinople, when Pope Vigilius presided, and 165 
fathers attended, 552; one called the Milevetan council, 568; at 
Constantinople in 600; at Rome in 649; the third at Constantinople, 
when Pope Agatho presided, and 2S9 fathers attended, 680; the se- 
cond at Nice, when Pope Adrian presided, and 350 fathers attended, 
787 ; the fourth at Constantinople, when Pope Adrian presided, and 
101 fathers attended, 869; that at Vercelli, when Pope Leo IX. 
presided, 1053; the Lateran one, when Pope Calixtus II. presided, 
and 300 fathers attended, 1112 ; the second Lateran one, when Pope 
Innocent II. presided, and 10C0 fathers attended, 1139; the third 
?jateran one, when Pope Alexander III. presided, and 300 fathers 
attended, 1175 ; the fourth Lateran one, when Pope Innocent II L 
presided, and 11S5 fathers attended, 1215 and 1217 ; at Lyons, 1255 
and 1274 ; that at Vienne, when Pope Clement V. presided, and 300 
fathers attended, 1312; one at Constance, when Pope John XXI f. 
and Martin V. presided, 1414; the sixth Lateran one, when Pope 
-Julius III. and Pius IV. presided against Luther, 1546. — There have 
been several other provincial councils, and others, as that of Avig- 
non, in France, and at Bituria, in Tuscany, 1431 ; at Tours, in France, 
1448; at Florence, in Italy, 1449; at Toledo, in Spain, 1473; at Aus- 
purgh, in Germany, 1546; at Cologne, in Germany, 1548; at Treves, 
in Germany, 1548; at Cologne,iu Germany, 1549; at Mentz,in Ger- 
many, 1549; and at Numantia, in Spain, 1550. 

Creation of the world, 4004 B.C. 

Creed, Lord's Prayer, &c. permitted in the Saxon language, 746. 
Crucifixes painted in cuurehes and chambers, first introduced, 46J. 
Crusade, the first, 1096. 

Cup, sacramental, restored to the laity, 1547. 

Dedication of churches introduced by bishops. 

Dispensations first granted by the pope, 1200. 

Dissenters first separated from the church of England, 1571. 

Easter established, 68; controversy determined, 667. 

Elevation of the Host introduced, 1222. 

Epiphany, the feast of, instituted, 813. 

Episcopacy abolished in Scotland, 1689. 

Exaltation of the cross instituted, 629. 

Fa-»ts established, 138. 

Festival of the Jews, the principal, being the feast of the tabernacle';, 



224 



CHRONOLOGY. 



is celebrated by them to this day ; it was instituted by Moses in the 
wilderness, 1490 B. C. but was celebrated with the greatest magni- 
ficence for fourteen days, upon the dedication of the temple of So- 
lomon, 1005 before Christ*— They carried boughs loaded with fruit 
in precession. 

Festivals of Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and the Pentecost or Whit- 
suntide, first ordered to be observed by all Christians, 68. — Rogation 
days appointed, 469 — Jubilees in the Romish church instituted by 
Pope Boniface VIII. 130O. At first they were observed every hun- 
dred years, but future popes reduced them to fifty, and then to 
every period of twenty-five years. 

First fruits and tenths instituted by Clement V. 1306. — First collected 
in England, 1316. — Granted by queen Anne for the relief of poor 
clergy, Feb. 7, 1704. 

Fonts instituted, 167. 

Food, animal, permitted for man's use, 2357 B. C. 

Fools, festival of, at Paris, held Jan. 1, and continued for 240 years, in 
which all sorts of absurdities and indecencies were committed, 1198. 
Gloria, Patri, the doxology of, first used, 382. 
Godfathers and godmothers first appointed, 130. 

Hallelujah and Amen first introduced by Haggai the prophet, 5S4 B. Cr 

Holy water first used in churches, 120. 

Homilies drawn up by Archbishop Cranmer, 1547. 

Idolatry first abolished in Kent, 641. 

Image-worship introduced, 715; suppressed in England, 1546; in Hun- 
gary and Germany, 1785. 

Independents, such as hold the independency of the church, or that 
each congregation may govern themselves in religious matters. — 
Presbyterians and Anabaptists are now agreed with them ; the Ana- 
baptists always were. — Their first meeting-house founded in Eng- 
land was that by Mr. Henry Jacobs, 1616. 

Impropriations ; before the destruction of the monasteries, by Henry 
VIII. 1539, many livings were in their possession; the great tithes 
they kept themselves, allowing the small tithes to the vicar or sub- 
stitute that served the church. — On the suppression of the monas- 
teries, Henry VIII. disposed of these great tithings among his fa- 
vourites. 

Indulgences first disposed of for money, 1190. 

Inquisitions, court of, began, 1204 ; abolished in Naples, 1782; in Tus- 
cany, 1785; in Spain, 1811; in Rome, 1609; restored in Spain, 1614. 
Invocation of the Virgin and Saints began to be practised, 593. 
James's, St. epistle written, 59. 
James, St. the festival of, instituted, 1089. 
January 30, ordered to be observed as a fast, 1660. 
Jeremiah wrote his Lamentations, 610 B. C. 

Jesus Christ was born, Monday, December 25, A. M. 4004, year of 
Rome, 752; his baptism by John, and his first ministry, 30; cele- 
brated the last passover, and instituted the sacrament in its room, 
on Thursday, April 2; was crucified, Aprils; arose, April 5; and 
ascended, Thursday, May 14 following, in the 33d year of his age. 

John, St. the baptist's, festival instituted, 488. 

John, St. the apostle, wrote his epistles, 92. 

John, St. the evangelist, wrote his Revelation, 96; his Gospel, 97 ; his 

festival instituted, 313. 
Joshua, book of, written, 1415 B. C. 

Jubilee among the Christians at the end of every century, instituted 
by Pope Boniface VIII. 1300 ; this was celebrated afterwards every 
50 years by order of Clement VI.— Urban VI. reduced it to every 
33d year, and Paul II. to every 25th year, at which period it is now 
fixed. 

Jude, St. wrote his epistle, 71 ; festival instituted, 1030. 
Kissing the Pope's foot first practised, 709. 
Kvrieeleison brought first into the Litany, 590. 
Knee ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus, 1275. 
Latin and Greek churches united, 1004. 
Lent, the fast of, instituted. 142 ; in Kent, 640. 
Lights first used in churches in the day-time, 409. 
Litanies first used in churches, 443. 



RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &C. 



226 



Litany first used in England, in English, 1543. 

Liturgy first read in Scotland, 1638. 

bollards proscribed by the English parliament, 1406. 

Lucius, the first Christian king in Britain, ISO. 

Luke, St. wrote his Gospel, 55; feast instituted, 1130. 

Mark, St. wrote his Gospel, 44 ; feast instituted, 1090. 

Marriage in Lent forbidden, 354; forbidden the priests, 1015; first 

celebrated in churches, 1226. 
Martin's, St. festival instituted, 812. 
Matthew, St. wrote his Gospel, 44. 
Mahomet began to promulgate his opinions, 604. 

Mass first used in Latin, 394; introduced into England, 6S0; elevation 

required prostration, 1201. 
.Maunday Thursday ceremony commenced in 1362. 
Matthias's, St. festival instituted, 1090. 
Methodism under George Whitfield began, 1739. 
Michael's, St. festival instituted, 487. 
Monks first associated, 328. 
^Nativity of the Virgin Mary instituted, 695. 

New Testament translated into the Chiuese language, by the East In- 
dia company's translator at Canton, and printed, 1814. 
Nicene creed made, 325. 
Organs first used in churches, 751. 
Patronages of churches began, 402. 
Papal usurpation took place, 607. 

Pardons ar coronations first granted in England, 1327. 

Passover instituted, Monday, May 4, 1491; celebrated in the new 
temple, April IS, 515 B. C. 

Paul, St. wrote his first epistle to the Corinthians, and that to the Ga- 
latians, 51 ; first epistle to the Thessalonians. 52; second epistle, 
53; second epistle to the Corinthians, and that to the Philippians, 
Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon, 62 ; to the Hebrews, 63 ; first 
epistle to Timothy, and that to Titus, 65 ; second epistle to Timothy, 
66; festival instituted, 813. 

Penance first enjoined as a punishment, 157. 

Pentateuch, or the five books of Moses, written 1452 before Christ. 
Pentecost established, 68. 

Peter, St. wrote his first epistle, 60 ; his second epistle, 66. 
Peter-pence first granted to the Pope, 689. 
Peter, St. and Paul's festival instituted, 813. 
Peter, St. ad Vincula's festival instituted, 317. 

Pix, or box, to contain the host, ordered by the Lateran council, 1215c, 
Pope, the title of, formerly given to all bishops. The emperor, in 606, 
confined it to the bishops of Rome, and then their power began ; 
Hyginus was the first bishop of Rome that took the title, 154. — Leo 1. 
elected May 10, 440 ; died, 461. — The pope's supremacy over the 
Christian church first established by Boniface III. 607. — The custom 
of kissing the pope's toe introduced, 708. — Pope Stephen III. was the 
first who was carried to the Lateran on men's shoulders, 752. — The 
pope's temporal grandeur commenced, 755. — Sergius II. was the 
first pope that changed his name on his election, 844. — John XIX. a 
layman, made pope by dint of money, 1024. — The first pope that 
kept an army was Leo IX. 1054. — Their assumed authority carried 
to such excesses as to excommunicate and depose sovereigns, and 
to claim the presentations of all church benefices, by Gregory VII. 
and his successors, from 1073 to 1500. — Pope Gregory obliged Henry 
IV. emperor of Germany, to stand three days, in the depth of win- 
ter, bare-footed, at his castle-gate, to implore his pardon, 1077. — 
Pope's legate caught in bed with a prostitute, 1125.— Pope Celes- 
tine III. kicked the emperor Henry IV. 's crown off his head, while 
kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings, 
1191. — The pope's authority first introduced into England, 1079; 
abrogated by parliament, 1534. — The pope demanded an annual 
sum for every cathedral and monastery in Christendom, but refuse*!, 
1226.— Collected the tenths of the whole kingdom of England, 1226. 
— Residence of the pope removed to Avignon, where it continued 
70 years, 1308.— Their demand on England refused by parliament, 



226 



CHRONOLOGY. 



1363.— Three at one time all pretending to infallibility, in UU.— 
Leo X. made a cardinal at 14 years old; elected pope, March n. 
1513, aged 36 ; died, 1521. -Clement VII. began to reign, who brought 
pluralities to their consummation, making- his nephew, Hippolko. 
cardinal de Medicis, commendatory universal, granting- to him all 
the vacant benefices in the world, for six months, and appointing 
him usu-fructuary from the first day of his possession, 15-23 — Rome 
sacked, and Clement imprisoned, 1527.— Moved their residence to 
Avignon, 1531.— The Lord Pope struck out of all English books, 1541. 
— Kissing the pope's toe, and some other ridiculous ceremonies abo- 
lished, and the order of Jesuits suppressed by the late Pope Cle- 
ment XIV. 1713. — Visited Vienna to solicit the emperor in favour of 
the church, March, 1782. — Destitute of all political influence in Eu- 
rope, 1187. — Burnt in effigy in Paris, May 4, 1191. — Made submission 
to the French republic, 1796— Expelled Rome, Feb. 15, 179S. 

Praying toward the East first ordained by the pope, 532. 

Predestination established, 470. 

Presbyterian church, the first erected in England, was at Wandsworth. 

near London. 1572. 
Prostration at the elevation of the mass ordained, 1201. 
Protestantism tolerated in Germany, 1524; in Bohemia, 1707. 
Psalms of David translated by Steruhold and Hopkins, 1552. 
lhirgatory, the doctrine of, invented, 250; introduced into the church, 

593. 

Purification of the Virgin, festival of, appointed, 512. 
Purple, the, given the cardinals by Paul II. 1465. 
Reformation began, 1330; completed, 1547. 
Registers, parochial, first appointed, 153S. 

Religious houses dissolved in England by parliament, 1537 ; in Ger- 
many, by the emperor Joseph, in 1752 and 1785. 
Rosary, or beads, first used in Romish prayers, 1093. 
Sabbatical year, the first, 1451 B. C. 
Sanctuar ies instituted, 617. 

Saturnalia festivals instituted in Rome, Dec. 407 B. C. 

Scribes and Pharisees commenced, 51 B.C. 

Scriptures ordered to be read in monasteries in Britain, 146. 

Septuagint said to have been found in a cask, 217. 

Shaving of i>riests first introduced, 169. 

Simon, St. and Jude's festival first instituted, 1090. 

Singing in churches established, 67. 

Solomon wrote his Ecclesiastes, 981 B. C. 

Sponsors first instituted, 130. 

Sports allowed on Sunday, after service, 1017. 

Standing at the reading of the Gospel introduced, 406. 

Supremacy of the pope above the emperor introduced, 607. 

Surplices first used iu churches, 316. 

Talmud, the, made, 117 B. C. 

Tenths of church livings first collected in England, 1226. 
Thomas's, St festival instituted, 1130. 

Tithes given by Moses to the tribe of Levi, 1490 B. C. ; first granted 
to the church in England, 786 ; established by law by the Lateran 
council, 1200. 

Tithes first collected in England, 750. 

Transfiguration, festival of, first observed, 700. 

Transubstantiation opposed by the English church, about 1000; re- 
ceived it between 1000 and 1066. 

Trinity, the word first applied to the persons of the Godhead, 150: 
festival instituted, 835. 

Trinity Sunday appointed by Pope John, 1334. 

Unction, extreme, practised in the first century; in common use, 550 
Uniformity took place in England, 1662. 
Virgins first consecrated, 159. 

Visitation of the Virgin, festival of the, instituted, 1389. 
Vulgate edition of the Bible discovered, 21S. 
Water mixed with wine in the sacrament, first introduced, 122. 
Whitehall preachers appointed, March 17, 1724. 
Whitsuntide festival instituted, 813. 



RELIGIONS OP EUROPEAN STATES. 2*2*7 

-Wills, privilege of making, granted by Henry I. lioo. 
Worshipping- images introduced into England, ?63 \ forbidden in Hun- 
gary, 1785. 



SECT. XV. 



RELIGIONS OF EUROPEAN STATES , 



\ USTRIA, an empire, Papists. 

Bavaria, a kingdom, Papists. 
Bohemia, a kingdom, Papists and Lutherans. 

Brandenburgh,^. marquisate, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Papists, 

Brunswick, a dukedom, Lutherans. 

Cologne, an archbishopric, Papists. 

Courland, a dukedom, Papists and Protestants. 

Denmark, a kingdom, Lutherans. 

England, a kingdom, church of England, and all others. 

France, a kingdom, Papists ; but Protestants tolerated. 

Genoa, a republic, Papists ; but the Jews tolerated. 

Germany, empire, Papists, Lutherans, and Calvinists. 

Greece, part of Turkey, Mahometans, Jews, &c. 

Hanover, a kingdom, Lutherans, Calvinists, &c. 

Hesse Cassel, an electorate, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Papists, 

Hungary, a king-dom, Papists and Protestants, 

Ireland, a kingdom, all religions tolerated. 

Italy, various states, Papists. 

Lucca, a republic, Papists. 

Malta, an island, Papists. 

Mantua, a dukedom, Papists. 

Mecklenburgh Schwerin, a dukedom, Lutherans* 
Mecklenburgh Strelitz, a dukedom, Lutherans. 
Milan, a dukedom, Papists. 
Modena, a dukedom, Papists. 
Naples, a kingdom, Papists, 

Netherlands, a kingdom, Papists, Calvinists, &c. 

Norway, a kingdom, Lutherans. 

Osnaburgh, a bishopric, Catholics and Protestants. 

Palatine, a principality, Papists and Lutherans, 

Parma and Placentia, a dukedom, Papists. 

Piedmont, a principality, Papists. 

Portugal, a kingdom, Papists. 

Prussia, a kingdom, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Papists* 

Russia, an empire, Greeks, Calvinists, and Lutherans. 

Sardinia, a kingdom, Papists. 

Savoy, a dukedom, Papists. 

Saxony, a kingdom, Papists and Lutherans* 

Scotland, a kingdom, Presbyterians, Episcopacy tolerated. 

Siberia, in the Russian empire, Greeks and Armenians. 

Sicily, an island, Papists. 

Spain, a kingdom, Papists. 

Sweden, a kingdom, Lutherans, popery abolished, 1544. 
Switzerland Cantons, a republic, six are Protestants, seven are Papists. 
Tartary, various states, partly in Europe, Armenians, Mahometans, 

and Greeks. 
Triers, an archbishopric, Papists. 

K G 



228 CHRONOLOGY. 

Turkey, an empire, partly in Europe, Mahometans, Jews, and Chris- 
tians. 

Tuscany, a dukedom, Papists. 

Venice, a republic, Papists, Greeks, and Jews. 



United Provinces of North America, a republic, Protestants., &e. 



SECT. XVL 



RELIGIOUS ORDERS, SECTS, &c. 



Are said to amount to 973 in the World, among which 
are the 



A BSTINENTS, a sect that began, 170. 

Adamites, a sect of heretics, began, 130; renewed, 1124, 
Agnacobites, fanatics, began, 701. 
Albigenses had their origin, 1160. 
Anabaptists began, 1525; arrived in England, 15*9. 
Anchorites began, 1255. 
Angelites, a sect of heretics, A. D. 494. 
Antinomian sect began, 1538. 
Antonines began, 329. 
Arian sect began, 290. 
Armenian heretics began, 1229. 

Augustines began, 389; first appeared in England, 1250. 
Bartholomites, sect of, founded at Genoa, 1307. 
Bartholomites, suppressed by Pope Innocent X. 1650. 
Barnabites, foundation of. in France, 1533. 
Basil's. St. began, 354. 

Begging friars established in France, 1587. 
Beguines began, 1208. 
Benedictines founded, 548. 
Bethlehemites began, 1248. 
Bonhommes began, 1257. 

Bohemian brethren, the sect of, began in Bohemia, 1467. 

Brigantines began, 1370. 

Brownists, sect began, 1660. 

Calvinists, sect began, 1546. 

Canons, regular, began, 400. 

Capuchins began, 1525. 

Cardinals began, 853 ; red hats given them, 1242 ; the purple, 1464 

the title of eminence, 1644. 
Carmelites began, 1141. 
Carmes established in France, 1254. 
Carthusians began, 1084. 
Catharine's, St. began, 1373. 
Celestines began, 1272. 
Chapliues began, 1248. 
Cistertians began, 1094. 



RELIGIOUS ORDERS, &C. 



229 



Clareval began, 1114. 

Crossed friars began, 1170. 

Dominicans began, 1215. 

Flagellants, the sect of arose, 1259. 

Franciscans began, 1206; settled in England, 1217. 

Gray friars began, 1122. 

Hermits began, 1257 ; revived, 1425. 

Holy Trinity began, 1211. 

Humbled began, 1164. 

Jacobites began, 119S. 

Jesuans began, 1367. 

Jesuits' society began, 1536 ; expelled England, 1601; Venice, 1606; 
Portugal, Sept. 1759: France, May 5, 1602; Spain, 1767; Naples. 
1768; Rome and Prussia, 1773; order abolished, Aug. 17, 1773; in 
Prussia and other states, 1776 ; revived in Russia, 1784 ; restored in 
Rome and other states, 1814 ; all monks of the order of, banished 
from St. Petersburgh, Jan. 2, 1816. 

Jesus, ihe sisters of, society began, 1626. 

Lollards began, 1315. 

Lutheran sect began, 1517. 

Mahometan sect began, 622. 

Manichees' sect began, 343. 

Methodism commenced, 1734. 

Minim es began, 1450. 

Minors began, 1009. 

Monks first associated 328. 

Moravians, or Uniias Fratrum, appeared in Bohemia, 1457; in Eng- 
land, 1737. 

Muggletonians, sprung from L. Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, 1647. 

Ophites began, 187. 

Orebites began, 1422. 

Pelagian sect began, 382. 

Penitent women began, 1494. 

Poor women began, 1212. 

Predestinarian sect began, 371. 

Protestants began, 1529. 

Puritans began, 1545. 

Publican sect came first to Englaud, 1162. 
Quakers' sect began, 1650. 
Quietists began, 1685. 
Repentants began, 1360. 
Sacramentarians began, 878. 
Swedenborgians' sect began, 1780. 
Theatins founded, 1594; established at Paris, 1644. 
Trappists, order of monks solemnly installed at Port Ringeard, de- 
partment of Mayenne, Jan. 21, 1815. 
Trinitarians, order of, instituted, 1198. 
Tritheites arose, 560. 
Ubiquarian sect began, 1540. 
Unitarians began, 1553. 
Ursulines established, 1198. 
Valley began, 1218. 
White coats began, 1396. 
White monks began, 1319. 
Whippers began, 1055. 



230 



CHRONOLOGY. 



SECT. XVII. 



MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS KNIGHTS, AND 
TITLES OF HONOUR. 

ADMIRAL, the first in England, 1297. 
Admiral, high, the first in England, 13S7 ; held by commission 
since Nov. 1709. 
.^Ediles first created at Rome, 971 B. C. 
Alcantara, order of knighthood, instituted, 1160. 
Alexander, St. knighthood began in Russia, 1700. 
Aldermen of London first appointed, 1242. 
Almaranta, order of knighthood in Sweden, began, 1653. 
Andrew, St. order of knighthood instituted in Scotland, S09 ; renewed 

in Scotland, 1452, 1605; in Russia, 1698. 
Angelic knights of St. George were instituted in Greece, 456. 
Anthony, St. in Hainault, order of knighthood, began in Germany, 

13S2 ; in Ethiopia, 357. 
Ann tmc iation order, instituted in Savoy, 1362. 

Annunciade of St. Michael, order of knighthood, began in Mantua. 
161P. 

Argonauts, the, of St. Nicholas, order of knighthood, began in Naples. 
1382. 

Avis, order of knighthood, began in Portugal, 1147. 

Band, order of knighthood, instituted in Spain, 1232. 

Bannerets first created in England, 1360; renewed by Henry V1T. 1485. 

Baron, the title first by patent in England, 1389. 

Baronets first created in England, 1611. 

Baronets of Nova Scotia first created, 1625. 

Bath, order of knighthood, instituted in England at the coronation of 

Henry IV 1399; renewed, 1725. 
Bear, order of knighthood, began in Switzerland, 1243. 
Black Eagle, order of knighthood in Prussia, instituted, 1701. 
Blaize, St. order of knighthood at Aeon, began, 1250. 
Blood of Christ, order began in Mantua, 1608. 
Brandenburgh had its first marquis, 925. 
Brician, order of knighthood, began in Sweden, 1366. 
Broom Flower, order of knighthood in France, began, 1234. 
Brotherly Love, order of knighthood, began, 1708. 
Burgandian cross, order of knighthood, began, 1535. 
Calatrava, order of knighthood, instituted in Spain, 1158. 
Carpet, order of, made in England, 1553. 

Castle and sword, order of, established by the prince regent of Por- 
tugal, 1807. 

Catharine, St. order of knighthood, began in Palestine, 1063. 
Catharine, St. order of, in Russia, began, 1715. 

Catholic Majesty, the title of, given the king of Spain by the pope. 
T39. 

Censors first erected at Rome, 413 B. G. 
Champion of England first used, 1377. 

Christ, order of knighthood, began in Portugal, 1319; in Livonia, 1203. 
Christian Cliarity, order of knighthood, began in France, 1590. 
Qiristian King, the title first given Louis IX. of France, 1469; annulled 

by the national assembly, 1791. 
Cincinnatus, order began in America, 1783. 
Common-council of London first appointed, 1208. 
Commissioners of sewers first appointed, 1425. 
Conception of the Virgin, order began, 1619. 



MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS KNIGHTS, &C. 231 

Concord, order of knighthood, began in Brandenburgh, 1660. 
Consuls first made at Rome, 307 B. C. 
Cornwall, the first duke of, 1337. 
Coroners officers of the realm in 925. 

Creation by patents to titles first used by Edward III., 1344. 
Crescent, order of knighthood, began in Naples, 1448. 
Crown royal, order of knighthood, began in France, 809. 
Decemviri, first creation of, 450 B. C. 

Defender of the Faith, the title of, given to the king of England, 1520. 
Dennis, St. order began in France, 1267. 
Dey of Tunis first appointed, 1570. 
Dictators began at Rome, 498 B. C. 
Doctor's degree began in England, 1607. 
Dog, order of knighthood, began, 1070. 
Don, a title first taken by the king of Spain, 759. 
Dove of Castile, order of knighthood, began, 1379. 
Dragon, order of knighthood in Hungary, began, 1413. 
Duke, title of, first given in England to Edward, son of Edward HI. 
March 17, 1336. 

Duke, Grand, the title first given to the dukes of Tuscany by Pius V. 
V. 1570. 

Duke, first created in Scotland, 1398. 

Ear of com, order began in Britanny, 1050. 

Earl first used by king Alfred in 9-20, as a substitute for that of king*. 
Earl, the first created in England, Oct. 14, 1066. 
Earl-Marshal, the first in England, 1383. 
Electors of Germany began, 1298. 

Elephant, order of knighthood, began in Denmark, 1478. 
Eminence, the title of, first given to cardinals, 1644?. 
Ermine, order of knighthood, began in France, 1450; in Naples, 1463. 
Esquire, first used to persons of fortune, not attendants on knights, 
1345. 

Garter, order began, April 23, 1349; alteration in, 1557, and 1788. It 
is remarkable, that this is the only order which has been granted 
to foreign princes. Of this illustrious order there have been — 

Eight emperors of Germany, 

One (present) emperor of Russia, 

Five kings of France, 

Three kings of Spain, 

One king of Arragon, 

Seven kings of Portugal, 

One king of Poland, 

Two kings of Sweden, 

Six kings of Denmark, 

Two kings of Naples, 

One king of Sicily and Jerusalem, 

One king of Bohemia, 

Two kings of Scotland, 

Five princes of Orange, 
and 34 foreign electors, dukes, margraves, and counts. 
Garter, King of Arms, first appointed in England, 1420. 
Gennet, order of knighthood, began in France, 726; in Spain, 786. 
Generosity, order of knighthood in Brandenburgh, began, 1685. 
Gens d'Arms, order began, 360. 
Gentlemen, the first use of the distinction, 1430. 

George, St. order began in Carinthia, 1279; in Spain, 131S; in Eng- 
land, 1349 ; in Austria, 1470 ; at Rome, 496 ; in Genoa, time unknown ; 
in Venice, 1200. 

George, St. d'Alfama, order of knighthood, began, 1201. 

Geron, St. order of knighthood in Germany, began, 1154. 

Gladiators, order of, began in Livonia, 1204. 

Golden Fleece, order of knighthood, began in Flanders, H92. 

Golden Shield and Thistle, order began, 1370. 

Guelphs, the, order of knighthood, instituted for the kingdom of Ha- 
nover, 1816. 

High Constable of England, the title discontinued but on particular 
occasions, 1521* 



232 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Holy Ghost, order of knighthood, began in France, 1468; restored, 

Jan. I, 1559; abolished, 1791; at Rome, 1798. 
Holy Trinity, order of knighthood, began, 1211. 
Hospitallers, order of knighthood, began, 1097. 

Hubert, St. in Juliers, order of knighthood, began in Germany, 1473. 
James, St. order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1030; in Portugal, 

1310; in Holland, 1290. 
Jesus Christ, order of knighthood, began in France, 1206; in Rome, 

1320. 

John, St. and St. Thomas, of Aeon, order began, 1258. 

John, St. of Jerusalem, order began, 1099 ; removed to Rhodes, 1300 ; 

to Malta, 1522; suppressed in England, 1540. 
Julian, St. of Alcantara, order of knighthood in Spain, began, 1176. 
King of England, the title first used, S20 ; of Ireland, 1542 ; of Great 

Britain, 1605. 

King of France, the title assumed by the king of England, and his arms 
quartered with the English, and the motto " Dieu et Mon Droit," 
first used, Feb. 21, 1340.— Relinquished, Jan. 1, 1801. 

King of the French began, 1791 ; abolished, 1792. 

Knighthood first used in England, 897. 

Knighthood, all its orders abolished in France, July 30, 1791, by the 

National Assembly. 
Knot, order of knighthood, began in ISaples, 1351. 
La Calza, order of knighthood, began in Venice, 1400. 
La Scama, order of knighthood in Spain, began, 1420. 
Lazarus, St. order of knighthood, began 366. 

Lily of Navarre, order of knighthood, began, 1048 ; of Arragon, began, 
1403. 

Legion of Honour, instituted by Buonaparte, July 15, 1804; con- 
firmed by Louis XVIII., 1814. 

Lord High Constable, the office hereditary till 1521. 

Lord High Steward, the first appointed for a coronation was Thomas, 
second son of Henry IV. ; the first for the trial of a peer, was Ed- 
ward, earl of Devon, on the arraignment of John, earl of Hunting- 
don, in the same reign. 

Lord Lieutenants of counties instituted, July 24, 1549. 

Lord Steward of the Household so called since 1540; before he was 
styled Grand Master of the Household. 

Loretto, order of knighthood, began at Rome, 1587- 

Louis, St. order of knighthood, began, May 10, 1698; abolished, 1191. 

Lord Danes, a title used in London, 1000. 

Lord Mayors of London first appointed annually, 120S. 

Majesty, the title used to Henry VIII. of England. 

Malta, knights of, alias Knights Hospitallers, alias Knights of St. John 
of Jerusalem; the foundation of that order laid, by opening a house 
for the reception of pilgrims at Jerusalem, 1048 ; became a regular 
monastic order, 1099, and a military order, 1118 ; took Rhodes, and 
were called Knights of Rhodes, 1310 ; being expelled from thence 
by the Turks, the emperor Charles V. gave them the island of 
Malta, 1523, and they were called Knights of Malta ; expelled Eng- 
laud, 1540 ; did great exploits against the Infidels, 1595; conspiracy 
at Malta to destroy the whole order, for which 125 Turkish slaves 
suffered death, June 26, 1749. 

Marian Knights. (See Teutonic Order.) 

Mark, St. order began at Venice, 830; revived, 1562. 

Mary, St. the Glorious, order of knighthood, began in Italy, 1233 ; at 
Rome, 1618. 

Mary, St. de Merced, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1218. 
Maria-Theresa, or Royal order for Ladies in Spain, instituted, 1792. 
Marshals of France instituted, 1436; abolished, 1791. 
Martyrs, the order of knighthood, in Palestine, began, 1319. 
Master of the ceremonies first appointed, 1603. 

Mauritians, order of knighthood began in Savoy, 1430 ; restored, 1572. 
Merit, a military order of knighthood in Prussia, instituted, 1730. 
Michael, St. order of knighthood began in France, 1469 ; in Germany, 

1618 ; in Naples, time unknown. 
Monteja, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1223. 



Military and religious knights, &c. 233 

Moon, order of knighthood, began in Sicily, 1464. 

Mountjoy, order of knighthood, began, 1615; ceased, 1621. 

Noble Passion, order of knighthood, in Saxe Weissenfels, began 1704. 

Oak of Navarre, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 722. 

Ordo Disciplinarum, order of knighthood in Bohemia, began by the 

Emperor Sigismund. 
Our Lady and St. George of Montesa, order of knighthood in Spain, 

1317. 

Passion of Jesus Christ, order of knighthood in France, began, 1382. 
Patrick, St. order of, in Ireland, began Feb. 25, 1783. 
Paul, St. order of knighthood, began at Rome, 1540. 
Peers of France began, 778 ; abolished, 17S0. 

Peers, twelve created at once by Queen Anne, 1711 ; 60 made in seven 

years preceding, 1718. 
Peter, St. order of knighthood, began in Rome, 1520. 
Pius, order of knighthood, at Rome, began, 1560. 
Poet Laureat, the first in England, 1487. 
Pope, the title first assumed, 154. 

Porcupine, order of knighthood, began in France, 1393. 
Portglaive order, began in Livonia, 1196. 
Precious Blood. (See Blood of Christ.^ 
Redemption, order of knighthood, began, 1212. 
Red Eagle, in Prussia, revived, 1792. 

Round Table, order of knighthood, began, 516; revived, 1344. 

Rosary, order of knighthood, began in Spain, time uncertain. 

Rupert, St. order of knighthood, began in Germany, 1702. 

Saviour, St. order of knighthood, began in Sixain, 1118. 

Secretaries of State first appointed, 1530. 

Sepulchre, order of knighthood, began in Palestine, 1092. 

Seraphim, order of knighthood, began in Sweden, 1334. 

Sheriffs first appointed, 1079. 

Sheriffs in liondon, first appointed, 1189. 

Ship, order of knighthood, began 1252. 

Ship and Double Crescent, order of knighthood, began in France. 1269. 

Sincerity, order of knighthood, in Saxony, began, 1690. 

Slaves of Virtue, order of knighthood, in Germany, began, 1662. 

Star, order of knighthood, in France, disused, 1455. 

Stephen, St. order of knighthood, began at Florence, 1561. 

Swan, order of knighthood, in Cyprus, began, 1495 ; in Sweden, in 1528. 

Templars, Knights, the first military order established, 1118; all of 

them arrested in France in one day, being charged with enormous 

crimes and great riches, when 59 of them were burnt alive in Paris, 

Oct. 13, 1307 ; destroyed by Philip of France, 1342. 
Testi Morti, order of knighthood, in Wurteinberg, began, 1652. 
Teutonic, or Marian order, began, 1192 ; abolished, 1322; revived in 

Prussia, 1522. 

Thistle, order began, 812; instituted, 1540 ; revived, 1703. 
Thistle, of Bourbon, order began, 1370. 
Thomas, St. or St. John of Aeon, the same. 
Titles of Families abolished in France, 1790. 

Tribunes of the people began at Rome, 495 ; military ones, with con- 
sular powers, created, 445 B. C. 

Trinitarians, order in Spain began, 1594. 

Truxillo, order of knighthood began in Spain, 1227. 

United Ladies for the Honour of the Cross, order of knighthood in 
Germany, began, 1666. 

Virgin of Mount Carmel, order began in France, 1607. 

Virgin Mary, order of knighthood, began, 1233. 

Virgin Mary, the most Glorious, order of knighthood, began at Rome, 
1618. 

Viscount, the first in England, Feb. 12, 1440. 
Wales, prince of, title began, 1281. 

Warfare of Christ, order of knighthood, began in White Russia, 1325 ; 
in Poland, 1705. 

Wing of St. Michael, order of knighthood, began in Portugal, 1165. 
Woldimer, St. order of knighthood, established in Russia, 1682. 



234 



CHRONOLOGY. 



SECT. XVIII. 



EMINENT PAINTERS, ENGRAVERS, &c. &c 



A ALST, Everard, born 1602, died 1658. 

^* j William, bom 1632, died 1679. 

Aarsens, Peter, born 1519, died 1575. 
Aartgen, Ley den, died 1564, aged 66. 
Adam, L. S. sculptor, born 1700, died 1759. 

N. S. sculptor, born 1705, died 1778. 

■ G. sculptor, born 1710, died 1759. 

Agatharcus, the inventor of perspective scenery in theatres, died 4S0 

before Christ. 
Aggas, Robert, died 1679, aged 60. 
Agoracrites, the sculptor, died 150 before Christ. 
Albani, Francis, of Bologna, died 1660, aged 82. 

■ , Giovanni Battista, died 16S8. 

Alberti, Cherubino, of Florence, born 1552, died 1615. 

, Giovanni, of ditto, born 1558, died 1601. 

Aldegrever, Henry, born 1502. 

Algardi, Alexan. of Bologna, bo#u 1598, died in 1654. 

Allegri, Antonio, historical painter, born 1494, died 1534. 

Amerigi, born 1569, died 1609. 

Amphion, flourished, 328 before Christ. 

Anderson, Henry, flourished 1660. 

Angeiico, bora 1487, died 1545. 

Angeli, Philippo, of Rome, died 1609, aged 40. 

Angelo, Philippo, of Venice, born 1570, died 1610. 

' ^ Michael, di Battaglia, born 1600, died 1660. 

, , Buonarotti, born 1474, died 1563. 

• , — , Campidoglio, born 1610, died 1670. 

■ , — , de Caravaggio, born 1569, died 1609. 

Angurers, Francis and Martin, sculptors, died 1686 and 1689. 
Anichini, Ludovico. engraver, died 1540. 
Antiphiles flourished 33 d before Christ. 

Antmiello, of Messina, \rho first introduced painting in oil into Italy- 
born 1426, died 1475. 
Apelles flourished 334 before Christ. 
Apollodorus flourished 408 before Christ. 
Aretino, Peter, died 1556, aged 65. 
Aristides flourished 300 before Christ. 
Atland, James Anth. born 166S, died 1744. 
Audran, Gerard, died 1703. 
Auod, James And. Jos. died 1766. 
Baccio, F. Bart, born 1469, died 1517. 
Bacon, John, the sculptor, died Aug. 6, 1799. 
Backer, James, born 1530, died 1560. 
Jacob, born 1609, died 1641 or 1651. 

Backereel, W. a disciple of Rubens, and contemporary of Vandyck. 

Backhuysen, Ludolf, a Dutchman, born 1631, died 1709. 

Bad ens, F. born 1571, died 1603. 

Badile, A. born 15S0, died 1560. 

Baldovinetti, born 1366, died 1448. 

Balechou, engraver, born 1719, died 1764. 

Balestra, A. born 1666, died 1740. 

Bamboccio, Peter, born at Haerlem, 1613, died 1673. 

Bandineili, of Rome, born 1497, died 1559. 

Earbieri, Giovanni Francesco, born 1590, died 1666. 

Barent, born 1534, died 15S2. 

Barlow, Francis, died 1702, aged 72, 



EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 235 

Barry, James, painter, died Feb. 22, 1806, aged 64 ; he gave to the 

Society of Arts the painting's in their room in the Adelphi. 
Eartholet, Flem. Liegois, died 1615. 
Bartoli, Pietro Santo, born about 1635 died 1700. 
Bartolomeo, of Florence, born 1469, died 1517. 
Bartolhome, of Holland, born 1620, died 1660. 
Bartolozzi, born 1723, died 1815. 

Bassano, Francisco da, the eldest, born 1550, died 1594. 

, James du Pont, born 1510, die<1 1592. 

-, Gio Baptista, died 1613, aged 60. 

, Leandro, died 1623, aged 65. 

Battista, Franco, died 1561. 

Bathieux, M. died Dec. 18, 1792, aged 91. 

Battoni, P. born 1708, died 1787. 

Baur, William, born 1610, died 1640. 

Beale, Mary, born 1632, died 1697. 

Beccafumi, Dominico, of Sienna, bom 1484, died 1549. 

Beck, David, born 1621, died 1656 

Beenbergh, Barth. of Utrecht, died 1660. 

Bega, C. bora 1620, died 1664. 

Beisch, J. F. born 1665, died 1798. 

Bella, Stephano, a Florentine engraver, born 1610, died 1664. 
Bellini, Gentile, of Venice, born 1421, died 1501. 

, Giacomo, of ditto, born 1400, died 1450. 

, Giovanni, born 1422, died 1512. 

Bellotti, Pietro, born 1625, died 1700. 

Bellucci, Ant. born 1654. 

Bemmel, W. Van, born 1630, died 1703. 

C. Seb. bom 1745, died 1796. 

Bennari, Bened. of Italy, born 1597, died 1667. 

Berghem, Nicholas, born at Amsterdam, 1624, died 1683. 

Bernardi, John, engraver, died 1555. 

Bernini, of Naples, born 1599, died 16S0. 

Berrettini, Pietro, born 1596, died 1699. 

Berretoni, Niccolo, born 1617, died 1682. 

Bertin, Nich. born 1664, died 1736. 

Beurs, William, born 1656. 

Bianchi, Peter, born 1694, died 1734, 

~ Francisco, died 1520. 

Bianchini, Francis, born s< Verona, 1652, died 1729. 

Bibiena, Ferd. Galli, of Bologna, died 1741. 

Bie, Adrian de, born 1594. 

Bischop, John de, born 1646, died 1686. 

, Cornelius, bora 1630, died 1674. 

Biset, Charles Emanuel, born 1633. 
Blanchard, J. of France, born 1600, died 1658. 
Blankof, J. T. born 1628, died 1670. 
Block, madam, born 1550, died 1715. 
Eloemarl, Ab. of Holland, born 1564, died 1647. 

, Cornelius engraver, died 1680. 

Bloet, Peter, died 1667. 

Bogdani, an Italian, died 1710. 

Bol, Ferdinand, born 1611, died 1681. 

Hans, of Mechlin, born 1534, died 1593. 

Bologna, John of, died 1600. 
Bolognese, of Italy, born 1606, died 1660. 
Bolswert, Scheldt, engraver, flourished 1656. 
Bonone, Carlo, born 1569, died 1532. 
Borcht, of Brussels, born 1583, died 1660. 
Bordone, of Venice, born 1513, died 1587. 
Borgognone, Giacomo, born 1605, died 1680. 
Boromeo, Francis, of Florence, born 1446, died 1517. 
Boschaerets, Thos. Vuiltebois, bora 1623, died 1670. 
Bosse, Abraham, engraver, died 1660. 
Both, of Holland, born 1610, died 1650. 
Boticella, of Florence, born 1437, died 1515. 
Bouchardon, Edm. sculptor, born 1698, died 1762. 
Boucher, Francis, born 1706, died 1770. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Boullogne,Bon, born 1649, died 1717. 

— , Louis, born 1654, died 1734. 

Bourdon, Sebast. of France, born 1616, died 1671. 
Bourgeois, Sir Francis* died Jan. 8, 1811. 

Boydell, John, esq. engraver, alderman of London, the great im- 
prover of the graphic art in England, died Dec. 11, 1805, aged 86. 
Bramante, d'Urbino, born 1444, died 1514. 
Bramantino, of Milan, born 1400, died 1450. 
Brandi, Giacinto, pupil of Lanfranc, born 1623, died 1691, 
Breda, John Van, born 1683, died 1750. 

Peter Van, born 1630, died 1681. 

Brentel, Francis, a Dutch painter, flourished 1635. 
Bresank, Hans, flourished 1619. 
Bretsynder, Michael, flower-painter, died 1695. 
Breughel, or Old Breughel, born 1510, died 1570. 

, John, of Brussels, born 1560, died 1625. 

, Peter, born 1586, died 1642. 

Brill, Matthew, a Dutchman, bom 1550, died 1584. 

' , Paul, of Antwerp, born 1554, died 1626. 

Brocklandt, a Dutchman, born 1553, died 1583. 

Brosci, of Urbino, born 1538, died 1612. 

Brower, Adrian, a Dutchman, born 1608, died 1640. 

Bruges, John of, or John Van Eyck, born 1370, died 1441. 

Brun, Charles le, born 1619, died 1690. 

Brunelleschi, born 1387, died 1446. 

Bruxellensi, of Brussels, died 1629. 

Buck, Samuel, the engraver and draftsman, died, aged 83, Aug", 1779. 
Buckthorne, Joseph, a Dutchman, flourished 1670. 
Buffalmacco, a Florentine, born 1262, died 1340. 
Bunel, Jacob, of Blois, born 1558. 
Buonaccorsi, born 1500, died 1547. 

Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, a Florentine, born 1474, died 1563. 

Burch, Edward, gem engraver, died 1814. 

Buschetto, da Dulichio, died at Pisa, after 1016. 

Byrne, William, engraver, died Sept. 24, 1805. 

Cabel, Ad. Vander, born 1631, died 1695. 

Cadore, a Venetian, born 1477, died 1576. 

Cagliari, or Paul Veronese, born 1530, died 1588. 

Benedict, born 1538, died 1598. 

Cairo, Francesco, born in 1598, died 1674. 

Cajetino, Scipio, contemporary with Raphael, died 1534. 

Caicar, a native of the Low Countries, born 1499, died 1546. 

Caletti, Joseph, born 1600, died 1660. 

Callot, James, a French engraver, born 1593, died 1636. 

Calvart, a Dutchman, born 1553, died 1619. 

Camassei, Andrea, pupil of Domenichino, died 164S. 

Cambiaso, a Genoese, born 1527, died 1585. 

Campagnola, Dom. a Venetian, flourished 1518. 

Caualetti, Antonio, born 1697. died 1768. 

Cantarini, Simon, born 1602, died 1648> 

Caracci, Antonio, an Italian, born 1583, died 1618. 

, Aimib. an Italian, born 1560, died 1609, aged 49. 

Caravaggio, Polidoro, an Italian, born 1492, died 1543. 

, Augustin, of Bologna, born 1558, died 1602. 

• , Ludovico, born 1555, died 1619. 

Carloni, John, born 1594, died 16S0. 

Carpi, Ugoda, found out the art of printing in chiaro-obscura, with 

three plates, to imitate drawings.— He flourished in 1500. 
Carra, Mons. French painter, died April 16, 1793. 
Caruci, Jacob, of Venice, born 1493, died 1556. 
Casaubon, Fred, a German, born 1623, died 1690. 
Casolan, of Sienna, born 1542, died 1596. 
Cassana, Nicolo, bom 1659, died 1713. 
— , Giovanni , born 1664. 

Cassentino, founder of the academy at Florence, died in 1356. 

Cassteels, P. flourished 1726. 

Castagno, of Florence, born 1409, died 14S0. 

Castelfranco. of Venice, born 1477, died 1511. 



EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 



237 



Castelli, Bernard, born 1557, died 1629. 

, Valerio, bom 1625, died 1659. 

Castello, J. B. born 1540, died 1580. 

Castiglione, Benedict, an Italian, born 1616, died 1670. 

Cavedone, James, born 1580, died 1660. 

Cavallini, an Italian, born 1279, died 1364. 

Cazes, P. J. born 1676, died 1754. 

Cerquozzi, an Italian, born 1600, died 1660. 

Certo, Guichino, an Italian, born 1590, died 1667. 

Cellini, Benvenuto, born 1500, died 1570. 

Champagne, of Brussels, born 1602, died 1674. 

Change, Du, engraver, died 1757, aged 90. 

Chemin, Catherine Du, died 1698. 

Cheveau, Francis, engraver, died 1676. 

Chiari, Joseph, died 1727, aged 73. 

Ciampelli, Agost, born 1578, died 1640. 

Cibber, Caius Gabriel, sculptor, died about 1700, 

Cignani, Car. an Italian, born 1628, died 1719. 

Cigoli, Lodov. of Florence, bom 1559, died 1613. 

Cimabue, Giovanni, born 1240, died 1300. 

Cipriani, died Dec. 14, 1785. 

Circignano, of Florence, born 1516, died 1588. 

CHtadini, P. Francesco, bom 1626, died 1681. 

Claude de Lorraine, born 1600, died 1682. 

Clerc, Seb. le, French engraver, born 1637, died 1714, 

Cleyn, Francis, a Dutchman, died 1658. 

Clovio, Giulo, of Rome, born 1498, died 1578. 

Cochin, Charl, Nich. engraver, died 1754, aged 66. 

Codazzo, Vivano, an Italian, born 1599, died 1674. 

Coech, or Koech, died 1451. 

Colombel, Nich. bom 1646, died 1717. 

Colomboni, Don A. born 1608, died 1672* 

Coloni, Adam, a Dutchman, died 1685. 

— « , Adrian, his son, died 1701. 

Comte, Louis le, sculptor, died 1694. 

, Florent le, died 1712. 

Conca, Sebast. an Italian, bom 1676, died 1761, 

Cook, Henry, born 1642, died 1700. 

Cooper, Samuel, of London, born 1609, died 1672. 

Coques, Gonzales, born 1618, died 1684. 

Corneille, Michael, born 1642, died 1708. 

Corregio, Anton. Allegri da, born 1494, died 1534. 

Corstens, Jacob, a Dane, born May 10, 1754, died May 25, 179S. 

Cort, Corn, born 1536, died 1578. 

Cortesi, P. G. (called Borgognone) born 1621, died 1676. 

William, born 1628, died 1679. 

Cortona, Pet. da, an Italian, born 1596, died 1669. 

Cosimo, Pietro, of Florence, born 1441, died 1521. 

Courtois, James, styled le Bourguignon, bora 1621, died 1676, 

Cousin, John, painter, bom 1530. died 1589. 

Coustou, Nicholas, sculptor, died 1733. 

Craen, Luke Van, of Savoy, flourished in 1509. 

Craesbech, Van Jost, born 1609, died 1641. 

Crayer, Gaspard,born 1585, died 1669. 

Crespi, D. born 1592, died 1630. 

Dac, John, of Cologne, flourished 1580. 

Darner, N. of Geneva, engraver, died after 1752. 

Danckerts, a Dutchman, born 1561, died 1634. 

Dandini, Cesar, born 1595, died 1658. 

Vincent, born at Florence in 1607. 

, Pietro, born 1646, died 1712. 

Dante, Vincent, died 1576. 

D'Arpino, Gios. an Italian, bom 1560, died 1640. 

De Bernes, Fr. a Dutchman, 1692. 

De-la-Fosse, a Frenchman, born 1640, died 1719. 

De la Notte, Ghirardo, flourished in 1570. 

De Launay, a French engraver, died 1792, aged 53, 

Delft, W. James, born 1619, died 1661. 

Deshais, John Baptist, bom 1730, died 1765, 



238 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Denner, B. born 1685, died 1147. 

Denys, Flemish landscape painter, poisoned by one of his pupils, 1813. 
Diepenbeck, a Dutchman, born 160S, died 167. 1 ?. 
Dobson, William, of Loudon, born 1610, died 1647. 
Dolce, Carlo, an Italian, born 1616, died 16S6. 
Domenichino, born at Bologna, 1581, died 1641. 
Donatello, or Donato, a Florentine, born 1383, died 1166. 
Dorigny, Fr. bora 1617, died 1665. 
Doudyns, William, born 1630, died 1C97. 
Doughet, an Italian, bcrn 1600, died 1663. 
Douff, Gerard, born at Leyden 1613, died 1680. 
Drevet, Peter, French engraver, died 1739, aged 42. 
Duchange, Gasp, engraver, born 1660. died 1754. 
Dupont, Gainsborough, painter, died Jan. 20, 1797. 
Duperron, M. Anquetil, born Dec. 7, 1731, died Jan. 1805. 
Durer, Albert, a German, inventor of cutting oa wood, born 1411, 
died 1528. 

Edelinck, Gerard, born 1641, died 1707. 
Eeckhout, Anth. Vand. born 1656, died 1695. 

, Gerb. Vand. a Dutchman, born 1621, died 1674. 

Eginton, Francis, the painter upon glass, died March 26, 1805. 
Ellis, Mr. the engraver, died July 1793. 
Elsheimer, born 1574, died 1620. 

Eyk, John ab, commonly called John of Bruges, inventor of oil paint- 
ing, 1410, died 1441. 
Fabriaco, an Italian, died 1480, aged 88. 
Fabriano, Gentile da, an Italian, born 1332, died 1412. 
Facini, Pietro, born 1560, died 1602. 

Fage, Raymond de la, eminent designer, born 164S, died 1690. 

Faithorn, William, engraver, died 1691. 

Farinato, an Italian, born 1522, died 1606. 

Ferrari, G. born 1484, died 1550. 

Ferri, an Italian, born 1634, died 1689. 

Fetti, Domin. an Italian, born 1589, died 1624. 

Fiori, M di, born 1603, died 1673. 

Flink, Godfrey, of Cleves, born 1616, died 1660. 

Florentino, an Italian, born 1302, died 1337. 

Floris, a Dutchman, born 1520, died 1570. 

Fouquieres, a Dutchman, bom 1580, died 1659. 

Forest, John, born 1636, died 1712. 

Fosse, Charles de la, born 1640, died 1716. 

Franc esca, a Florentine, born 1372, died 1458. 

Franceschini, an Italian, born 1648, died 1729. 

Francia, Francesco, of Bologna, born 1450, died 1518. 

Francis, Simon, born 1605, died 1671. 

Franco, Baptist, a Florentine, born 1498, died 1561. 

Francois, John Charles, engraver, bora 1717, died 1769. 

Frank, Francis, died 1642. 

, Mr. died, Feb. 10, 1792. 

Fresnoy, Charles Alphonso du,born 1611, died 1665. 
Friminet, a Parisian, born 1567, died 1664. 
Fuller, Isaac, died 1672. 
Gabbiani, Ant. Dom. born 1652, died 1726. 

Gaddi, a Florentine, born 1239, died 1312, the restorer of Mosaic inltaly. 

^ Angelo, a Florentine, bora 1323. died 1387. 

, Taddeo, a Florentine, builder of their famous bridge, born 

1300, died 1350. 
Gaelon, Alex. Van, died 1762, aged 56. 
Gaetano, Scipio, died 1588, aged 88. 
Gainsborough, Mr. born 1727, died Aug. 2, 1788. 
Galantina, Hippolito, born 1627, died 1706. 
Galletti, Filippo, bora 1664, died 1742. 
Galloche, Louis, died 1761, aged 91. 
Gambaririi, Giuseppe, bora 1679, died 1720. 
Gaud, Henry, engraver, died 1639, aged 69. 
Gandy, J. born 1619, died 1689. 
Garamond, Claude, engraver, died 1561. 
Garbieri, Lorenzo, born 1590, died 1654. 



EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 230 

6arbo, an Italian, born 1491, died 152*. 

Garobola, born 1481, died 1559. 

Garrard, Mark, born 1561, died 1635. 

Garzi, Louis, died 1721, aged 81. 

Gaspars, John Bapt. died 1691. 

Gaucher, C. S. bora 1740, died 1803. 

Gaulii, J. B. (called Baccici,) born 1639, died 1709. 

Gelee, Claude, (or Claude of Lorraine) bora 1600, diedl6S?. 

G^ntileschi, an Italian, born 1563, died 1647. 

Gerbier, sir Balthazar, born 1592, died 1667. 

Ghirlandaio, Dom. a Florentine, born 1449, died 1493. 

■ — Ridolfo, died 1560. 

Gibbs, James, born 1674, died 1754. 
Gibson, Richard, died 1690, aged 75. 
Gillot, Claude, engraver, born 1673, died 1722. 
Gilpin, Saurey, died March 8, 1807, aged 73. 
Giordano, Luc. an Italian, bom 1629, died 1704. 
Giorgione, an Italian, boru 1477, died 1511. 
Gioseppino, born 1560, died 1640. 
Giottino, a Florentine, born 1324, died 1356. 
Giotto, an Italian, born 1276, died 1336. 
Girardon, F. sculptor, born 1628, died 1715. 
Girtin, Tho. born 1773, died Nov. 9, 1802. 
Goltzius, Henry, the engraver, born 1558, died 1617. 

, Hubert, engraver, born 1526, died 1583. 

Gonnelli, John, sculptor, died blind 1673. 
Goujoa, J. sculptor and architect, died 1572. 

Gontier, John and Louis, painters on glass, died in the 17th century, 
Goyen, John Van, born at Leyden 1596, died 1656. 
Gozzoii, Ben. a Florentine, born 1400, died 1478. 
Greenhill, John, died 1676. 

Griffier, John, of Utrecht, born 1645, died 1718. 

Robert, died about 1720. 

Grignion, Reynolds, engraver, died Sept. 14, 1787. 

, Charles, engraver, died Nov. 1810. 

, Charles, painter, born 1754, died 1804. 

Grim, Sam. Jerom. died April 16, 1794. 
Grimaldi, Francisco, an Italian, born 1606, died 1660. 
Gros, Peter le, sculptor, born 1666, died 1719. 
Guaspre, Dughart, born 1613, died 1675. 
Guercino, an Italian, born 1590, died 1666. 
Guido, Reni, an Italian, born 1574, died 1642. 
Hall, Mr. the engraver, died April 6, 1797. 
Hals, Frank, a Dutchman, born 15S4, died 1666. 

Dirk, brother of Frank, died 1656, aged 67. 

Hamilton; William, born 1750, died Dec. 1801. 

Hanneman, Adrian, born 1611, died 1680. 

Hayman, Francis, born 1708, died Feb. 2, 1776. 

Head, George, died Dec. 18, 1800. 

Heem, John David, of Utrecht, born 1600, died 1674 

Heere, Lucas, born 1534, died 1584. 

Helmbroker, Theod. born 1624, died 1694 

Helmont, J. Van, died in 1726, ag-ed 43. 

Heist, B. Vander, born 1613, died 1670. 

Hemskirk, Egbert, a Dutchman, born 1645, died 1704. 

Highmore, Jos. born June 13, 1692, died March 3, 1780. 

Hilliard, Nicholas, of London, born 1547, died 1619. 

Hogarth, William, died 1765, aged 64. 

Holbein, Hans, born 1498, died in London 1554. 

Hollar, Wenceslaus, engraver, born 1607, died 1677. 

Hoiulekotter, Melch. a Dutchman, born 1636, died 1695. 

Hondius, Abraham, a Dutchman, born 1638, died 1695. 

Honthorst, Gerard, a Dutchman, born 1592, died 1660. 

Hoppner, John, died March 1810. 

Hoskins, John, flourished 1630. 

Houbraken, Jacob, died 1719. 

, Jacob, the younger, born 1698, died 1780. 

Houston. Mr. mezzotinto engraver, died Aug. 4, 1775. 



240 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Hudson, the painter, born 1701, died 1779. 
Hussey, Giles, born 1710, died 1778. 

Huysum, John Van, a Dutchman, born 1682, died 1749. 
Jameson, George, born at Aberdeen 1586, died 1644. 
Janssens, Abraham, painter, born at Antwerp, 1569. 

the Younger, born 169S, died 1780. 

Hon. Victor, born 1664, died 1739. 

Cornelius, died 1665. 

Jardyn, Karel du, born at Amsterdam 1640, died 1678. 

Jervas, Charles, died 1739. 

Jode, Peter de, engraver, died 1632. 

Johannes ab Eyck, commonly called John of Bruges, inventor of oil 

painting, born 1370, died 1441. 
Jones, Inigo, born 1572, died 1652. 
Jordaens, Jacob, a Dutchman, born 1594, died 1678. 
Jouvenet, John, born at Rouen 1644, died 1717. 
Julien de Parma, historical painter, born 1736, died 1799, aged 63. 
— — — Peter, sculptor, born 1731, died 1804. 

KaufFman, Angelica, died at Rome in the 68th year of her age, Nov. 

29, 1808. 
Ketel, Cornelius, died 1600. 
Kalf, W. born 1630, died 1693. 
Kessel, J. Van, born 1626, died about 1690. 
Kierings, Alex, born 1590, died 1646. 
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, born at Lubeck 1648, died 1723. 
Koue, Peter, engraver on wood, died 1550. 
Lairesse, Gerard, engraver, born 1640, died 1711. 
Lambert, George, died 1765. 

Lancrinck, Pros. Hen. a German, born 1628, died 1692, 
Laneret, Nicholas, born 1690, died 1743. 
Lanfranco, Giov. an Italian, born 1581, died 1647* 
Lianguean, Remi, died 1691. 
Laniere flourished 1636, died 1660. 
Lanture, a Fleming, 1580. 

Lapi, Arnolfo, the architect of Florence, died 1300, aged 60. 

Largilliers, Nich. born 1656, died 1746. 

Laroon, Marcel, born at the Hague 1653, died 1705. 

Laurati, Pietro, nourished in the 14th century. 

Lauri, Filippo, an Italian, born 1623, died 1694. 

Lazari, an Italian, born 1444, died 1514. 

Leblon, Mich, of Francfort, died 1650. 

Leguano, S. M= born 1660, died 1715. 

Lely, Sir Peter, a German, born 1617, died 1680, 

Lemens, Balthazar, a Dutchman-died in London, 1704, 

Lemput or Remee, Remigius, died in London, 1680. 

Lens, Bernard, died 1740. 

Le Sueur, Eustace, born at Paris 1617, died 1655. 

Licinio, Gio. an Italian, (called Pordenone) born 1484, died 1540. 

Ligorio, a Neapolitan, born 1493, died 1573. 

Linglebach, John, born 1625, died 1687. 

Lippi Filippo, a Florentine, died 1488, aged 67, 

, jun, ditto, born 1460, died 1505. 

, Laurentius, born 1606, died 1664, 

Loir, Nicholas, born 1624, died 1679. 
Lomazzo, born 1538. 
Lombardo, born 1500, died 15S0. 

Lorenzetti Aub. of Sienna, nourished 1330, died aged S3. He was 

the first that painted storms. 
Lorrain, Robert le, sculptor, born 1666, died 1743. 
Loth, Gio. Carlo, of Munich, died 1698. 
Loton, John, of Holland, died 1681. 

Loutherbourg, Philip James de, born 1740, died March 10, 1S1?. 
Lucas,Van Leyden, died in 1533, aged 40. His print of a bae uiuer sold 

in Holland for 16/. br * 

Luth, Benedetto, of Florence, born 1586, died 1624. 
Maas, D. a Dutch painter, flourished in 1696. 
Mabuse, John, born 14S9, died 1562. 
Mac Ardell, James, engraver, died 1765. 
Magnard, Mich, born 1604, died 1668. 



EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 



241 



Maio, a Dutchman, born 1500, died 1559. 
Malcolm^ J. P. died 1815. 

Malton James, engraver, died July 17, 1803. 
Mander, Charles Van, born 1539, died 1607. 
Mansard, F. born 1598, died 1666. 
Mantegna, Andr. an Italian, born 1431, died 1505. 
Maratti, Carlo, an Italian, born 1625, died 1713. 

Margaritone,of Arezzo, inventor of the art of gilding with leaf gold 

on bole armoniac, died 1275, aged 77. 
Mario, Nuzzi, a Neapolitan, died 1673. 
Marot, Francis, died 1719, aged 52. 
Masaccio, born 1401, died 1443. 

Maso, surnamed Finiguerra, inventor of the engraving on copper- 
plates, flourished 1450. 
Masolino, an Italian, flourished 1432. 
Matham, of Kaerlem, born 1571, died 1631. 
Mathurin, of Florence, died 1526. 
Matsys, Quintin, born 1460, died 1529. 
Maturino, a Florentine, born 1492, died 1527. 

Mazzuoli, of Parma, born 1503, died 1540. He invented etching with 

aquafortis. 
Medina, sir John, born 1659, died 1711. 

— John, the grandson, died at Edinburgh, 1796. 

Memmi, Simoni, of Sienna, born 1285, died 1345. 
Mengs, Anth. Raphael, born 1726, died 1779. 
Metolli. Aug. of Bologna, died 1660. 
Metza, Gabriel, born 1615, died about 1690. 
Meulen, Vand. born 1634, died 1680. 
Meyer, Felix, born 1653, died 1713 

Jeremiah, born 1735, died 1789. 

Miel, John, the Fleming, born 1559, died 1664. 

Mieris, Francis, born at Leyden 1635, died 1681. 

Mignard, Peter, born 1610 died 1695, 

Mignon, Abraham, a German, born 1639, died 1679. 

Mile, Francis, a Dutchman, born 1648, died 1680. 

Mitian, Jerome, born at Brescia 1528, died 1590. 

Modena, Pellegrino da, flourished 1520. 

Mola, Pietro Francesco, born 1609 died 1665. 

Monnoyer, John Bapt. born 1635, died 1699. 

Montper the Fleming, died 1650. 

Moor, Karel de, born 1656, died 1738. 

Moore, Mr. landscape painter, died at Rome, Nov. 1793* 

More, Sir Antonio, bora 1519, died 1575. 

Morel, several of this name in the 16th century. 

Morland, George, died Oct 29, 1804, aged 39. 

Mortimer, John, born 1739, died Feb. 5, 1779. 

Moser, George, Michael, born 1705, died Jan. 24, 1783. 

Murillo, Bart, a Spaniard, born 1613, diedl685. 

Mutian, of Lombardy. died 1589. 

Mytens, Daniel, a Dutchman, 1656. 

Nanteuil, Robert, engraver, born 1630, died 1678. 

Nattier, John Mark, born 1685, died 1766. 

Navarete, J. F. X. born 1532, died 1572. 

Neef, P born 1510, died 1651. 

Neer, Arnold Sander, born 1663. 

Netscher, Gasp, a Bohemian, born 1639, died 1684. 

Nieulant, a Dutchman, born 1584, died 1635. 

Nicol, del Abate, of Modena, born 1512, died 1552. 

Norden, Fred, the designer, died 1742. 

Nuzzi, born 1603, died 1673. 

Odorici, de Agobbio, flourished 1275. 

Odozzi John, engraver, born 1663, died 1731. 

Oliver, Isaac, died 1617, aged 61. 

, Peter, his son, died 1654, aged 60. 

Opie, John. bora 1761, died 1807. 

Orgagna, And. a Florentine, born 1329, died 1389. 

Ort, Adam Van, born 1557, died 1641. 

Ostade, Adrian Van, a Dutchman, born 1610, died 1686. 



242 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Otlio, Venius, born at Ley den 1556, died 1634, 
Paas, Crispin, engraver, flourished 1610. 
Pace, Michael Angelo, born 1610, died 16T0. 
Pagani, born 1525, died 1605. 
Pagi, Gio. Bap. engraver, born 1557, died 1629. 
Palladio, A. architect, born 151S, died 15S0. 
Palma, Jacob, died 15SS. 

Jacob, the younger, born 1544, died 1628. 

Pang-euus, Greek painter, 457 before Christ. 
Pantre, Peter and John, engravers; Peter died 1744. 
Pareja, Juande, died 1670. 

Parmegiano, an Italian, bGrn 1504, died 1540. 
Parroeel, Joseph, born in France 164S, died 1704. 

, Peter, died 1739. 

, Charles, bom 16S9, died 1752. 

Passeri, an Italian, born 1654, died 1714. 
Passignani, a Florentine, born 1559 ; died 1639. 
Patinier flourished 1520. 

Pellegriuo, Tibaldi, of Bologna, died 1592, aged 65, 

, of Modena, died 1530. 

Pembrook, Thomas, died 1732. 

Penni, J. Fr. a Florentine, bora 1488, died 1559. 

Penny, Edward, died Nov. 17, 1791. 

Pens, Geo. of Nuremberg, engraver, flourished 1510. 

Perino del Vaga, (or Buonaccorsi) born 1500, died 1547. 

Perran.lt, Claude, born 1613, died 1686. 

Perrier, Francis, born 1590, died 1655. 

Perronet, J. il. born 1708, died 1794. 

Perugino, Pietro, of Perugia, died 1524, aged 78. 

Peruzzi, Balth. of Sienna, born 1500, died 1556. 

Pesara, Simon da, an Italian, born 1612, died 1648. 

Peierness, of Antwerp, born 1580. 

Petitot, John, famous for enamel, bora at Geneva 1607, died 1691. 

Phidias, died B. C. 432- 

Piazetta, J.B. born 16S3, died 1754. 

Picard, died 1768. 

Picart, Bernard, engraver, born 1673, died 1733. 
, Stephen, engraver, died 1721. 

Pickett, William, reviver of painted glass, died October 14, 1795. aged 
65. 

Pierce, Edward, died 1712. 
Pietro, del Francisca, died 1443. 

Cosmo, died 1521. 

Pigalle, John B. born 1714, died 1785. 
Piles, Roger de, born 1635, died 1709. 
Pilon, Germain, sculptor, died 1590. 
Pinturiccio, of Sienna, born 1454, died 1513. 
Piombo, Seb. a Venetian, born 1485, died 1547. 
Piper. Francis, died 1740. 
Piranesi, J. B. born about 1711, died 1778. 
Pisani, Andrew, sculptor, died 1389. 

Pisano, Giouuto, a Grecian, sent for to Florence by the senate, 1236. 

Pitua, Nicholas, engraver, died 1671. 

Poiily, Francis, engraver, born 1622, died 1693. 

, Nicholas, engraver, bora 1696. 

Polemberg, a Dutchman, born 1586, died 1660. 

Polidore, de Carravaggio, born 1495, died 1543. 

Polliolo, Ant. a Florentine, bora 1436, died 1498. 

Polycletus, flourished about 430, B. C. 

Polygnotus, flourished about 422 before Christ. 

Ponca, bora 1510, died 1592. 

Ponre, Paul, sculptor, flourished 1562. 

Pontorma, James, born 1493. 

Pordenone, born 14S4, died 1540. 

Porta, a Florentine, born 1469, died 1517. 

Potter, Paul, a Dutchman, born 1625, died 1654. 

Pourbus, Peter, died 15S0, aged 49. 

, Francis, died 1622. 



EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 



243 



Poussin, Gaspar, an Italian, born 1613, died 1675. 

,Mch. a Frenchman, born 1594, died 1665. 

Praxiteles, lived about 350 years B. C. 

Primaticcio, Francesco, of Bologna, born 1490, died 1570. 

Procaccini, Julius Caesar, born 1548, died 1627. 

, an Italian, born 1556, died 1626. 

Propertia, de Rossi, of Bologna, sculptor, died 1530. 
Protogenes, of Rhodes, flourished 308 before Christ. 
Pug-net, Peter Paul, a Frenchman, born 1623, died 1695. 
Puntormio, an Italian, born 1493, died 1556. 
Pulzone, Scipio,born 1550, died 1588. 
Pynaker, Adam, born 1621, died 1673. 
Quellinus, Erasmus, of Antwerp, born 1607, died 1678. 
, Arthur, sculptor, flourished 1640. 

Quesnoy, Francis de, of Brussels, sculptor, born 1570, died 1645. 
Quintin, Mesius, or Matsys, the Blacksmith of Antwerp, born 1460,died 
1529. 

Rabel, John, flourished in the 16th century. 
Raibolina, Fr. of Boulogne, born 1450, died 1518. 
Raimondi, M. Ant. born 1488, died about 1540. 
Ramsay, Allan, died Aug-. 10, 1784, aged 71. 
Ranc, John, born 1674, died 1735. 
Raoux, Peter, born 1677, died 1734. 
Raphael, d'Urbino, born at Urbino 1483, died 1520. 
Ravenet, Mr. the engraver, died aged 69, 1774. 
Raymond, John, died Aug. 25, 1784. 
Reggio, Raphael da, born 1552, died 1580. 
Regillo, Antonio, born 1484, died 1548. 
Regnaudin, Thomas, sculptor, died 1706, aged 79. 
Rembrandt, a Dutchman, born 1606, died 1674. 
Reni, Guido, an Italian, born 1574, died 1642. 
Restout, John, born 1692, died 1768. 
Reveley, W. died 1799. 

Reynolds, sir Joshua, died Feb. 24, 1792, aged 69. 

Ribera, Joseph, called also Spagnoletto, born 1589, died 1656. 

Ricci, Sebastian, born at Venice 1659. died 1734. 

Rigaud, Hyacinth, born 1663, died 1743. 

Riley, John, born 1646, died 1691. 

Rivaix, Anthony, died 1735, aged 68. 

Roestraben, Peter, flourished 1670. 

Rogers, Charles, born 1711, died 1784. 

Romanelli, an Italian, born 1617, died 1662. 

Romano, Julio, died 1546, aged 54. 

Rombouts, Theod. of Antwerp, born 1597, died 1637. 

Romney, George, born l734,died Nov. 15, 1802. 

Rooker, Michael Angelo, engraver, born 1743, died March 2, 1801. 
Rosa, Alba Carreira, born at Venice 1672, died 1755. 

Salvator, an Italian, born 1615, died 1673. 

Rosel, J. Aug. bom 1705, died 1759. 

Roselli Cosmo, a Florentine, born 1416, died 1480. 

Rosso, an Italian, born 1496, died 1541. 

Rotenhamer, a Dutchman, born 1564, died 1604. 

Roubilliac, the statuary, died 1762. 

Rousseau, James, born 1630, died 1694. 

Rubens, sir Peter Paul, born 1577, died 1640. 

Russici, John Francis, a Florentine, born 1446, died 1523. 

Runciman, Alexander, born 1736, died 1785. 

Ruysdaal, Jacob, born 1636, died 1681. 

Solomon, born 1616, died 1670. 

Ryland, W. Wynne, born 1732, died 1783. 
Rysbrac, John Michael, sculptor, died 1770, aged 76. 
Sabbatini, Andrea, born about 1480, died 1545. 

Lorenzo, died in 1577. 

Sacchi, Andrea, an Italian, born 1601, died I66S. 
Sadeler, J. engraver, of Brussels, born 1550, died 1600. 

— ) , Raphael, of ditto, born 1555. 

— / , Gilles, of Antwerp, born 1570, died 1629. 

Salimbini, an Italian, born 1536, died 1583. 

L2 



244 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Salviati, Francisco, a Florentine, born 1510, died 1563. 

, Giuseppe, born at Venice 1535, died 1585. 

Sandby, Thomas, died June 24, v,98, aged 77. 

- — Paul, born 1732, died 1809. 

Sandrart, Joachim, born 1606, died 1688. 

Santerre, John Baptist, born 1651, died 1717. 

Sarazin, James, sculptor, died 1660. 

Sarto, And. del. born 1171, died 1520. 

Savory, a Dutchman, born 1576, died 1639. 

Schaicken, Godfrey, born 1613, died 1706. 

Schaverty, Christ, born at Inglestad, 1550, died 1594. 

Schiavonetti, Leu is, born 1765. died 1810. 

Schiavoni, Andrea, born 1522, died 15S2. 

Schidoni, Bartholomew, an Italian, born 1560, died 1616. 

Schnebbelie, Jacob, born 1760, died 179=2. 

Schorel, a Dutchman, born 1425, died 1572. 

Schut, Cornelius, a Florentine, born 1600. 

, his nephew, died 1676. 

Schwartz, born 1540, died 1594. 
Scopas, flourished 430 years B. C. 

Scorza, Sinibaldo, a Genoese engraver, born 1631, died aged 41. 

Segers, Ger, a Dutchman, born 1589, died 1651. 

Seghers, Daniel, born 1590, died 1660. 

Serres, Dom. died Nov. 6, 1793. 

Shelley, Mr. miniature painter, died March, 1809. 

Sherwin, J. K. the engraver, died Sept. 1790. 

Signorelli, Luca, of Cortona, born 1439, died 1521. 

Silvester, Israel, engraver, born 1621, died 1691. 

» Lewis, died 1760, aged 85. 

Simonneau, Charles, engraver, died 1728. 

Sirlet, Flavius, engraver, died 1737. 

Slingeland, John Peter, born 1640, died 1691. 

Slotz, Rene, sculptor, born 1705, died 1764. 

Smirke, Richard, died at Brampton, Cumberland, July, 1815. 

Smith, John, mezzotinto scraper, died about 1715. 

— , Thomas, died 1767. 

— , J. R. crayon miniature painter, died 1812. 

George, born 1714, died 1776. 

Snyders, Francis, born at Antwerp, 1579, died 1657. 
Sole, A. M. del, born 1597, died 1677. 

Joseph, born 1654, died 1719. 

Solimene.an Italian, born 1657, died 1747. 

Souliiot, J. G. born 1713, died 1780. 

Spinello, Aretino, a Florentine, born 1328, died 1420. 

Paris, son of Aretino, died of fright at the age of 56. 

Sprangher, Barthol, born 1546, died 1623. 
Squartione, Fr. an Italian, born 1394, died 1474. 
Stalbent, Adrianus, died 1660. aged SO. 
Steen, Jan, born 1636, died 1689. 
Steenwyck, Henry, born 1550, died 1603. 

the younger, son of Henry, born about 1589. 

Stefano, Florentine, died 1550, aged 48. 
Stella, a Frenchman, born 1596, died 1647. 
Stone, John, Statuary, died 1633. 

, Nicholas, statuary, died 1647, aged 61. 

Stork, Abraham, died 1708, 
Stradanus, John, born 1536, died 1604. 

Strange, sir Robert, the engraver, born 1721, died July 5, 1792. 

Streater, Robert, died 1680, aged 56, 

Strutt, Joseph, born 1749, died 1802. 

Stuart, James, born 1713, died 17S8. 

Stubbs, George, bom 1724, died 1806, 

Sturt, John, bom 165S, died 1730. 

Sueur, Eustache le, born 1617, died 1655. 

Swanevelt, Herman, born 1620, died 1680. 

Sybrecht, John, born 1630, died 1703. 

Tacca, P. J. died at Florence, in 1640. 

Tadda, Francis, sculptor, flourished 1350. 



EMINENT PAINTERS, &C. 



245 



Taffi, Andrea, a Florentine, born 1213, died 1294. 
Tassie, James, died 1799; 

Tempesta, Antonio, an Italian, born 1555, died 1630. 
Peter, died 1701. 

Teniers, David, sen. of Antwerp, born 1582, died 1649* 

jun. a Dutchman, born 1610, died 1694* 

Terburgh, sir Gerard, born 1608, died 1681. 
Terweston, Augustin, born 1649, died 1711. 

, Elias, died 1724v 

Testa, Pietro, born 1611, died 1650. 
Thew, Robert, engraver, died July 1802; 
Thomassin, engraver,died 1741, aged 53* 
Thornhill, sir James, born 1676, died 1732. 
Tiarini, Alessandro, died 1668, aged 91. 
Tibaldi, or Pellegrino, born 1527, died 1592. 
Tillemans, P. born about 1684, died 1734. 
Tinelli, Tiberio, born 1588, died 1638. 
Tintoretto, an Italian, born 1512, died 1594. 

, Mary, born 1650, died 1690. 

Tisi, or Tisio, Benvenuto, born 1481, died 1559* 
Titian, a Venetian, born 1477, died 1576. 
Torrigiano, P. born 1472, died 1522. 
Torrentius, John, died 1640. 
Tresham, Henry, died June 17, 1814. 
Trotter, Thomas, engraver, died Feb. 14, 1803. 
Troy, Francis, died 1730. 

John Francis, died 1752. 

Turpilius, flourished 69 before Christ. 
Tyssens, Peter, born 1625, died 1692. 
Uccel, Paolo, a Florentine, died 1432. 

Udine, Giovanni da, born 1494, died 1654; celebrated for having been 

the reviver of stucco work. 
Vaga, Pierino del. a Florentine, born 1500, died 1547. 
Valentine de Columbiers, born 1600, died 1632. 
Van Balen, a Dutchman, born about 1540. 
Vanbrugh, Sir John, died 1725. 
Vandermeeren, John, died 1690, aged 63. 

, . , the younger, died 1688. 

Vandermeulen, born 1634, died 1690. 

Vanderneer, Eglon, a Dutchman, born 1643, died 1703. 

Vanderwerf, Adrian, a Dutchman, born 1659, died 1727. 

- — ■ , Peter, born 1665, died 1718. 

Vandevelde, Adrian, born 1639, died 1672. 

, William, the old, born 1610, died 1693. 

, born 1633, died 1707. 

Vandhysum, John, born 1682, died 1149. 
Vandiest, Adrian, died 1704, aged 49. 
Vandyck, sir Anth. born at Antwerp, 1599, died 1641, 
Vaneck, Hubert, born 1366, died 1426. 

Vaneyck, John, born 1370, died 1441. He first introduced oil colours. 
Van Gorvon, John, a Dutchman, born 1596, died 1656. 
Vanloo, John Baptist, born 1684, died 1746. 

, Carlo, born 1705, died 1765. 

Vanmander, Charles, born 1548, died 1605. 
Vanni, Francesco, born at Sienna, 1563, died 1610. 
Van Obstal, Gerard, sculptor, died 1668, aged 73. 
Van Ouft, James, the old, died 1671, aged 71. 

t the younger, born 1637, died 1713. 

Van Orlay, Bernard, born 1490, died 1560. 

, Richard, born 1632, died 1732. 

Van Ort, Adam, born 1557, died 1641. 
Van Ostade, Isaac, born 1617. 

Vanuden, Lucas, a Dutchman, born 1595, died 1S33. 
Vargas, Ludovicus de, born 1528, died 1590. 
Vasari, George, an Italian, born 1512, died 1574. 
Vecchia, Palma, an Italian, born 1508, died 1556. 

, Pietro di, born 1605. died 1678. 

Vecelli, Francisco, bora 1483. 

L 3 



246 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Velasquez, Bieg'0, born 1594, died 1660. 

Venetiano, Dom of V enice, where he introduced the use of oil colours 

flourished 1476, aged 76. 
Veneziano, Agost. died at Rome, 1540. 
Veniusj Otho, born 1556, died 1634. 
Verbruggen, Henry, born 1588, died 1640. 
Verelst, Simon, died 1710. 
Verheacht, Tobias, born 1556, died 1634. 
Verkolie, John, born 1650, died 1693. 
, Nicholas, died 1746, aged 73. 

Vermeye, John Cor. a Dutchman, whose beard touched the ground 

when he stood upright, born 1500, died 1559. 
Vernet, Joseph, born 1712, died 1789. 

Verocchio, And. a Florentine, who firstfound out the method of taking 

off a likeness in plaster of Paris, born 1432, died 1488. 
Veronese, Alexander, born at Verona 1600, died 1670. 

, Paul, an Italian, born 1532, died 1588* 

Verrio, Anthony, died 1700. 

Verschuring, Hen. born 1627, died 1690 

Vertue, Geo. the engraver, died July 26, 1756, aged 72. 

Vezelli, an Italian, born 1479, died 1554. 

Vinci, Leon, da, an Italian, born 1452, died at Paris, in the arms o 

Francis I. king of France, 1520. 
Viola, Gio. Baptisti, born 1572, died 1622. 
Vivani, Ottavio, born 1596, died 1674. 

Vivares, Francis, the engraver, born 1709, died Nov. 25, 17S0. 

Vivien, Joseph, born 1657, died 1737. 

Voet, Charles, died 1745, aged 75. 

Volterra, Daniel di, born 1509, died 1566. 

Vos, Martin, born 1520, died 1604. 

— — Simon de, born 1603, died about 1670. 

Vosterman, John, born 1643, died 1693. 

, Lucas, engraver, flourished 1626. 

Vouet, Simon, a Frenchman, born 1582, died 1641. 

Vroon, Henry Cornelius, a Dutchman, born 1566. 

Wale, Samuel, professor of perspective, died Feb. 9, 1785. 

Walker, Robert, died about 1690. 

Warin, John, engraver, born 1604, died 1672. 

Watteau, Anthony, a Frenchman, born 1684, died 1721. 

Webber, John, born 1751, died 1793. 

Weeninx, J. B. born 1621, died 1660. 

West, Benjamin, born 1738, died 1820. 

Wheatley, Francis, born 1747, died June 28, 1801. 

White, Robert, engraver, born 1645, died 1704. 

Wildens, John, born 1600, died 1644. 

Wilson, Richard, born I7l4,died in May, 1782. 

Wilton, Joseph, statuary, died Nov. 8, 1803. 

Wissing, William, born 1656, died. 1687. 

Woollett, William, the engraver, died May 23, 1785, aged 50. 
W orLdge, engraver, born 1700, died 1766. 
Worsdale, James, died 1767. 
Wouters, Francis, died 1659. 

Wouvermans, Philip, a Dutchman, bom 1620, died 1668. 

Wren, Sir Christopher, bora 1632, died 1723. 

Wright, Joseph, of Derby, died aged 63, on Aug. 29, 1797. 

Wyatt, James, born about 1743, died 1813. 

Wycke, Thomas, born 1616, died 1686. 

John, died 1702. 

Wynants, John, born 1660, time of his death unknown. 

Zampieri, Dom. born 1581, died 1641. 

Zenodorus, sculptor, flourished in 64. 

Zeuxis. flourished 400 before Christ. 

Zincke, C. F. born about 1884, died 1767. 

Zoust, Gerard, died 1681 

Zuccarelli, an Italian, born about 1710, died Dec. 17SS. 
Zucchero, Taddeo, an Italian, born 1529, died 1566. 

, Fred, an Italian, born 1513, died 1616. 

Zumbo, Gaston, sculptor, born 1656, died 1701. 
Zuppo, Marco, an Italian, born 1451, died 1517. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



247 



List of several of the most eminent Painters of the Old 
School — with a scale of their different merits ; found 
among the papers of a distinguished Artist lately de- 
ceased. 



SCHOOL. NAME. 

Lorn. Albano, born 1578, died 1660 - 

Flem. Albert Durer, born 1471, died 1528 - 

Rom. Andrea del Sarto, born 1471, died 1520 - 
& Flor. 

Rom. Baroccio, born 1528, died 1612 - 

Ven. James Bassano, born 1554, died 1613- 

Ven. John Bellini, born 1422, died 1512 - 

Fr. Bourdon, born 1616, died 1671 - 

Fr. Le Brun, born 1619, died 1690 - 

Ven. Claude Lorraine, born 1600, died 1682 

Lom. Caracci, born 1560, died 1609 - 

Lorn. Corregio, born 1494, died 1534 - 

Rom. Daniel de Volterra, born 1509, died 1566 - 

Flem. Diepenbeck, born 1608, died 1675 - 

Lom. Domenichino, born 1531, died 1641 - 

Ven. Giorgione, born 1477, died 1511 - 

Lom. Guercino, born 1590, died 1666 - 

Lom. Guido, born 1574, died 1642 - 

Flem, Holbein, born 1498, died 1544 - 

Flem. James Jordaens, born 1594, died 1678 

Flem. Luc Giordano, born 1629, died 1704 - 

Rom. Julio Romano, born 1492, died 1546 - 

Lom. Lanfranco born 1581, died 1647 - 

Rom. Leonardo da Vinci, born 1452, died 1520 - 

Flem. Lucas of Leydeu, born 1494, died 1533 

Rom. Michael Angelo'Buonarotti, born 1474, and died 

1563 

liom. Michael de Caravaggio, born 1569, died 1609 - 

Ven. Mutians, born 1528, died 1589 - 

Flem. Otho Venius, born 1556, died 1634 - 

Ven. Palma the Elder, born 1480, died 1556 

Ven. Palma the Younger, born 1544, died 1628 

Rom. Parmigeano, born 1504, died 1510 - 

Ven. Paul Veronese, born 1532, died 1588 - 

Rom. Perrin del Vaga, born 1500, died 1547 

Rom, Pietro de Cortona, born 1596, died 1669 - 

Rom. Pietro Perugiuo, born 1446, died 1524 

Rom. Polidore de Carravaggio, born 1495, died 1543 

Ven. Pordenone, born 1484, died 1540 

Fr. Poussin, Nich. born 1594, died 1665 

Rom. Primaticcio, born 1490, died 1570 

Rom. Raphael, born 1483, died 1520 - 

Flem. Rembrandt, born 160G, died 1674 

Flem. Rubens, born 1577, died 1640 

Rom. Salviati, Fra. born 1510, died 1563 

Fr. Le Sueur, born 1617, died 1655 - 

Flem. Teniers, born 1582, died 1649 - 

Rom. Pietro Testa, born 1611, died 1650 

Ven. Tintoret, born 1512, died 1594 - 

Ven. Titian, born 1477, died 1576 

Flem. Vandyck, born 1599, died 1641 - 

Rom. Vannius, born 1563, died 1609 - 

Rom. Zucchiro Taddeo, born 1529, died 1556 



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248 



CHRONOLOGY. 



SECT. XIX. 



EMINENT AND REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



A AR.ON, the first high priest of the Jews, born 1570, died 1453 B.C. 

Aaron Ben-aser, a rabbi, flourished 475. 
Abbadie, the rev. James, born 1658, died 1727. 

Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, killed his park keeper, January 20, 

1621, died Aug-. 3, 1633, aged 71. 
Abdalla, son of Osmar, flourished 625. 

Abell, John, the musician, died about the end of queen Ann's reign. 
Abelard, Peter, died 1142, aged 62. 

Abercromby, sir Ralph, born 1738, killed in Egypt, 1801. 

Abernethy, John, the divine, born 1680, died 1740. 

Abraham entertained three angels, 1897 ; offered up Isaac, 1871 ; died 

1821 B. C. aged 175. 
Abu, Bekr, died 624, aged 63. 
Abulfeda, the geographer, died 1345, aged 72. 
Achilles died 1184 B. C. 

Achmet III. emperor of the Turks, who encouraged printing in Con- 
stantinople, died 1736. 
Adam, died 3074 B. C. 

Alexander, born 1741, died 1809. 

Robert, born 1728, died 1792. 

Adams, John, the American president, born 1735, died Oct 2, 1S03. 

Addison, Joseph, born 1672, died June 17, 1719. 

Adanson, Michael, born 1727, died 1806. 

Adelung, John Christopher, born 1734, died 1806. 

Ado, the historian, died 875. 

Adolphus of Nassau, emperor, deposed, 1293. 

Adrian, the emperor, visited Britain, and built a strong rampart, 

died 138, aged 72. 
Adrian IV. pope, an Englishman, died 1159. 
JElian, the historian, born about A. D. 160. 
iEschines.the orator, born B. C. 327. 
iEschylus, the poet, died 456 B C. aged 69. 
iEsop, the fabulist, lived about 600 years B.C. 
Africanus Julius, the historian, died 232. 
Agamemnon, died about 904 B. C. 
Agarri, Arthur, the antiquary, died 1615, aged 75. 
Agathias flourished, 565. 

Agelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, who refused to crown Harold, 

died 1038. 
Agis, died 251 B.C. 

Aglionby, John, one of the translators of the Bible, died 1610. 

Agnes, St. died 308, aged 13. 

Agricola, the Roman general, died 93, aged 54. 

Agricola, Rod. died 1484, aged 42. 

Agrippa, Cornelius, died 1535, aged 49. 

Agrippa, king of Judea, died A. D. 94, aged 54. 

Asruesseau, Chancellor d' born 166S, died 1751. 

Ahab, died 897 B. C. 

Ahaz, died 726 B. C. 

Ainsworth, Rob. born 1660, died 1743. 

Aiton, William, botanist, born 1731, died 1793. 

Ajax, the son of Telamon, flourished 1149 B C. 

Ajax^ the son of Teucer, flourished 1154 B.C. 

Akenside, Dr. Mark, born 1721, died June 23, 1770. 

Aland, Sir J. F. a judge, born 1670, died 1747. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



249 



Aiban, St. the first English martyr, died 303. 

Alberoni, cardinal, died 1752, aged 88. 

Albertus. Magnus, born 1205, died 1280. 

Albinus, the anatomist, born 169T, died 1770. 

Albornus, cardinal, died 1367. 

Albumazar flourished 841. 

Albuquerque, Alphonso, born 1462, died 1515. 

Alcaeus, the lyric poet, flourished 607 B. C. 

Alcaeus, the tragic poet, flourished 378 B. C. 

Alcibiades, the Athenian, died 404 B. C. aged 46. 

Alcuinus, an Englishman, founded the university of Paris 800. 

Alexander the Great, born 356.— Succeeded Philip, 336.— Founded the 

Grecian empire, 331.— Died at Babylon, March 21, 323 B.C. aged 

32. 

Alexander III. Pope, compelled the kings of England and France to 

hold his stirrups, died 1181. 
Alfieri, Count Vittorio, born 1749, died 1803. 

Alfred, son of Ethelred IL had his eyes put out by Earl Godwin, and 
600 of his train murdered at Guildford, 1036; died at Ely soon after. 
Algarotti, Italian critic, born 1712, died 1764. 
Ali Bey, born 1728, died 1T73. 

Allen, Ralph, of Prior-park, near Bath, died 1764. 

Alley n, Edward, founder of Dulwich college, born 1566, died 1626. 

Ally Cawn, made a Nabob by Col. Clive, June 23, 1765. 

Alphonsus X. of Castile, died 1284, aged 81. 

Alva, duke of, died 1582, aged 74. 

Ambrose, St. bishop of Milan, 374, died 397. 

Ambrosius Aurelius, chosenking of the Britons, and crowned at Stone- 

henge, 465, died 508. 
Americus Vespucius, discoverer of the continent of America, died 

1516, aged 65. 

Ames, Joseph, typographical historian, born 1689, died 1759. 

Amhurst, Nicholas, died 1742. 

Amyot, bishop of Auxerre, born 1514, died 1593. 

Anacharsis, the Scythian philosopher, lived 554 before Christ. 

Anacreon, died 474 before Christ, aged 85. 

Ananias and his wife Sapphira struck dead, 33. 

Anastasius, died 518, aged 87. 

Anaxagoras, died 428 before Christ, aged 70. 

Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flourished 378 before Christ. 

Anaxarchus, flourished 34o before Christ. 

Anaximander died 547 before Christ, aged 64, 

Anaximenes, died about 504 before Christ. 

Anderson, Sir Edmund, a judge and law author, died 1605. 

James, agricultural writer, born 1739, died 1808. 

Adam, commercial writer, died 1765, aged 73. 

Andre, Major, hanged by the Americans as a spy, Oct. 2, 1780. 
Andrew, St martyred, Nov. 30, 69. 

Andrews, Lancelot, bishop of Winton, born 1555, died 1626. 

Andronicus, the peripatetic, flourished 100 before Christ. 

Anello, Thomas, a fisherman of Naples, who rose to great power, and 

was assassinated, born 1623, died 1646. 
Aneurin, British bard, died about 570. 
Anhalt, Rev. George, Prince of, born 1507, died 1557. 
Annet, Peter, pilloried and persecuted for his deistical writings, died 

1778, aged 75. 

Annibal, Carthaginian general* died 183 before Christ, 
Anquetil du Perron, born 1731, died 1805, 
Anselm, died 1109, aged 76. 
Anson, Admiral, died 1762, aged 65. 

Anstey, Christopher, author of the Bath Guide, &c. died Aug. 3, 1805, 
aged 80. 

Anstis, John, heraldic author, born 1669, died 1744. 
Anthony, Marc, died 30 before Christ, aged 56. 

the Great, St. died, Feb. 14, 356, aged 105. 

St. of Padua, died 1231. 

Antiochus, died 164 before Christ. 
Antipater, died 318 before Christ. 

L 5 



250 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Antisthenes, the philosopher, born 423 before Christ. 
Antoninus Pius, emperor of the Romans, died 161. 

Marcus Aurelius, emperor, born 121, died 180. 

Anvari, the Persian poet, died 1201. 

Apollodorus, the architect, flourished 104. 

Apollonius, the geometrician, lived 242 B.C. 

Apollonius Tyaneus, died about the end of the first century. 

Appian, the historian, flourished in 123. 

Aquilian, flourished, 12S. 

Aquinas, St. Thomas, died 1274, aged 50. 

Aram, Eugene, executed for a murder committed 14 years before, 

1759, aged 54. 
Arbuthnot, Dr. died 1735. 

Arcesilaus, the academic, flourished 300 B. C. 

Archelaus, of Macedon, patron of learning, 440 before Christ. 

Archilochus, invented Iambic verse 636 B. C. 

Archimedes, the mathematician, inventor of the sphere, killed at Sy- 
racuse 208 B. C. 

Archytas, the inventor of the vice and pulley, shipwrecked 408 before 
Christ, 

Ardevelt, Jacob, of Ghent, assassinated, 1345. 
Aretino, Peter, the poet, born 1492, died 1557. 
Argyle, marquis of, beheaded May 27, 1661. 

earl of, executed at Edinburgh, 1685. 

Arion, the musician, flourished 620 before Christ. 
Ariosto, the Italian poet born 1474, died 1533. 
Aristarchus, the astronomer, flourished B. C. 420. 

the poet, alive 148 before Christ. 

Aristides, the Grecian orator, died about 467 B. C. 
Aristobulus, the peripatetic, flourished 120 before Christ. 
Aristonicus, strangled at Rome 126 before Christ. 
Aristomeues, the Messenian general, slain 668 before Christ. 
Aristophanes, died 200 before Christ, aged 80. 
Aristotle, born B. C. 384, died at Chalcis 322 before Christ. 
Arius, the heretic, died 336. 

Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of the spinning jennies, died Aug.3 
1792. 

Arminius, the deliverer of Germany, assassinated A. D. 21. 
Arminius, James, founder of a sect, born 1560, died 1609. 
Armstrong, Dr. born 1732, died 1779. 
Arne, Dr. Thomas Augustine, born 1710, died 1778. 

, Michael, the musician, died 1785. 

Arnobius, flourished 303. 

Arnold, Richard, English divine, died 1765. 

Dr. musician, born 1739, died Oct. 22, 1802. 

John, watchmaker, born 1744, died 1799. 

Arsaces died 255 before Christ. 

Arrowsmith. John, mathematician, flourished in the 17th century. 
Artabanus, died 229 

Artaxerxes king of Persia, died 242 before Christ. 
Artemidorus, flourished 146 B. C. 
Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, died 351 B.C. 
Arthur, king- of Britain, died about 542, aged 70. 
Ar viragus, the general, flourished in 80. 

Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 1413, aged 6©. 
earl of, who brought the Arundelian marbles to England , 

died 1645. 
Asaph, St. died 590. 
Ascham, Roger, born 1515, died 1568. 
Askew, Anne, burnt for heresy, 1546. 

Dr. Anthony, died Feb. 27, 17S4, aged 62. 

Asdrubal, the Carthaginian general, killed 224 B. C. 

Ash, Dr. author of the English Grammar, &c. died aged 55, April, 

1775. 

Ashmole,EIias, the antiquarian, born 1617, died 1692. 
Assheton, William, first proposer of the plan to provide for clergy- 
men's widows, born 1641, died 1711. 
Astle, Thomas, antiquary, died 1803. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



25 i 



Athanasius, St. died 371, aged 73. 

Athenagoras, the Athenian philosopher; flourished 177. 
Athenodorus, philosopher, died in the reign of Augustus. 
Atkyns, Sir Robert, died 1709, aged 88. 

Attalus, founder of the monarchy of Pergamus, and inventor of parch- 
ment, died 198 before Christ. 

Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, committed to the Tower, Aug. 24, 
1722 ; exiled May 27, 1723 ; died Feb. 22, 1731-2, aged 69. 

Atticus, the friend of Cicero, died 54 B. C. aged 77. 

Attila, the Hungarian tyrant, died 454. 

Atwood, George, mathematician, born 1745, died 1807. 

Aubrey, John, the antiquary, born 1626, died 1700. 

Augustin, St. father of the Latin church, born 354, baptized 3S7, died 
431. 

St. landed on the isle of Thanet, 597 f made the first Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, died 604. 

Aurelian, the Roman emperor, the first who wore a diadem, assassi- 
nated 275. 

Aurengzebe died 1707, aged 89. 

Ausonius Decimus Magnus, died about 394. 

Averroes, died 1206. 

Avicenna, born 980, died 1035. 

Avison, Charles, the musician, died 1770. 

Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, the antiquary, died 1781 aged 72. 

Ayscough, Geo. Edw. dramatic writer, died 1779. 

Ayscue, Sir George, admiral, flourished in the reign of Charles II. 

Azorius, John, a Spanish Jesuit, died 1603. 

Babington, Dr. Gervase, Bishop of Worcester, born 1550, died 1610. 
Bacon, Roger, born 1214, died 1292. 

, Francis, Lord Verulam, sent to the Tower, 1622; died April 

9, 1626, aged 57. - 
Baden, Professor, of the university of Copenhagen, died Nov. 6, 1804. 
Bagford, John, antiquary, died 1716, aged 65. 
Bailly, J. S. born 1736, guillotined 1793. 
Bajazet, Sultan, conquered by Tamerlane, died 1413. 
Baker, Sir Richard, born about 1568, died 1645. 

, Thomas, antiquary, born 1656, died 1740. 

, Henry, natural philosopher, born 1698, died 1774. 

Bakewell, Robert, grazier, born 1726, died It 95. 
Baldwin, the emperor, died 1206. 

Balchen, Admiral, born 1669,lost in the Victory man of war, Oct. 114*. 

Bale, bishop of Ossory, the historian, born 1495, died 1563. 

Bales, Peter, born 1547, died about 1610. 

Baliol, John, founder of Baliol college, Oxford, died 1269. 

Ballard, George, died 1755. 

Balmerino, Lord, beheaded for treason, Aug. 18, 1746. 
Balsham, Hugh, founder of Peterhouse, Cambridge, died 1286. 
Balzac, the French writer, born 1594, died 1654. 
Bancroft, Ab. born 1544, died 1610. 

Bancroft, a Lord Mayor's officer, died worth 80,0001. in 1729-. 
Banks, John, tragic poet, died 1706. 

Sir Joseph, born 1743, died 1820. 

— Thomas, sculptor, born 1735, died 1805. 

Baratier, J. Phil, a Prussian. Hebrew lexicographer before 10 years 
fe of age, master of the mathematics at 12, &rc. died 1740, aged jo 

years 8 months. 
Earbarossa, the famous corsair, died 1518, aged 43. 
Barbeyrac, John, historian, &c. born 1674, died 1747. 
Barclay, Alexander, died 1552. 

, John, died 1621, aged 39. 

— , Robert, the quaker, born 1648, died 1690. 

Baretti, Joseph, born about 1716, died 1789. 

Barlow, Joel, envoy extraordinary from the United States to the 

court of France, born 1756, died 1812. 
Barlowe, William, natural philosopher, died 1625. 
Barnard, Sir John, born 1685, died 1764. 
Barnes, Joshua, born 1654, died 1712. 

Barnevelt, John, Dutch statesman, born 1547, beheaded 1619. 

L 6 



252 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Baron, the French Roscius, born 1652, died 1729. ' 
Baronius died 1607, aged 69. 

Barrington, Viscount, philosophical writer, &c. died 1734. 

Daines, antiquary, born 1727, died 1SQ0. 

Admiral, born 1729, died 1SC0. 

Barrow, the Rev. Dr. Isaac, died 1677, aged 47. 
Barry, Giraki, born 1146, died about 1*20. 
Barthelemi, J. J. born 1716, died 1795. 
Bartholomew, St. martyred, Aug-. 24, 71. 
Barton, Eliz. Holy Maid of Kent, executed 1534. 
Basil, St. died 319, aged 53. 

Baskerviile, Mr. John, of Birmingham, born 1706, died Jan. IS, 1775- 
Bathurst, earl, the friend of Pope, born 1684, died 1775. 
Bauhin, Jasper, the botanist, born 1560, died 1624. 
Bautru, William, French writer, born 1588, died 1665. 
Baxter, Rev. Richard, born 1615, died 1691. 

— — William, died 1723, aged 72. 

Bayard, le Chev. Fr. warrior, born 1476, died 1524. 

Bayer, the astronomer, flourished early in thel7th century. 

Bayle, Peter, died 1706, aged 59. 

Eeaumarchais, Caron de, born 1732, died 1199. 

Beaton, Cardinal, murdered May2S. 1546. 

Beartie, Dr. James, author of the Minstrel, born 1735, died Aug* IS, 
1803. 

Beaumont, Francis, the poet, born 1555, died 1615. 

, Sir John, born 1582, died 1628. 

Beccari, Aug. first Italian pastoral poet, died 1550. 
Beccaria, marquis, born 1735, died 1795. 

Becket, Thomas, born 1119, made chancellor to Henry 11.1157 ; arch 
bishop of Canterbury, H62; impeached 1164; retired to France 
that year; reconciled to Henry, June, 2, 1170; murdered in the ca- 
thedral church at Canterbury, Dec. 29, 1170; canonized by Alex- 
ander III. Ash Wednesday, 1172; his bones enshrined in gold set 
with jewels, 1220; dismantled and stripped of its treasures by Henry 
VIII. 1541. 

Beckford, Alderman, died 1770. 

Bede, Venerable, died 735, aged 6S. 

Bedell, bishop of Kilmore, born 1570, died 1641. 

Bedford, duke of, made regent of France, 1422; died 1435. 

Bedloe, Capt William, famous for his perjury, died 16S0. 

Behmen, Jacob, born 1535, died 1624. 

Belisarius deprived of his dignities, 561; died 565» 

Bell, John, an eminent surgeon, died 1820. 

Eeliarmin, Cardinal, born in Italy, 1542, died 1621. 

Belleau, the French poet, born 1528, died 1577. 

Beilay, Cardinal du, died 1560. 

Bembo, cardinal of Venice, died 1547, aged 7T. 

Benbow, John, a brave English admiral, born 1650, died 1702. 

Bendlowes, Edw. English poet, born 1613, died 1686. 

Benedict, St. founder of the Benedictines, died 546, aged 66. 

Benserade the French poet, born 1612, died 1691. 

Bentham, Edward, English divine, and writer of the history of Ely 

cathedral, died 1776. 
Bentivoglio, Cardinal, born 1579,died 1644. 
Bentley, the Rev. Dr. Richard, born 1662, died 1742. 
Benyouski, Count, born 1741, slain 17 S6. 
Berenger, died 10S8, aged 90. 
Bergman, Sir T. chemist, born 1735, died 1784. 
Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne,born 1684, died 1753. 
Bernard, St. died 1008. 

> , Dr. Edward, the astronomer, born 1638, died 1696. 

, Peter Quesnel, a French writer, died 1773. 

Berai, Italian poet, poisoned 1536. 

Bernoulli James, the mathematician, born 1654, died 1705. 

Daniel, born 1700, died 1782. 

Berosus, the Chaldean historian, flourished 268 B. C. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



253 



Berthier, marshal, prince of Wagram, threw himself from the window 
of a house at Bamberg-, and was killed June 1, 1815. 

Bertholdus, who discovered gunpowder, died 1340. 

Berwick, duke of, born 1670, killed at the siege of Philipsburg, June 
12,1734. 

Bettenson, Mr. of Queen-square, left 30,0001. to charitable uses, 
10,0001. of it to Mr. Hetherington's charity for the blind, October 28, 
1788. 

Betterton, the player, born 1635, died April 7, 1710. 
Beza, Theodore, born at Vezelai, 1519, died 1605. 
Biddle, John, born 1615, died 1662. 
Bidloo, the anatomist born 1649, died 1713. 
Birch, Rev. Dr. died 1766, aged 61. 
Biron, duke of, executed in the Bastile,, Paris, 1603. 
Bisset, Dr. Robert, died May 13, 1805, aged 46. 
Black, Dr. Joseph, born 1728, died Dec. 1799. 
Blackburne, Archdeacon, born 1705, died 1787. 
Blacklock, T. the blind poet, born 1721, died 1791. 
Blackmore, Sir Richard died 1729. 

Blackstone, Judge, author of the Law Commentaries, born 1723, died 
Feb. 14, 1780. 

Blackwell, Dr. executed at Stockholm, July 29, 1747. 
Blair, Dr. John, died 1782. 

— Dr. Hugh, died Dec. 27, 1800, aged 83. 

Blake, Admiral, born 1599, died 1657. 

John Bradley, botanist, born 1745, died 1773. 

Blandy, Miss, hanged at Oxford, April 6, 1752. 
Blois, Peter, the historian, died 1200. 

Blood, seized the duke of Ormond, with an intent to hang him at Ty- 
burn, but was prevented. Dec. 6, 1670 ; attempted to steal the crown 
May 9, 1671 ; died Aug. 24, 1680. 

Blount, Charles, born 1654, died 1693. 

Sir Thomas Pope, born 1649, died 1697. 

Blow, John, the musician, bom 1648, died 1708. 

Blucher, marshal prince, born 1742, died 1819. 

Boadicea, queen of the Britons burnt London, and killed 70,000 of the 

inhabitants ; poisoned herself 61. 
Boccacio, born in Tuscany, 1313 ; died 1375. 
Boccalini, Trajan, born 1556, died 1613. 
Bochart, Samuel, of Rouen, born, 1599, died, 166T. 
Bodley, sir Thomas, born 1544, died 1612. 
Boerhaave, Dr. died Sept. 23, 1738, aged 70. t 
Boethius, born 455, died 526. 
Boetius, the historian, born about 1470. 
Boiardo, Italian poet, born 1434, died 1494. 
Boileau, the French poet, born 1636, died 1717. 

Bohemia, queen of, visited England, May 17, 1667, and died there. 
Bolingbroke, lord, died 1751, aged 73. 

Bonner, bishop of London, entered at Oxford about 1512; bishop of 
London, 1539 ; deprived, May, 1550 ; died in the Marshalsea, Sept. 
5, 1569. 

Bonnet, Charles, naturalist,born 1720, died 1793. 

Booth, Barton, the player, born 1681, died, May, 1733. 

Borgia Caesar, slain at Viana, 1507. 

Borlase. Rev. William, the antiquary, died 1772. 

Boscawen, Admiral, died 1761, aged 50. 

Boscovich, R. J. born 1711, died 1787. 

Bossu, Renelle, died 1680. 

Bossuet bishop of Meaux, born 1627, died 1704. 

Boswell, Mr. James, born 1740, died May 19, 1795. 

Bougainville, the navigator escaped from the massacres in Paris of 

1792, and died Aug. 3, 1811. 
Boulter, archbishop of Armagh, who gave 30,0001. to charitable uses, 

born 1671, died 1742. 
Boulton, Matthew, born 1728, died Sept. 1809. 
Bourignon, Mad. the enthusiast, born 1616, died 1680. 
Boursalt, Edme. Fr. French writer, born 1638, died 1701. 



254 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Bowles, the widow, of West Haimey, Berks, died April 4, 1749, aged 
124. 

Bowyer, Mr. William, the printer, born 1699, died Nov. 18, 1777 
Boyce, Dr. the organist, died Feb. 9, 1779, aged 69. 
Boyer, Abel, the lexicographer, born 1664, died 1729* 
Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork, born 1566, died 1643. 

■ , Roger; inventor of the orrery, born 1621. died 1619. 

, Robert, the philosopher, died 1691, aged 65. 

, Charles, earl of Orrery, born 1676, died 1731. 

, John, earl of Orrery, born 1707, died 1762. 

, Richard, earl of Burlington, born 1695, died 1753. 

Boyse, John, a divine, and one of the translators of the Bible, born 
1560, died 1643. 

S Samuel, born 1708, died 1749. 

Braddoek, general, killed at du Quesne, July 9, 1755. 
Bradley, Dr. James, the astronomer, born 1692, died 1762. 
Brady, Rev. Dr. Nicholas^ born 1659, died 1726. 

Bradshaw, John, one of the judges of Charles I. born 1586, died 1859- 

Brahe, Tyehoj a famous astronomer, born 1546, died 1601. 

Bramah, Joseph, engineer and mechanist, born l749,died Dec. 9, 1814. 

Brantome (Peter de Bourdeilles) died in 1614, aged 87. 

Bray, Dr. Thomas, deviser of propagating the gospel in foreign parts 

born 1656, died 1730. 
Brerewood, Edv/ard, mathematician and antiquary, born 1565. died 

1613. 

Breval, John Durant, dramatic writer, died, 1739. 
Brice, Andrew, of Exeter, died Nov. 7, 1773, aged 75. 
Bridge water, duke of, born in 1736, died 1S03. 

Bright, Mr. of Maiden, in Essex, died Nov. 10, 1755, who weighed 44 

stone, or 616ib. aged 29. 
Briggs, Henry, mathematician, born 1556, died 1630. 
, Dr. William, born 1650, died 1704. 

Brindley, Mr. the duke of Bridgewater's engineer, born, 1716, died 
Sept. 27, 1772. 

Britton, Thomas, the musical small-coal man, died 1714. 

Brocklesby, Dr. Richard, born 1722, died 1797. 

Bromfield, William, surgeon, born 1712, died 1792. 

Brook, Roger, of Halifax, in Yorkshire, died Oct. 8, 1568, aged 133. 

Brooke, sir Robert, died 1558. 

• lord Fulke Greville, stabbed by his servant, Sept. 30, 1628. 

aged near 70. 

Brooke, John Charles, Somerset herald, crushed to death at the Hay- 
market theatre, Feb. 3, 1794, aged 45. 
Brooke, Frances, died 1789. 
Henry, born 1706, died 1783, 

Brookey, John, of Broad Rush common, in Devon, was 135 years old, 

and was living there, July, 1778. 
Brotier, Gabriel, born 1722, died 1789. 
Brown, R. founder of the Brownists, died aged SO, 1630. 
, Thomas, died 1704. 

, count, celebrated general, slain 1757, aged 52. 

, Dr. John, poet, born 1715, died 1766. 

, Dr. John, physician, born 1735, died 178S. 

— , Moses, a divine, born 1703, died 1787. 

Browne, Isaac Hawkins, the poet, born 1706, died 1760. 

, sir William, physician, born 1692, died 1774. 

, William, the poet, born 1590, died 1645. 

, sir Thomas, physician, antiquary, &c. died, 1682. 

, Edward, natural historian, died 1708. 

Bruce, Robert, Scottish general and king, died 1329. 
Brugnatelli, Lewis, born 1761, died ISIS. 
Bruno, founder of the Carthusians, died 1101, aged 71. 
Brutus, Junius, died 509 before Christ. 

, Marcus, died 24 before Christ, aged 43. 

Bruyere, French author, born 1664, died 1696, aged 52. 
Bryant, Jacob, an eminent scholar, died Nov. 14, 1S04, aged SS. 
Bucer, Martin, born 1491, died 1551. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



255 



Buciian, Dr. William, author of Domestic Medicine, &c. died Feb. 25 5 

1805, aged 76. 
Buchanan, George, Latin poet, born 1506, died 1582. 
Buckingham, duke of, killed at Portsmouth by Felton, Aug. 23, 1628, 

aged 35. 

, George Villiers, duke of, born 1627, died 168S. 

, John Sheffield, duke of, born 1G49, died Feb. 24, 1721. 

Bude, William, French writer, born 1467, died 1540. 

Budgell, Eustace, English writer, born 1685, drowned himself, 1736. 

BufFon, Count de, born 1707, died 1788. 

Bull, Dr. John, musician, born 1563, died 1622. 

Bunyan, John, born 1628, died 1688. 

Burgh, James, ingenious Scotch author, born 1714, died 1775. 

Burgo, Luc. de, the first European writer on algebra, died 1494. 

Burgoyne, general, died 1792. 

Burke, Edmund, died July 8, 1797, aged 68. 

Burkitt, Rev. Wm.born 1650, died 1703. 

Burlamaqui, J. J. born 1694, died 1750. 

Burleigh, lord Exeter, made minister of state to Queen Elizabeth , 

1560, died 1598. 
Burman, Peter, the commentator, born 1668, died 1741. 
Burnet, bishop of Sarum, born 1643, died 1715. 

Thomas, born about 1635, died 1715. 

Buraey, Charles, Mus. Doc. born, 1726, died April 12, 1814. 

Charles, Greek scholar, born 1757, died 1817. 

Burns, Robert, born 1759 died 1796. 

Burrow, sir James, law writer, born 1701, died, 1782. 

Burton, Robert, born 1576, died 1639. 

Busby, Rev. Dr. Richard, born 1606, died 1695. 

Butler, Samuel, author of Hudibras, born 1612, died 1680. 

Bishop, born 1692, died 1752. 

Byng, admiral, misbehaved off Minorca, May 20, 1756 ; brought pri- 
soner to Greenwich, Aug. 9, 1756; tried at Portsmouth and con- 
demned, Jan. 28, 1757; shot at Portsmouth, on board the Monarch 
ship of war, March 14, 1757. 

Byrom, John, inventor of short hand, born 1691, died 1763. 

Byron, lord, tried for murder, and acquitted , April 16, 1765. 

lord Noel, poet, born Jan. 22, 17 87, died April, 1824, aged 37. 

Cabot, Sebastian, died 1557 aged 80. 

Cade, Jack, the rebel killed by Alexander Iden, 1451. 

Cadmus, first king of Thebes, 1094 before Christ. 

Ceesalpinus, And. the first systematic writer on botany born 1519, 
died 1G03. 

Caesar, after fighting fifty pitched battles, and slaying above 1,192,000 
men, was killed in the senate-house, 44 B. C. 

, sir Julius, the antiquary, born 1557, died 1636. 

Caille, Nic.Lou. de la, astronomer, died 1762, aged 49. 
Caius, or Kaye, John, antiquary, born 1510, died 1513. 
Calamy, Edward, born 1600, died 1666. 
Edmund, born 1671, died 1732. 

Calderone, Spanish dramatic writer, flourished about 1640. 
Calepin, Amb. the lexicographer, in eight languages, died 1510. 
Caligula, died 41, aged 29. 

Callimachus, the inventor of wildfire, died 670. 

— — , the inventor of the Corinthian order of architecture, 

flourished 540 B. C. 
Calmet, the learned Benedictine, died in France, Oct. 25, 1757, aged 

86. 

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, minister to Louis XVI. died, Oct. 30, 
1802, aged 68. 

Calvert, Beraard, ofAndover, went from Southwark to Calais, July 

17, 1720, in one day, and returned the same evening. 
Calvin died at Geneva, May 27, 1564, aged 55. 
Cambray, Fenelon, archbishop of, died, 1716, aged 04. 
Camden, the historian, died, Nov. 2, 1623, aged 72. 
Cameron, Dr. Archibald, executed at Tyburn, 1753. 

, Mary, died at Inverness, aged 130, May, 1785. 

Camoens, Portuguese poet, died, 1579, aged 50. 



256 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Campbell, Dr. the author, died, Dec. 20, 1775, aged 67. 

George, theologian, bora 1719, died 1796. 

Camper, Peter, bora 1722, died 1789. 
Caudaules, king of Lydia, 735 before Christ. 

Candiac, John James, who knew his letters at 13 months old, and at 
seven years was master of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, &c. died, 1725, 
aged but seven. 

Canning, Eliz. tried and transported, 1754, died 1773. 

Canton, John, natural philosopher, born 1718, died 1772. 

Capell, Edward, critic, born 1713, died 1781. 

Capmany, Antonio, Spanish writer, bora 1754, died 1810. 

Caracalla died, 217, aged 43. 

Caractacus, king of the Britons, carried prisoner to Rome in 52. 

Caradoc, of Llancarvan, the Welsh historian, died 1157. 

Cardan, Jer. born 1501, died 1576. 

Carew, Thomas, died, 1639. 

Carey, Harry, musician, poet, &c. died 1743. 

Carlos, Don, prince of Spain, poisoned by order of his father, through 

jealousy, 1568. 
Carneades, a philosopher, died 128 before Christ, aged 90. 
Carte, Tho. the historian, born 1686, died 1724. 
Carter, Mrs. E. born 1717, died 1806. 
Cartes, Rene, des, philosopher, bora 1596, died 1650. 
Casas, B. las, bora 1474, died 1566 

Casaubon, Isaac, born at Geneva, died 1614, aged 54. 

Meric, born at ditto, 1599, died 1671. 

Casimir III. of Poland, died 1370. 

Caslon, Wm. letter-founder, died Jan. 24, 1766,aged 74. 
Cassander flourished 298 B. C. 
Cassandra flourished 1149 B. C. 

Cassini, J. Dom. mathem. and astronom . born 1635, died 1712. 

James, bora 1677, died 1756. 

de Thury, bora 1714, died 1784. 

Casti, Giambattista, bora 1721, died 1803. 

Castracani, Castruccio, born 1284, died 1328. 

Catharine de Medicis, died 1589. 

Cato kilJed himself, Feb. 5, 45 B. C. aged 48. 

Catullus, born at Verona, 86 B. C.died, aged 46. 

Cavalleri, Bon. inventor of indivisibles, born 1598, died 16 7. 

Cavallo, Tiberius, born 1749, died 1809. 

Cave, Edward, the compiler of the first periodical magazine, born 

1691, died 1754. 

Dr. William, born 1637, died 1713. 

Cavendish, Tho. British circumnavigator, died 1592. 

, W. duke of Newcastle, author, born 1592, died 1676. 

Caverley, sir Hugh, the first person who used guns for the service of 

England, died 1389. 
Caxton, William, the first printer in England, 1474, born about 1412, 

died 1491, aged 78. 
Caylus, A. Claude, antiquary, born 1692, died 1765. 
Cecil, W. Lord Burleigh, born 1520, died 1598. 

R. Earl of Salisbury, born about 1550, died 1612. 

Cecrops, first king of Athens, 1556 B. C. 

Celsus, a great physician, flourished 150. 

Centlivre, Susan, born about lf)77, died, Dec. 1, 1723. 

Cervantes, Mich, de, born 1547, died 1616. 

Chambaud, Mr. Lewis, died Sept. 22, 1776. 

Chambers, Ephraim, author of the Dictionary, died 1740. 

, sir William, architect, died March 8, 1796. 

Chamfort, S. R. S. born 1741, died 1794. 

Chandler, Samuel, dissenting divine, born 1693, died 1766. 

Richard, born 1738, died 1811, 

Chapman, George, born 1557, died 1634. 
Chapone, Mrs. born 1727, died 1801. 

Chappie, Mr. William, of Exeter, bora 1718, died Sept. 1781. 
Cliappe, Claude, an ingenious Frenchman, inventor of the telegraph, 

died, Jan. 31, 1805. 
Charlemagne died 813, aged 74. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



Charles XII. of Sweden, killed at Frederickshall, in Norway, Nov. 30, 

1718, aged 36. 
Charron, Peter, born 1541, died 1603. 
Chatterton, Thomas, poet, born 1752, died 1770. 
Chaucer. Geof. bom 1328, died 1400. 

Chazelles, John M. the French mathematician, born 1657, died 1710. 
Chenevix, Dr. Richard, the good bishop of Waterford, died August 
11, 1779. 

Cheselden, William, the anatomist, born 1688, died 1752. 
Cheyne, George, the physician, born 1671, died 1743. 
Chichele, Henry, founder of All Soul's College, Oxford, Abp. of Can- 
terbury, born 1362, died 1443. 
Chillingworth, William, born 1602, died 1644. 

Christina, queen of Sweden, born 1626, resigned the crown, June 6, 

1654, died at Rome, April 9, 1689. 
Chrysostom, St. made bishop of Constantinople, 398, banished 404, 

died 407, aged 53. 
Chubb, Thomas, English philosopher, born 1679, died 1747. 
Chudleigh, lady, born 1656, died 1710. 
Churchill, Rev. Charles, born 1731, died 1764. 
Churchyard, Thomas, died about 1604. 
Cibber, Mrs. the actress, died 1766, aged 57. 

, Colley, born 1671, made poet Iaureat, Dec. 1730, died 1757. 

Cicero born 107, made an oration against Verres, 70 ; his second ora- 

tiou against the Agrarian law and banished 58, put to death 43 

years before Christ, aged 64. 
Cimarosa, died at Naples, 1801. 

Cincinnatus, Quintius, made dictator of Rome from the plough, born 

456 before Christ. 
Cinna died 84 B C. 

Clarence, duke of, brother to Edward IV. murdered in the Tower, 
1478, aged 27. 

Clarendon, Hyde, earl of, born 1612; banished, Dec. 12, 1667, died 
Dec. 7. 1674. 

Clarke, Rev. Dr. Samuel, born 1675; died May 17, 1729. 
Claude, John, French writer, born 1619, died 1687. 
Claudian born at Alexandria about 395. 
Clemens Alexandrinus, flourished, 192. 

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 50; killed herself 20 before Christ, aged 
41. 

Clerc, John le, died, 1736, aged 79. 
Cleveland, John, popular poet, born 1613, died, 1658. 
Clifford, George, earl of Cumberland, bom 1558, died 1605. 
Clive, Mrs. Catharine, the actress, died 1785. 

, lord, born 1725, defeated the nabob, June 26, 1757 ; created a 

peer, 1762 ; killed himself, Nov. 1774, aged 49. 
Clum, Mrs. near Litchfield, died Jan. 23, 1772, aged 138, and had lived 

103 years in one house. 
Cockburn, Catharine, died May 11, 1749. 
Codrington, Christopher, born 1668, died 1716. 

Codrus, the last Athenian king, voluntarily gave his life for the good 

of his country, after reigning 21 years, 1095 B. C. 
Cohorn, Mich, engineer, born 1632, died 1704. 
Cokayne, sir Aston, born, 1608, died 1684. 
Coke, lord chief justice, born 1549, died 1634. 
Colbert, J. B. French statesman, born 1619, died 1683. 
Coles, Elisha, the grammarian, born about 1640, died 1680. 
Colet, Dr. John, founder of St. Paul's school, born 1466, died 1519. 
Coligni, admiral, born 1516, killed 1572. 
College, Stephen, hanged at Oxford, Aug. 18, 1681. 
Collier, Mr. Joseph, died Feb. 20, 1776. 

, Rev. Jeremiah, born 1650, died 1726. 

Collingwood, admiral lord, born 1748, died 1810. 
Collins, John, mathematician, born 1624, died 1083. 

, Anthony, born 1676, died 1729. 

, Arthur, born 1682, died 1760. 

William, poet, born about 1720, died 1756, 

Collinson, Peter, botanist, born 1691, died 1786. 



258 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Colman, George, born 1733, died 1794, 

Comett, James, was the first explorer of the Western coast of Japan, 

1791. 

Colson, John, of Cambridge, died 1761, aged 80. 

Colston, Edward, the institutor of several charitable benefactions. 

born 1636, died 1721. 
Colquhoun, Patrick, born 1745, died 1820, 

Columbus, Christopher, born 1442, discovered America 1492, diedl506. 

Barthol. map and chart maker, died 1514. 

Comenius, J. Amos, Moravian grammarian, born 1592, died 1671. 
Comines, historian of Flanders, born 1446, died 1509. 
Condamine, M. de, F.R. S. died Feb. 8, 1774, aged 74. 
Conde, prince of, born 1621, died 1686. 
Condorcet, marquis de, born 1743, died 1793. 
Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, born 551 B. C. 
Congreve, William, born 1670, died 1729. 
Conon, of Samos, Greek astronomer, flourished 300 B, C. 
Constantine the Great, died, 337, aged 66. 
Constantius, emperor of Rome, died at York, 306. 
Cook, captain James, the navigator, born Oct. 27, 1728 ; killed, Feb. 
14, 1779. 

Cooke, Georgej the actor, born April 17, 1756, died at New York, 
Sept. 26, 1812. 

Cooke, sir Anthony, learned lawyer, born about 1506, died 1576. 
Cooper, Tho. bishop of Winchester,chronologist, born about 1517, died 
1594. 

Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftesbury, born 1621, died 1683. 

, born 1671, died 1713, 

John Gilbert, poet, born 1723, died 1769. 

Coote, Sir Eyre, born 1726, died 1783. 

Copernicus, of Thorn, in Prussia, born Jan. 10, 1472, died 1543, aged 
70. 

Coram, captain Thomas, projector of the Foundling-hospital, died 

March 29, 1751, aged 84. 
Corbet, bishop of Norwich, English poet, born 15S2, died 1635* 
Corelli, musician, born 1653, died 1713. 

Corilla, Signora, the learned Italian lady, received the triumph of a 

coronation at Rome, July 31, 1776, died 1800. 
Coriolanus banished from Rome, 491 before Christ. 
Cornaro, Lewis, boru 1467, died 1565. 
Corneille, Peter, dramatic poet, died 16S4, aged 78. 

. Thomas, ditto and historian, died 1709, aged S4. 

Cornelius Nepos died about 25 B.C. 

Cornish, an alderman of London, hanged and quartered, October 28, 
1685. 

Cornwallis, marquis, K. G. born, 1738, died in India, 1805. 
Cortes, Ferdinand, died, 1547, aged 62. 
Cosmo de Medicis, died 1464, aged 75. 

Costard, George, astronomical writer, born about 1710, died 1782. 

Coster, Laurence, died about 1440. 

Cottin, madam, born 1772, died 1807. 

Cotes, Roger the mathematician, born 1682, died 1716. 

Cotte, the French architect, died 1735, aged 79. 

Cotton, Sir Robert, the antiquary, born 1570, died 1631, aged 60. 

Coventry, Sir John, maimed and defaced, Dec. 25, 1670. 

Cowley, Abraham, born 1618, died 1667. 

, Hannah, died March 11, 1809, aged 66. 

Cowper, William, poet, born 1731, died 1S00. 

Cox, bishop, translator of the Bible, born 1499, died 15S1. 

Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1489, introduced to King 

Henry VIII. 1529 ; burnt at Oxford, March 21, 1555. 
Cratinus, the comic poet, died 431 B. C. 
Crebillon, P. J. dramatic writer, born 1674, died 1762. 

. C. P. J. born 1707, died 1777. 

Creech, Rev. Tho. born 1659, destroyed himself 1702. 
Crichton, the admirable, born 1561, murdered 1582. 
Crisp, Ed. of Bury, in Suffolk, cut and mangled, 1729. 
Croesus, king of'Lydia, flourished 562 B. C. 




REMARKABLE PERSONS. 259 
I Croft, William, musician, died 1727, aged 70. 

! Cromwell, lord, born 1490, made vicar-general, Oct. 1535 ; beheaded 
July 28, 1540. 

i Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off in the pillory, 1731 . 

Crousaz, John P. de, born 1663, died 1750. 
! Crcxall, Rev. Dr. Samuel, died 1751. 

Cruden, Alexander, author of the Concordance, died 1770, aged 69. 

Ctesias, the historian, died about 384 B. C. 
I Cudworth, Rev. Ralph, born 1617, died 1688. 

Cujas, James, French writer, born 1520, died 1590. 
I Cullen, Dr. William, of Edinburgh, died Feb. 5, 1790, aged 78. 

— 9 Dr. Henry, of ditto, died Oct. 11, 1790 

I Cumberland, Richard, Bishop, critical author, born l632,died 1718. 

Cumberland, Richard, eminent writer inverse andprose,born 19 Feb. 
1732, died May 7, 1811. 

Cunningham, John, the poet, born 1729, died 1773. 

Curran, John Philpot, born 1750, died 1817. 

Currie, Dr. James, born 1756, died 1805. 

Curtis, William, botanist, born 1746, died 1799. 

Curtius, M. rode into a gulf at Rome, 362 before Christ. 

Quintus, lived in 64. 

Cyprian, St. martyred 258. 

Cyril of Alexandria, flourished 412. 

, of Jerusalem, flourished 350. 

Cyrus, died 529 B. C. 

D'Ablancourt, French writer, born 1606, died 1664. 
Dacier, Andr. French writer, born 1651, died 1722. 

Mad. born 1651, died Aug. 6, 1720. 

Dalrymple, Alexander, born 1737, died 1800. 

■ David, Sir,born 1726, died 1792. 

Daedalus, the architect, flourished 987 B.C. 

D'Alembert, Mons. the mathematician, born 1717, died Oct 27, 1783. 
Damm, Thomas, of Leighton, near Minchnal in Chester, died 1648, 
aged 154. 

Dampier, William, the navigator, born 1652, died sometime in the 

reign of George I. 
Danchet, Anth. French poet, born 1671, died 1748. 
Danet, Peter, French writer, died 1709. 

Daniel sent captive to Babylon, 606 ; interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's 
dream, 603; cast into the lion's den, 538; predictedthe Persian em- 
pire, 534 B.C. 

Samuel, poet and historian, born 1562, died 1619. 

Daniel, the French historian, born 1649, died 1723. 

Dante, an Italian poet, born 1265, died 1321. 

D'Anville, J. B. B. born 1697, died 1782. 

D'Arcon, J. inventor of the floating batteries, born 1733, died 1800. 
Darcy, Count, philosopher, born 1725, died 1779. 
D'Argens, Marquis, born 1704, died 11 Jan. 1771. 
Darius, the Mede, king of Assyria, 53S before Christ. 
, the last king of Persia, slain 330 B. C. 

Darnley, lord, married Mary, Queen of Scots, 1561; murdered Feb. 
10, 1567. 

Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, died May 18, 1802, aged 70. 

D'Aubigne, French writer, born 1550, died 1630. 

Daun. Count, born 1705, died 1766. 

Dauberton, Li. J. M. born 1716, died 1810. 

Daurat, French poet, born 1507, died 1588. 

Davenant, Sir William, dramatic poet, born 1605, died 1668. 

, Dr. John, bishop of Salisbury, born 1570, died April 20, 

1641. 

, 9 Charles, born 1656, died 1714. 

David, born at Bethlehem 1085 ; succeeded Saul in Israel, 1055; com- 
mitted adultery with Bathsheba 1035; married her 1034; died 1015 
B. C. 

St. born in the 5th century, died about 544. 

Davis, John, English navigator, died 1605. 

Davies, Sir John, lawyer and poet, born 1570, died 1626. 

, Sneyd, Dr, poet, died 1769* 



mo 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Day, Thomas, born about 1712, died 1785.. 
Davila, historian, born 1576, died 1631. 
Dawes. Richard, critic, born 1708, died 1766. 

Day, John, printer, the first introducer of the Greek and Saxon cha- 
racters into England, died 1584. 

Thomas, author, born 1748, died 1789. 

Death, Captain, killed in an engagement, Dec. 28, 1756. 

De Champagne, Phil, born at Brussels, 1602, died 1674. 

Decker, Thomas, contemporary with Ben Jonson. 

Dee, John, mathematician and astrologer, born 1527, died 1608. 

Deering, Sir Cholmley, killed in a duel, May 9, 1711. 

Defoe, Daniel, political writer, born 1663, died 1731. 

Delany, Dr. miscellaneous writer, born 1686, died 1768. 

Delille, abbe, French poet, died 1813. 

De PIsle, Jos. Nich. astronomer, born 1688, died 1768. 

Will, geographer, born 1675, died 1726. 

Be Lima, Don John Taverra, a native of Portugal, died 1738, aged 

198 years. 
De Lolme, J.L. born 1745, died 1807* 

De Luc, J. A. born 1726, died 1817. 

Democritus died 361 before Christ, aged 109. 

Demoivre, Ab. celebrated mathematician, born 1667, died 1754. 

Demosthenes, born 381; recalled from banishment, 322; poisoned 

himself, 313 before Christ. 
Dempster, Thomas, historian and commentator, died 1625. 
Denham, sir John, English poet, born 1615, died 1668. 
Denham, Thomas, M. D. died Nov. 26, 1815. 
Dennis. John, celebrated cri ic, born 1657, died 1733. 
D'Eon, Chevalier, born 1728, died 1810. 
Derham, William, born 1657, died 1735. 
Dermody, Thomas, bom 1775, died 1802* 
Derham, Dr. William, born 1657, died April, 1735. 
Derrick, Samuel, master of the ceremonies at Bath, born 1724, died 
1769. 

Der went water, earl of, and Lord Kenmuir, beheaded on Tower-hill, 

Feb. 24, 1716. 
Desaguliers, J. T. born 1683, died 1744. 
Desault, J. P. celebrated surgeon, born 1744, died 1795. 
Beshoulieres, Ant. French writer, born 1638, died 1694. 
Desmaiseaux, Peter, born 1666, died 1745. 
Desmond, Thomas, earl of, beheaded in Ireland, 1468. 
Despard, Colonel, and six associates, hanged in Southwark, for high 

treason, Feb. 21, 1803. 
Desportes, Phil. French writer, born 1546, died 1606. 
Deucalion died 1500 before Christ. 

Devereux, Robert, earl of Essex, born 1567, beheaded 1601. 

, born 1592, died 1646. 

D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, born 1602, died 1650. 

De Witt, John, statesman, born 1625, murdered 1672. 

Diaz, Michael, the navigator, died 1512, 

Dibdin, Charles, celebrated writer of humorous songs, born l?4S,died 

July 25, 1814. 
Dido flourished 833 before Christ. 

Didot, Francis-Ambrose, the celebrated French printer, born Jan. 

1730, died July IS, 1804. 
Digby, sir Edward, born 15S1 ; hanged with other conspirators in the 

powder plot Jan. 30, 1606. 

, Sir Kenelm, born 1603, died 1665. 

Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, born 15S3, died 1639. 

Dillenius, John James, professor of botany at Oxford, born 1684, died 

1747 

Diodorus Siculus lived 45 B. C. 

Diogenes, the cynic, died 324 B. C. aged 89. 

Laertius, flourished 147. 

Dion Cassius flourished 229 

Dionysius, Periegetes, flourished about A. D. 140. 

tyrant of Syracuse, died 368 before Christ. 

Halicarnassensis, lived in the reign of Augustus. 

the Areopagite, flourished in our Saviour's time. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



261 



Diophantus, the first writer on algebra, 365. 

Dodd, Rev. Dr. born May 29, 1739, executed for forgery, June 27, 

1777. 

| Doddridge, Dr. born June 26, 1702, died Oct. 26, 1751. 
1 Dodington, lord Melcombe, born 1691, died 1762. 

Dodsley, James, died Feb. 19, 1797, aged 74. 

; , Robert, poet, born 1703, died 1764. 

i Dodwell, Henry, born 1641, died 1711. 

| Dodsworth, Roger, antiquary, died 1659, aged 79. 

I Doggett, Thomas, the actor, died 1721. 

, Dollond, Peter, born 1730, died 1820. 

Dolomieu, D. G. born 1750, died 1801. 
j Doion, the first comic actor, flourished 562 B. C. 
: Domitian died 96 after Christ, aged 45. 
I Donne, Dr. born 1573, died 1631. 
I Doria, And. Genoese Admiral, died 1560, aged 84. 
• Douglas, Gawin,born 1474, died 1522. 

J : — , Dr. John, bishop of Salisbury, and English writer, born 

, 1719, died 1807. 

! Draco flourished 624 before Christ. 

I Drake, Sir Francis, born 1545 ; set sail on his voyage round the world, 
j 1577; died Jan. 28, 1596. 

! Drakenburgh. Mr. Christian Jacob, died in Denmark, aged 146, 1770. 
t Draper, Sir W. died at Bath, in 1787. 

i Drayton, Michael, English poet, born about 1563, died 1631. 

Drelincourt, Ch. born at Sedan, 1695, died 1669. 

Drummond, Wm. the poet, born 1585, died 1649. 
, Drusius, John, born at Oudenarde, 1550, died 1616. 

Dryden, John, born August 9, 1631, dietl May 1, 1700. 

Ducarel, Dr. Andrew Coltee, the antiquary, died, aged 72, May 29, 
1785 

D'Udine. reviver of stucco-work, born 1494, died 1564. 
Dudley, Edmuud, beheaded Aug. 1510, aged 48. 

Dudley, D. of Northumberland, (whose son married Lady Jane Grey) 
beheaded on Tower-hill, Feb 12, 1554. 

earl of Leicester, born 1532, died 1588. 

Dugdale, Sir William, born 1605, died 1686. 

Duncan, king of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth, 1054. 

Admiral Lord, born July 1, 1731 ; died Aug. 4, 1804. 

Duncombe, William, translator of Horace, died 1769, aged 79. 

Dmidas, Henry, Viscount Melville, born 1740, died 1811. 

Dunning, J. lord Ashburton, born 1731, died 1783. 

Duns Scotus, died 1308, aged 37. 

Dunstan, St. died 988, aged 64. 

Du Pan, Maliet, born 1749, died 1800. 

Durel, John, English divine, died 1683, aged 58. 

D'Urfey, Thomas, English satirist and songster, born about 1630, died 

Feb. 1724. 
Dyer, John, English poet, born 1700. 
Eachard, Rev. Dr. John, born about 1636, died 1697. 
Echard, Rev. Laur. the historian, born 1671 , died 1730. 
Edgar Atheling, died about 1120, aged 70, 
Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, born 1744, died 1817. 

Edwards, William, died at Caereu, near Cardiff, in Glamorganshire, 
in 1668, aged 168. 

, Thomas, English critic, born 1699, died, 1757. 

, Bryan, historian, born 1743, died 1800. 

, George, naturalist, born 1693, died 1713. 

, Jonathan, theologian, born 1703, died 1758. 

— , William, architect, born 1719, died 1789. 

Egialeus, king of Sicyon, 20S9 B. C. 
Eginhart, the historian, died 845. 

Eli, the eleventh judge of Israel, broke his neck at Shiloh, 1116 before 
Christ, aged 98. 

Elijah prophesied, 911 ; supported by the widow of Sarepta, 910 ; taken 

up into heaven, 896 before Christ. 
Elisha, died 830 before Christ, having prophesied 60 years. 
Elliot, sir John, the English physician, died 1787, 

Ellis, Mr. W. died at Liverpool, Aug. 1780, aged 130 years and a half, 



262 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Ellis, George, died 1815, aged 70. 

Elstob, William, a Saxon scholar, born 1673, died 1714. 
Elzevir, Lewis, a Dutch printer, flourished 1598. 

Daniel, ditto, died 1680. 

Emerson, William, born 1101, died 1782. 

Emma, mother of Edward the Confessor, accused of incontinency, 
1042; stripped of her possessions, 1043; sent to Wherwell nunnery, 
1051. 

Empedocles flourished 445 before Christ. 
Empson beheaded on Tower-hill, Aug. 28, 1510. 
Eneas, the Trojan general, died 1177 before Christ. 
Enfield, Dr. born 1741, died 1797- 

Enghien, the duke de, of the family of Conde, shot by order of Buo- 
naparte, March 21, 1804. 
Ennius, Quintus, born 237 before Christ, died ag-ed 70. 
Enoch translated into Heaven 987 of the world, aged 365. 
Epaminondas, the Theban general, slain 363 before Christ. 
Epictetus lived in 94. 

Epicurus born 342, died 271 before Christ. 

Epimetheus, the inventor of earthen vessels, died 171 before Christ. 

Epiphanius, born in Palestine about 332, died 403. 

Erasmus, born at Rotterdam 1467, died 1536. 

Erinna, Greek poetess, contemporary with Sappho. 

Ernesti, Augustus William, bom 1707, died at Leipsic, July 29, 1S01. 

Erskine, Thomas lord, born 1750, died January 17, 1824. 

Essex, Cromwell, earl of, born about 1490, beheaded July 28, 1540. 

Essex, Devereux. earl of, beheaded Feb. 25, 1601. 

Mr. architect, born at Cambridge, 1723, died 17S4. 

Estcourt, Richard, dramatic author, died 1713, aged 48. 
Etherege, Sir George, born about 1636, died 1683. 
Euclid died about 280 before Christ, aged 74. 
Endosia died 460, aged 60. 

Eugene, Prince, born 1663, commanded at of Hochstet, Aug. 5, 1704 ; 
victorious at Turin, Sept. 7, 1706; victorious at Oudenarde, 1708; 
wounded before Lisle, 1708; defeated the grand vizier at Peter- 
warden, Aug. 5, 1716; died April 10, 1735, aged 73. 

Euler, Mons. the mathematician, born at Basil, April 14, 1707 ; died 
Sept. 7,1783. 

Euripides died 407 before Christ, aged 77. 

Eusden, Rev. Lawrence, died Sept. 27, 1730. 

Eusebius born 267, died 338. 

Eutropius flourished 428. 

Eutychius born 876, died after 933. 

Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian, flourished 380. 

Evelyn, John, English writer and natural philosopher, born 1620, died 
1706. 

John, born 1655, died 1713. 

Evremond, St. born 1613, died Sept. 9, 1703. 

Exeter, Marquis of, Lord Montague, and Sir Nicholas Carew, behead- 
ed Dec. 31, 155S. 
Ezra flourished 447 before Christ. 

Fabius Maximus, the opponent of Hannibal, died 203 B. C. 
Fabricius, Caiu, died about 250 B. C. 

Fabroni, Angiolo, Italian biographer, born 1732, died Sept. 22, 1S03. 
Fahreuheit, G. D. born 1686, died 1736. 

Fairbrother, Mr. died at Wigan, in Lancashire, aged 138, in May, 
1770. 

Fairclough, Daniel, bora 1582, died 1645. 

Fairfax, Edward, the poet, lived in the reign of James I. died about 
1632. 

Sir Thomas, the parliamentary general, bornl611, died 1671. 

Falconer, William, poet, born 1730, died 1769. 

Falkland, Lucius, lord, born 1610 ; killed at the battle of Newbury, 
Sept. 1643, 

Fallopius, Gabriel, the anatomist, born at Modena 1490, died 1563. 
Fancourt, Samuel, the first promoter of circulating libraries, born 

161S, died 1768. 
Fanshawe, Sir Richard, born 1607, died 1666. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



263 



Farinelli, B. C. an Italian singer, born 1705, living 1776. - 
Farmer, Hugh, theologian, died 1787, aged 73. 

Richard, born 1735, died 1797. 

Farnaby, Thomas, born 1757, died 1647. 

Farquhar. George, dramatic writer, born 1618, died 1707. 

Fastolf, Sir John, died 1459, aged 80. 

Faulkner, George, of Dublin, printer, died 1775. 

Faust, or Faustus, John, claimant of the invention of printing, died 
1466. 

Faux, Guy, executed in Parliament-yard, Jan. 31, 1606. 
Fa wkes, Francis, English poet, born about 1721, died 1777. 
Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray, born 1651, died 1716. 
Fenn, Sir John, died Feb. 14, 1794, aged 55. 
Fenton, Elijah, born 1683. died July 12, 1730. 
Sir Geoffry, died 1608. 

Fenwick, Sir John, beheaded on Tower-hill, 1697. 

Ferdinando, Marc, de Paleotti, brother to the duchess of Shrewsbury, 

hanged for murder at Tyburn, Feb. 28, 1717-18. 
Ferguson, Adam, professor of moral philosophy in the university of 

Edinburgh, born 1724, died Feb. 22, 1816. 
Ferguson, James, the astronomer, born 1710, died Nov. 16, 1776. 
Fergusson, Robert, poet, born 1750, died 1774. 
Ferrar, bishop of St. David's, burnt at Caermarthen, 1555. 
Ferrars, George, English poet and historian, born 1512, died 1579. 
Lawrence, Earl, committed to the Tower for murdering his 

steward, Feb. 13, 1759-60; tried and condemned, April 18; hanged 

at Tyburn, May 5, 1760. 
Ferriar, Dr. critic and medical writer, born 1764, died 1815. 
Fiddes, Rev. Dr. Richard, born 1671, died 1725. 
Field, Richard, theological writer, born 1561, died 1616. 
Fielding, Henry, English writer, born 1707, died 1754, aged 47. 

Sir John, died Sept. 6, 1780. 

Sarah, born 1714, died 1768. 

Filicaja, Vincent, Italian poet, born 1542, died 1707. 
Filmer, Sir Robert, died in 1647. 
Finet,Sir John, English wit, born 1571, died 1641. 
Fingal, the Caledonian, died 283. 

Firmin, Thomas, the patriotic citizen of London, born 1632, died 1697. 
Fish, Simon, English reformer, died 1531. 

Fisher, bishop of Rochester, born 1459, beheaded June 22, 1535. 
Fitzgerald, with five of his uncles, Irish rebels, executed at Tyburn, 
Feb. 3, 1537. 

— — — George Robert, hanged at Castlebar, June 12, 1786. 

Lord Edward, mortally wounded in an attempt to take him 

into custody in Dublin, May, 1798. 

Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, eminent English judge, died 1538. 

Fitzjames, James, duke of Berwick, slain before Philipsburgh, 1734, 

Fitzpatrick, Richard, general in the army, and writer of several hu- 
morous political poems, died April 25, 1813. 

Flaminio, J. A. the poet, born at Imola, 1464, died 1536. 

Flamstead, John, astronomer, born 1646, died 1719. 

Flecknoe, Richard, English dramatist, died 1678. 

Fleetwood, William, English law author, died 1594. 

William, bishop of St. Asaph, antiquary, died 1723. 

Fletcher, John, dramatic writer, born 1576, died 1625. 

Phineas, poet, died about 1650. 

Andrew, of Saltoun, born 1653, died 1716. 

Fleurieu, Charles Pierre Claret de, born July 2, 1738, died August 18 
1810. 

Fleury, Claude, French writer, born 1640, died 1723. 

Cardinal, died 1743, aged 90. 

Flinders, Capt. M. died 1814. 

Florian, G. Peter, born 1755, died 1794. 

Folard, Chevalier, born 1669, died 1752. 

Folkes, Martin, antiquary, died 1754, aged 64. 

Fontaine, John de la, French poet, born 1621, died 1695. 

Fontenelie, died Jan. 9, 1757, aged 100. 



264 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Foote, Samuel, the English Aristophanes, died October 21, 1777, aged 
51. 

Forbes, John, the bishop of Aberdeen, died 1648. 
Ford, John, dramatic writer, bom 1586, died about 1639. 
Fordyce, David, professor of philosophy, died 1751, aged 40. 
— , Dr. George, died May 25, 1802, aged 66. 

Forrest, John, burnt in Smithfield for denying the king's supremacy, 

May 22, 1538, aged 42. 
Fortescue, Sir John, died 1465. 

Forthorn, James, aged 127, died at Grenada, in the West Indies, Feb. 
10, 1773. 

Forster, John Reinhold, navigator, died Jan. 9, 1799, aged 70. 
Foster, Dr. James, the anabaptist, born 1697, died 1752. 

Samuel, the mathematician, died 1652. 

Fothergill, Dr. born 1712, died Dec. 26, 1780. 
Foucquet, marshal Bellisle, born 1684, died 1764. 
Fountaine, sir And. English antiquary, died 1753. 

Fourcroy, Anthony Francis, chemist, born June 15, 1755, died Dec. 16, 
1809. 

Fournier, P. S. the Parisian letter-founder, born 1712, died 175S. 
Fowler, John, an English printer, died 1579. 

Edward, bishop of Gloucester, theologian, bornl632,died 1714. 

Fox, George, founder of the Quakers, born 1624, died 1690. 

John, martyrologist, bom 1517, died 1587. 

Charles James, born 1748, died 1806. 

Francis, St. died 1227, aged 46. 

Sir Philip, born 1740, died ISIS, 

Francklin, Thomas, bom 1721, died 1784. 

Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, born at Boston, 1706, died in Philadelphia, 

April 17,1790. 
Freind, Dr. John, born 1675, died 1729. 
Fresne, Charles du, French writer, born 1610, died 1688. 
Fresnoy, Charles du, born at Paris, 1611, died 1665. 

Robert, English divine, died 1754. aged 84. 
Frobenius, John, an eminent German printer, died 1627. 
Frobisher, sir Martin, admiral, died 1594. 
Froissart, John, born about 1333, died 1409. 
Frowde, Philip, died, Dec. 13, 1738. 
Fryth, John, burnt in Smithfield, July 4, 1533. 
Fuller, Rev- Dr. Thomas, born 1608, died 1661. 
Furetiere, Anthony, born 1620, died 1688. 
Furst, Walter, Swiss patriot, flourished 1310. 
Galba, the Roman emperor, died 69, aged 73. 
Gale, Rev. Dr. John, born 16S0, died 1721. 

, Rev. Dr Thomas, born 1636, died 1702. 

, Roger, English antiqnary, bora 1672, died 1744. 

Galen, born at Pergamus, about 131, died 201. 
Galileo, astronomer, born in Italy, 1564, died 1642. 
Galvani, Lewis, bom 1737, died 1798. 
Gama, Vasco de, died 1525. 

Gambold, John, eminent Moravian bishop, died 1771. 
Garcilasso, de la Vega, born 1503, died 1536. 

Garden, Peter, of Auchterness, in Scotland, died January, 1775, aged 
131. 

Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, died Oct. 22, 1555. 

Colonel James, born 16SS, killed at Preston Pans, 1745. 

Garnet, Thomas, a Jesuit, born 1555, hanged 1608. 

Garrick, David, the English Roscius, born at Hereford, 1716, died Jan. 

20, 1779, aged 62 and 10 months ; first appeared on the London stage 

in 1741. 

Garth, sir Samuel, died Jan. 1719. 

Gascoigne, George, inventor of telescope sights, died 1645. 

, sir VV illiam, judge, who committed the prince of Wales, 

for insulting him on the bench, born 1350, died 1413. 
Gassendi, Peter, astronomer, bom 1592, died 1655. 
Gataker, Thomas, English critic and divine, born 1574, died 1654. 
Gaveston, the favourite of Edward II. beheaded June 19, 1312. 
Gaubius, Dr. of Leyden, died Nov. 26, 1780, aged 76. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



265 



Gauden, Bishop, l>orn 1605, died 1662. 

Gaunor, Fychan, died Sept. 16, 1686, at Aber-cowarch, near Dinas 

Mowddwy, in Merionethshire, aged 140. 
Gay, John, English poet, born 1688, died 1732. 
Gaza, Theo. bom 1398 ; died 1478. 
Gebelin, A. C. de, born 1727, died 1784. 
Ged, William, an inventor of stereotype, died 1749. 
Geddes, James, a critical writer, died 1749, ag-ed 38. 

Dr. Alexander, born 1737, died Feb. 26, 1802. 

Gee, John, dramatic writer, died, 1730. 

Gellert, Christian, born 1715, died 1769. 

Gellibrand, Henry, mathematician, born 1597, died 1636. 

Gellius, Aulus,born A. D. 130. 

Geminiani, the musician, born at Lucca, 1668, died 1762. 
Genghiskan, the Mongolian warrior, died 1227. 
Gentilis, Albericus, born in Italy, 1551, died 1811. 
Gentleman, Fran, dramatic writer, died 1786, aged 58. 
Geoffery, of Monmouth, British historian, made bishop of St. Asaph 
in 1152\ 

Georges, chief of the Chouans, executed at Paris for a conspiracy 

against Buonaparte, June 26, 1804. 
Gerarde, John, botanist, born 1545, died 1607. 

Gerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester II. introduced the Arabic figures 

into Europe about 1000. 
Germanicus, Caesar, died A.D. 29. 
Gervase, of Canterbury, the historian, wrote in 1202. 
Gesner, Conrad, physician and naturalist, died 1565, ag-ed 49. 

Solomon, German writer, born 1730, died 1788. 

Gibbon, Edward, historian, died Jan. 16, 1794, aged 56. 
Gibbs, James, architect, born 1674, died 1754. 
GifFord, Andrew, eminent dissenting- divine, died 1784, aged 84. 
Gilbert, Will. English chemist, died 1603, aged 63. 

Sir Humphry, born 1539, shipwrecked 1594. 

Jeffery, born 1674, died 1726. 

Gildas, the historian, born 511, died 570. 

Gill, Dr. John, a learned commentator, born 1697, died 1771. 
Gilpin, Bernard, died March 4, 1583, aged 65. 
William, died in 1804, aged 80. 

Gioia, Flavio, a Neapolitan, inventor of the European compass, born 
about 1300. 

Giraldus, Cambrensis, British historian, died 1220. 
Glanvil, Joseph, English writer, born 1636, died 1680. 
Glauber, J. R. German chemist, died 1660. 
Glendower, Owen, died 1415. 
Glenie, James, born 1750, died 1817. 

Gloucester duke of, uncle to Richard II. smothered between two 
feather beds, Feb. 28, 1397. 

Gloucester, Humphry, duke of, fourth son of Henry IV. murdered and 
buried at St. Aiban's, 1417. 

Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV. murdered Ed- 
ward, prince of Wales. 1483; drowned the duke of Clarence, his 
brother, in a butt of malmsey wine, 1478. 

Glover, Richard, English writer, born 1712, died 1785. 

Gluck, Christopher, born 1716, died 1787. 

Glynne, serjeant, died September, 1779. 

Gmelin, J. F. editor of Linnaeus, born 1748, died 1805. 

Gobelin, Giles, French dyer, flourished 1632. 

Goddard, Jonath. first promoter of the Royal Society, born 1617, died 

Godfrey, of Boulogne, died 1100. 

sir Edmondbury, murdered Oct. 17, 1678. 

Godwin, earl of Kent, invaded England, 1052 ; tried for the murder of 
Alfred the same year, and bought his pardon; choked in protesting 
his innocence at table with the king-, 1053. & 
— : b l S } wl l of Hereford, the antiquary, born 1561, died 1633. 
Goldoni, Charles, born 1707, died 1793. 
Goldsmith, Oliver, born 1728, died April 4, 1774. 
Gongora, Lewis, de, born 1562, died 1627. 

M 



266 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Goodier, captain, hanged at Bristol for the murder of hisbrotker, si 

John Goodier, Jan. 20, 1740-1. 
Gordon, Alexander, antiquarian, died 1750. 

lord George, died in Newgate, Nov. 1, 1793. 

Thomas, died 1750. 

Gottsched, J. C. born 1700, died 1766. 

Gouffier, count Choiseul, bora 1752, died 1S17. 

Gough, Richard, antiquary, born 1735, died 1S09. 

Gower, John, first English poet died 1402. 

Grabe, John Ernest, Prussian writer, born 1666, died 1711. 

Graham, James, poet, died 1811. 

Grainger, Dr. J. born 1723, died 1767. 

Grammont, count, died 1707. 

Granger, Rev. Mr. died suddeuly as he was administering the sacra- 
ment, April 14, 1776. 
Grandier burnt in France for witchcraft, 1634. 
Gratian flourished, 1151. 
Grattan, Henry, born 1750, died 1820. 
Gravesanoe, W.J. born 16S8 died 1742. 

Graves, Rev. Richard, author of the Spiritual Quixote, &c died Nov. 

23, 1804. aged 90. 
Gray, Thomas, the poet, born 1716, died July 30,1771. 
Greatrakes, that healed by stroking, born in Ireland, 1629, died after 

1681. 

Greaves, John, English mathematician, born 1602, died 1652. 
Green, Dr. Maurice, English musician, died 1755. 

Matthew, poet, died 1737. 

Gregory, Nazianzen, born 324, died 389. 

N>ssen, died 396. 

Rev. John, born 1607, died 1646. 

James, the mathematician, died 1675, aged3S. 

Dr. John, born 1724 died 1773. 

Gresham, sir Thomas, born 1519, died 1580. 

Greville, Fulke, lord Broke, born 1554, killed by his servant, Sept. 

30, 1628, aged 74. 
Grew, Dr. Nehemiah,born 1628, died 1711. 

Grey, Zach, English divine and historian, born 1687, died 1766. 

lady Jane, bora 1537, beheaded 12th Feb. 1553. 

Griesbach, J. J. born 1745, died 1812. 

Grimston, sir Harbottle, law writer, born about 1594, died 1683, 

Grocyn. William, died 1523, aged 88. 

Gronovius, James, born at Deventer, 1645, died 1716. 

Grose, Francis, born 1731, died 1791. 

Grosseteste, Robert, born U75, died 1253. 

Grotius, Hugo, born at Delft, 1583, died 1645. 

Grove, Joseph, historical and critical writer, died 1764. 

Gruter, James, the philologer, born 1560, died 1627. 

Guarini, born 1370, died 1460. 

Guericke, Otto de, invented the air-pump, 1654 born 1602, died 1686. 
Guicciardini, Italian historian, born 1482, died 1540, aged 58. 
Guidi, Allessandro, bom 1650, died 1712. 
Guillim, John, heraldic writer, died 1621, aged 56. 
Guise, duke of, murdered 1558. 

Gunter, Rev. Etlm. the mathematician, born 1581, died 1626. 

Gurney, William, the short-hand writer, died 1770. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, killed in battle, Nov. 6, 1632. 

. III. king of Sweden, shot at a masquerade, by a discontented 

officer, March 16, 1792. 

Vasa, died 1560, aged 70. 

Guthrie, Mr. William, born 170S, died 1770. 

Gnttenberg, John, one of the candidates for the invention of printing 

at Mentz, in Germany, died 1467. 
Guy, Thomas, bookseller, died Dec. 27, 1724, aged 79, and left 200,0001 . 

for main aining his hospital. 
Guyon, Mary , French quietist, born 1648, died 1717. 
Guy ton de Morveau, L. B. born 1737, died IS15. 
Habakkuk, the prophet, flourished 731 before Christ. 
Hacket, William, the fanatic, hanged July 28, 1592. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 267 

Haggai, the prophet, flourished 520 before Christ. 
Haines, J. the comedian, died 1701. 

Hakluyt, Rich, historian and geographer, bom 1553, died 1616. 
Halde, J. B. Du, historian, bom 167*, died 1743. 
Hale, sir Matthew, born 1609, died Dec. 25, 1676. 
Hales, judge, committed to the Marsbalsea, 1553, 

Rev. Stephen, born 1677, died Jan. 4, 1761. 

Hall, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, died 1656, aged 82. 
Haller, Dr. of Berne, Switzerland, born Oct. 16, 1708, died December 
12, 1777. 

Halley, Dr. Edmund, astronomer, bom 1656, died 1742. 
Haraan, hanged by order of Ahasuerus, 509 before Christ. 
Hamel, John Bapt. du, French writer, born 162*, died 17o6. 

du Monceau, naturalist, born 1700, died 1782. 

Hamilton, duke of, and others, executed, 1649. 

duke of, and lord Mohun, killed in a duel in Hyde-park , 

Nov. 15, 1112. 

count Anthony, born 1646, died 1720^ 

William, of Ba.igour, born i704, died 1754. 

William Gerard, born 1729, died 1796. 

■ sir William, K. B. ambassador to the court of Naples, bom 

1730, died April 6, 1803. 

- Mrs. Elizabeth, writer of several works on moral and reli- 



gious instruction, born 1758, died July 23, 1816. 
Hammond, Rev. Dr. Henry, born 1605, died 1660. 

Hampden, John, a celebrated patriot, born 1594, killed in battle, June 
24, 1643. 

Hampton, the translator of Polybius, died 1778. 

Handel, George Frederick, died April 12, 1759, aged 74. 

Hannibal died 183 before Christ. 

Hanno flourished 453 before Christ. 

Hanway, Jonas, born Aug. 12, 1712, died Aug. 1785. 

Harcourt, earl of, drowned in a well in Oxfordshire, Sept. 1777. 

Harding, John, the chronologer, died 1461. 

Hardinge, Nich. English poet, born 1700, died 1758. 

George, born 1744, died 816. 

Hardouin, Father, born 1647, died 1729. 

Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, bom 1661, stabbed at the council 

board, March 8, 1710, died 1724. 
Harpe, Fred, died at Fish-hill, Cumberland, in Feb. 1792, aged 120 

J. F. la, born 1739, died IS03. 

Harrington, sir John, English poet, bom 1561, died 1612. 

, James, born 1611, died 1677. 

, Dr. Henry, born 1729, died 1816. 

Harriot, Thomas, algebraist, born 1560, died 1621. 
Harris, Josiah, writer on coins, died 1764. 

, James, the celebrated writer, bom 1709, died Dec. 21 1780. 

, earl of Malmesbury, born 1746, d'»ed 1890. 

Harrison, Mr. John, inventor of the time-keeper for discovering the 

longitude, died March 24, 1776, aged 84. 
Harte, Rev. W. born about 1697, died 1774. 

Hartley, David, English physician and philosopher, died 1757, aged 
53. 



-7 David, son of the preceding, first mover in the house of com- 
mons for the abolition of the slave trade, died Dec. 19, 1813. 
Havard, William, English actor and dramatic writer, died 1778. 
Harvey, Dr. William, who discovered the circulation of the blood 

born 1569, died 1658, aged 79. ' 
Hastings, lord, put to death in the Tower, June 13, 1483. 
— : Warren, born 1733, died 1818. 

Hatton, sir Christopher, made lord chancellor, being the first that was 

neither priest nor lawyer that held that ofi&ce, 1583, died 1591 
Hawes, Stephen, the poet, flourished 1506. 
Hawke, lord, admiral, born 1 71 3, died 1781. 
Hawkins, sir John, English admiral, born about 1520, died 1595, 

° sir Richard, the navigator, died 1622. 

Hawkesworth, Dr. John, died Nov. 17, 1773, aged 53, 

M9 



268 CHRONOLOGY. 

Hay, William, poet and miscellaneous writer, born 1700, died 1755. 
Haye, Sieur de la, died Feb. 2, 1774, aged 120. 

Hayes, Catherine, hanged for the murder of her husband, April 20, 
1726. 

Haydn, Joseph, bora March 31, 1732 : died May 31, 1S09. 
Hayes, Charles, English mathematician, born 1678, died 1760. 
Eayley, William, born 1745, died 1820. 
Hay ward, sir John, the historian, died June 1627. 

Hay wood, Mr. Justice, stabbed in Westminster-hall by a papist, 
1640. 

Head, Richard, cast away at sea, 1673. 
Hearne, Thomas born 1678, died 1733 

Heath. James. English chronological historian, bom 1629, died 1664. 
Heathfield. lord, died July 6, 1790, aged 72. 
Heberden, Br William, died May 17, 1801, aged 91. 
Hector, the Trojan general, died 1184 before Christ. 
Hedwig, John, born 17S0, died 1799. 

Heiddegger, J. J. the famous humourist, died 1742, aged SO years. 
Heinecken, Christian, the learned prodigy of Lubeck, who was 
master of several languages at four years old, when he died, 1725. 
Heinsius, Daniel, born 15S0, died 1655. 

Nicholas, born 1620, died lGSl. 

Heister, Laur. anatomist, born 1683, died 1758. 
Helen, rape of. by Paris, 1198 before Christ. 
Heliodorus flourished in the fourth century. 

Heimont. J. Baptist Van. philosopher and chemist^ born 1577, died 
1644. 

Helvetius, the learned writer, born 1715, died 1771. 

Kelvicus, died 1617. aged 36. 

Renault, French historian, born lfS5, died 1774. 

Henderson, hanged for murdering Mrs. Dalrymple, March 25, 1746. 

, John, eminent English actor, died 1785, aged 38. 

Henley, John, born ln92, commenced orator, July 10, 1726; died 

October 14, 1756. 
Henry, Dr. Robert, historian, died Nov. 24, 1790, aged 72. 

HI. of France, murdered by a monk, Aug. 1, 1589. 

IV of France, killed by Ravaillac, May 14, 1610. 

Matt. English dissenting writer, born 1662, died 1714. 

Hephestion, the Macedonian general, died 325 before Christ. 
Herbelot, Barth. de, French writer, bom 1625, died 1695. 
Herbert, Edward lord, born 1581, died 1648. 

Rev. George, the poet, born 1593, died 1632. 

Herod reigned in Judea 55, put his wife Mariamne to death, and his 

mother-in-law Alexandria, 28; his two sons put to death by order 

of the Jewish council, six years before Christ; died November 25, 

four A. D. 

Herodotus, born 484, died 413 before Christ. 
Herodian, historian, died about 240. 

Herring, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, bora 1691, died 1757. 
Herschell, Sir W. astronomer, died 1822, aged 87. 
Hertzberg, count, born 1725, died 1795. 

Hervey, James, English divine and poet, bora 1714, died 1758. 

—John lord, born 16C6, died 1743. 

Hesiod lived 944 before Christ. 

Hetherington, Rev. Wm. died Dec. 2, 177S, who left 20,0007. for a 
fund to relieve 50 blind persons each with 10/. annually. 

Hewson, W illiam, eminent aiiatomist, born 1739, died 1774. 

Heylin, Peter, English writer, bora 1600, died 1662. 

Heyne, Christian Gottlob, died at Gottingen, in the S3d year of his 
age, July, 1812. 

Heywood, John, dramatic poet, died 1565. 

. Thomas, flourished in 1596. 

Hickes, Rev. Dr. George, born 1642, died 1715. 

William, left 300/. per annum to the Marine Society, died 

1763. 

Higgons, Bevil, dramatic poet and historian, born 1670, died 1735. 
Hill s Aaron, born 1655, died Feb. 8, 1750. 

, sir John, the botanist, born about 1715, died Nov. 22. 1775. 



REMARKABLE PERSON'S. 



269 



Hipparchus flourished between 160 and 125 before Christ. 

Hippocrates died 361 before Christ, aged 98. 

Hiram, of Tyre, died 900 before Christ. 

Hoadly, bishop of Winchester, born 1676, died 1761. 

Benj. eminent English author, born 1706, died 1757. 

Hobbes, Thomas, English writer, born 15SS, died 1679. 

Hoccleve, born about 1370, died about 1454. 

Hodgson, John, English antiquary and scholar, died 1760. 

Hoffer, Andrew, a brave Tyrolese, shot, for his resistance to the 
French, Feb. 20, 1810. 

Holcroft, Thomas, born Dec. 22, 1744, died March 23, 1809. having, 
without education, arrived at considerable eminence as a drama- 
tic writer and novelist. 

Holdsworth, Edward, English poet andcritic, born 1688, died 1747. 

Hole, Rev. Richard, epic poet, died May 28, 1803. 

Hollinshed, the historian, died 1580. 

Hollis, Mr. Thomas, of Corsecombe, Dorset, born 1720, died Dec. 22, 
1773. 

Holmes, Dr. Robert, dean of Winchester, editor of the Pentateuch, 

born 1749, died Nov. 12, 1805. 
Holt, lord chief justice, died March 6, 1710, aged 67- 
Holyoake, Francis, lexicographer, born about 1567, died 1653. 
Holland, Charles, English actor, died 1769. 

Holy day, Barten, English poet and philosophic author, born 1593, died 
1661. 

Home, John, born 1724, died Sept. 4, 1808. 

Henry lord Kaimes, born 1696, died 1782. 

Homer, born about 1041, flourished 997 before Christ. 
Hood, Robin, and Little John, noted highwayman, 1189. 
viscount admiral, born 1724, died 1816. 

Hooke, Robert, inventor of the pendulum watches, born 1635; died 
1702. 

Nath. English historic author, died 1763. 

Hooker, Ilev. Richard, born about 1553, died 1600. 
Hoole, Charles, English divine, died 1666. 
John, born 1727, died 1S04. 

Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, bora 1495, burnt Feb. 9, 1554. 
Hope, Henry, died Feb. 25, 1811. 

Hopkins, bishop of Londonderry, born 1633, died 1690. 
Horace, born 65, died 8 before Christ. 
Home, Bishop, born 1730, died 1792. 

Horrebow, Peter, Danish mathematician and astronomer, died 1764. 
Horrox, Jer. the astronomer, bora about 1619, died 1641. 
Horsa slain by Vortimer in 455. 

Horsley, Dr. Samuel, bishop of St. Asaph, born 1733, died 1806. 

Hosier, English admiral, died 1722. 

Hotham, sir John, and his son, beheaded Jan. 1, 1645. 

Hotinan, Francis, the civilian, born 1524, died 1590. 

Hotspur, Henry Percy, killed July 22, 1403. 

Hough, Bishop, bora 1651, died 1743. 

Hoveden, Roger de, the historian, wrote 1192. 

Howard, sir Robert, born 1626, died in 1698. 

Mr. the philanthropist, born 1726, died January 20, 1790. 

Howe, lord viscount, slain in America, July 8, 1758, aged 34. 

admiral, earl, born 1725, died 1799. 

Howell, James, English writer, born 1594, died 1666. 

Hoyle, Mr. Edmund, died 1796, aged 97. 

Huber, Michael, professor at Leipsic, died Oct. 1804. 

Hudson, Henry, celebrated English navigator, died 1611. 

Huet, Peter Daniel, French writer, born 1630, died 1721. 

Humphrey, Rev. Lau. born 1527, died 1590. 

Hughes, John, born 1677, died 1719. 

Hume, David, philosopher and historian, born 1711, died 4ueust 25. 

1776. & ' 

Hunter, Dr. William, the anatomist, born 1718, died 1783. 

John, the anatomist, died aged t'0, Oct. 10, 1793 

Dr. Henry, died Oct. 27, 1802. 

M 3 



270 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Hunter, Mrs. Ann, poet, died 1821, aged 79. 
Huntingdon, Rev. William, died July 1, 1813. 
Hunting-ton, Henry of. flourished in the litb century. 
Hurd, Dr R Bishop of Worcester, born 17 20, died 1S08. 
Hurdis, Rev. J. poet, bora 1768, died 1801. 
Huss, John, the martyr, born about 1376, burnt July 7, 1415. 
Hutcheson, Dr. Francis, born 1694. died 1747. 

Hutchins, John, English divine and antiquary, born 1698, died 1773. 
Hutchinson, John, philosophical writer, born 1674, died 1737. 
Hutton, Dr. James, born 1726, died 1797. 

W. of Birmingham, born 1723, died 1815. 

Dr. Charles, mathematician, died 1823, aged 86. 

Huxham, Dr. died !7o8. 

Huygens, Dutch astronomer, born lfi29, died 1695. 

Hyde Dr. Thomas, the first librarian of the Bodleian library, born 

1636, died Feb. 18, 1702. 
Hyrinus, bishop of Rome, the first Pope, martyred 158. 
Hypatia died about 415. 

Imand, Augustus William, German actor and dramatic writer, died 
at Berlin, Sept. 22, 1814. 

Ignatius made a bishop by St. Peter and Paul, died 107. 

> Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, born 1491, died 1556; canon- 
ized by Paul V. 1609. 

Hive, Jacob, English printer, died 1763. 

Imbert, Bart. French poet, born 1747, died 1790. 

J. G. French painter, born 1654, died 1769. 

Inachus, first king of Argos, 1S59 before Christ. 

Inchbald, Mrs. novelist and dramatist, born 1786, died 1821. 

Ingenhousz, Dr. natural philosopher, born 1730, died .799. 

Ingulphus, the historian, born about 1030, lived 1109. 

Innocent XI. Pope, died Aug. 2, 1689. 

Ireland, John, died in 1608. 

Samuel, died in 1808. 

Irenasus died 202, ^ged 82. 

Ireton, Gen. H. born 1610, died 1651. 

Irwin, Eyles, poet, born 1748, died 1817. 

Isaac, Abraham's son, died 1717 before Christ, aged 180. 

Isaeus, Greek orator, born about 418 B. C. 

Isaiah began to prophesy 786, put to death 696 before Christ. 

Isocrates, Athenian orator, born B. C. 436, died 338 before Christ. 

Ives, John, English antiquary and writer, born 1750, died 1776. 

Jackson, Rev. Dr. Thomas, born 1579, died 1640. 

W. musical composer, born 1 734, died 1803. 

Jacob stole the blessing from Esau 1776, went into Egypt 1723, and 
died 1689 before Christ, aged 147. 

Edward, English antiquary and naturalist, died 1786. 

Giles, English law writer, born 1686, died 1744. 

Jago, R. poet, born 1715, died 1781. 

James, St. put to death 41, made patron to Spain 796. 

St. the less, bishop of Jerusalem, martyred 62. 

Dr. Robert, inventor of the fever-powder, bora 1 703, died 

Feb. 28, 1776. 

I. of Scotland, mvirdered by his uncle, 1437. 

III. of Scotland, killed by his nobility, 1487. 

IV. of Scotland, killed Sept. 9, 1513. 

Jansenius, Corn, bom 1585, died 1638. 

Janssen, sir Stephen Theodore, died April 7, 1777. 

Jason flourished 937 before Christ. 

Jaucourt, Louis de, French writer, born 1701, died 1780. 
Jeannin, P. French statesman, born 1540, died 1622. 
Jebb, Samuel, English physician, died 1772. 

John, English physician, born 1736, died 1786. 

sir Richard, physician, born 1729, died 1787. 

Jeffreys, lord chief justice, sent to the Tower Dec. 12, 16S8, where li£ 

died of bruises inflicted on him by the populace, April 18, 1689. 

... George, English dramatic poet, died 1755. 

Jefferies, Miss and Swan, hanged for the murder of her uncle at 

Chelmsford, March 11, 1751-2. 
Jekyll, Sir Joseph, born 1663, died 1738. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



271 



Jenkins, Heftry, of Yorkshire, died 1670, aged 169. 

sir Leoline, English civilian, born 1623, died 1685. 

Jenkinson, Charles, earl of Liverpool and baron Hawkesbury, born 

1727, died 1808. 
Jenner, Dr. Edward, died 1823, aged 76. 
Jenyns, Soame, poet, &c. born 1704, died 1787. 
Jephson Robert, dramatic writer, born 1736, died 1803. 
Jephthah took his rash vow 1187, died 1182 before Christ. 
Jeremiah began to prophesy 629, foretold the Jewish captivity 607, 

and died 577 before Christ. 
Jerningham, Ed. poet, born 1727, died 1806. 
Jerome, St. born 331, died 422. 

of Prague, burnt May 30, 1416. 

Jesus, son of Sirach, lived 247 before Christ. 

Jewel, John, bishop, born 1522, died 1571. 

Joan d'Arc, or the Maid of Orleans, burnt 1431, aged 24. 

Joanna of Naples strangled her husband, Oct. 5, 1345. 

Joau, Pope, died 857. 

Job died 1553 before Christ, aged 189. 

Jodeile, Stephen, French writer, born 1532, died 1579. 

Joel prophesied 800 before Christ. 

John, king of France, taken prisoner by Edward the black prince, 
and brought to England, but ransomed for 500,000^. 1357; died at the 
Savoy, in the Strand, London, on a visit, 1364. 

of Gaunt, 4th son of Edward III. was born 1339; created duke of 

Lancaster, 1362; appointed regent to Richard II. 1377; supported 
Wickliffe against his opposers, 1378; had his palace at the Savoy 
destroyed by Wat Tyler's mob, 13S1; ravaged Scotland to the 
gates of Edinburgh, 1384; assumed the title of king of Castile and 
Leon, having married the daughter of Peter the Cruel, 1385 ; died 
Feb. 1399. 

John, St. the Baptist, died 32. 

St. the Evangelist, died Dec. 27, 99, aged 91. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, the lexicographer, born Sept. 18, 1709, died 
Dec. 13, 1784, aged 75. 

— Rev. Samuel, born 1649, degraded and whipped from New- 

gate to Tyburn, Dec. 1, 1686, died 1703. 

Rev. John, born 1662, died 1725. 

Charles, dramatic writer, died 1748. 

— Thomas, classical editor, died about 1740. 

Johnston, Arthur, Dr. poet and physician, born 1587, died 1641. 

Charles, novel writer, died about 1800. 

Joinville, John de, French statesman and historian, died about 1318, 
aged 90. 

Jouson, Ben, dramatic poet, born 1574, died 1637. 

Jones, Inigo, the celebrated architect, born 1572, died 1651. 

sir W. oriental scholar, born 1746, died in Bengal, April 27, 1794. 

Henry, dramatic writer, died in 1770. 

William, divine, born 1726, died 1800. 

Jordan, Mrs. English actress, died at St. Cloud, July 5, 1816. 
Jortin, Dr. John, English divine and writer, born 1698, died 1770. 
Joseph sold to the Egyptians, 1728; tempted by Potiphar's wife, 1718, 

made governor of Egypt, 1715; died in Egypt, 1685 before Christ 

aged 110. 

Josephus, Flavius, Jewish historian, born 37, died 93. 
Jovius, Paul, historian, born 1483, died 1552. 
Juan, Don George, Spanish mathematician, died 1773. 
Julian, the Apostate, died 363, aged 31. 

Julius Caesar, born July 10, 100 ; landed at Deal, Aug. 26, 55; killed 

March 15, 44 before Christ. 
Junius, Francis, linguist, born 1589, died 1677. 
Jurieu, Peter, French divine, born 1637, died 1713. 
Jurin, Dr. James, physician and mathematician, born 1681, died 1750. 
Jussieu, Ant. physician and botanist, born 1686, died 1758. 
Justin lived about 250, 
— ■ Martyr beheaded, 165. 

Justinian, Roman emperor, began to reign 527, died 565. 
Juvenal, born 45, died 127. 

M 4 



272 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Juxon, William, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1582, died 1663. 

Kaempfer* Englebert, physician and traveller, born 1651, died 1716. 

Kalm, Peter, naturalist, born 1715, died 1779. 

Kant, linrnanuel, metaphysician, born 1724, died 1S24. 

Keate, George, poet, &c. born 1729, died 1797. 

Keble, Joseph, English law author, born 1632, died 1710. 

Keill, John, the astronomer, born 1671, died 1721. 

James, physician, &c. born 1673, died 1718. 

Keith, Field-marshal, born 1696, killed at Hochkerchen, 1758. 

Kelly, Hugh, dramatic author, born 1739, died 1777. 

Kemble, J. P. actor, born 175", died 1823. 

Kempis, Thomas a, born 1380, died 1441. 

Ken, Thos. bishop, born 1637, died 1710. 

Kennedy, Rev. John, mathematician, died about 1770. 

Kennet, Rev. Basil, born 1674, died 1714. 

White, bishop, bom 1660, died 1728. 

Kennicott, Dr. Benj. born 1718, died Aug. 18, 1783. 

Kenrick, Dr. W illiam, dramatic writer, &c. died June 9, 17 77. 

Kent, the maid of, executed at Tyburn, 1534. 

William, English architect, born 1685, died 1748. 

Kenyon, lord, judge, born 1733, died 1802. 

Kepler, John, astronomer, &c. born at Wiel, 1571, died 1630. 

Keysler, J. G German antiquary, born 16S9, died 1743. 

Kidder, bishop of Bath, and his lady, killed in bed by the fall of a 

stack of chimneys, 1703. 
Killigrew, Anne, died 1685, aged 25. 

sir William, born lb05, died 1693. 

Thos. born 1611, died 1682. 

Kilmarnock, lord, and lord Balmeriuo, beheaded Aug. 18, 1746. 
Kilwarden, lord, murdered by the rebels in Dublin, July 23, 1S03. 
Kimchi, David, learned Jewish rabbi, died 1240. 
King, Edward, the subject of" Lycidas," drowned 1637. 

antiquary, born 1735, died 1807. 

Gregory, heraldic writer, born 1648, died 1712. 

Henry, bishop, theologian, born 1591, died 1669. 

John Glen, English topographer, died 17S7, aged 55. 

Peter, Lord Chancellor, born 1669, died 1733. 

Richard, divine, born 1749, died 1810. 

William, archbishop of Dublin, born 1650, died 1729. 

Dr. miscellaneous writer, born 1663, died 1712. 

Dr. Latin writer, born 1685, died 1763. 

captain, the companion of Captain Cook, died Nov. 1784. 

Kippis, Dr. Andrew, died, aged 71, Oct. 3, 1795. 
Kirby and YY ade, sea captains, shot at Plymouth, 1703. 

John Joshua, artist and mathematician, born 1716, died 1771. 

Kirch, Godfrey, astronomer, born 1640, died 1710. 

Mary, astronomer, born 1670, died 1720. 

Christian Frederic, astronomer, born 1694, died 1740. 

Kircher, Athanasius, born 1601, died 1680. 
Kirwan, Richard, mineralogist, died Aug. 1812. 

W. B. Irish divine, born about 1754, died 1805. 

Klaproth, M. H. chemist, died at Berlin, 1S17. 
Kleber. general, born 1750, assassinated 1800. 

Kleist, C. poet, born 1715, killed at the battle of Kunnersdorf, 1759. 
Klopstock, Frederick Gottlieb, the German poet, born 1724, died 
March 14, 1803. 

Knight, Mr. cashier of the South Sea company, absconded with 
100,000/. 1720; compounded with government for 10,000/. and re- 
turned to England in 1743. 

R. P. Esq. died 1S24, aged 76. 

Knolles, Richard, English historian, died 1610. 

Kuollis, Sir F. statesman, died 1596. 

Knox. John, the reformer, born 1505, died 1572. 

Dr. Vicessimus, miscellaneous writer, born 1752, died 1831. 

Knutzeu, Matthias, the professed German atheist, living in 1674. 

Koenig, J. Gerard, botanist, born 1728, died 17S5. 

Samuel, mathematician, died 1727. 

Kolben, Peter, traveller, born 1674, died 1726. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



273 



Kosciusko, the illustrious Polish general, died 1S17. 

Kotzebue, Augustus Von, German dramatist, born 1761, assassinated 

at Manheim, March 23, IS 19. 
Kouli Khan usurped the Persian throne, March 11, 1732; assassinated 

June 8, 1747, by his nephew 
Kunckel, John, eminent chemist, born 1630, died 1703. 
Kuster, Ludolph, critic, born 16T0, died 1716. 
Kutusoff, Russian general, died June 21, 1S13. 
Labat, J. B. author, born 1663, died 1738. 
Laberius, Roman writer, died B. C. 46. 
Lactantius flourished 323. 

Ladvocat, J. B. divine and historian, born 1709, died 1765. 
Lagrange, J. L. mathematician, born 1786, died 1813. 
Laing, Malcolm, historian, born 1762, died 1819. 
Lalande. J. J. F. astronomer, born 1732, died 1S07. 
Lally, Count, beheaded in 1766. 
Lamb, Dr. murdered in London, June 24, 1628. 

Lambert, Daniel, died June 21, 1829, weighing 52 stone 1 libs.— 14ibs. 
to the stone. 

J. Henry, mathematician, born 1728, died 1777. 

Lamy Bernard, French divine, born 1640, died Jan. 29, 1715. 
Lancaster, James, navigator, died about 1633. 
Lancelot, Claude, French writer, born 1619, died 1695. 
Land en, John, mathematician, born 1719, died 1790. 
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1005, died 1089. 
Langbaine, Gerard, English writer, died 1692. 
Langelande, Robert, old English poet, died 1369. 
Langhorne, Dr. John, the writer, born 1735, died Sept. 1779. 

Dr W. born 1721, died 1772. 

Langton, archbishop, died 1^28. 
Languet, Hubert, s atesman, born 1513, died 1581. 
Lansdown, George, viscount, born 1667, died 1735. 
Lanzi, Luigi, antiquary, born 1732, died 1810. 

Larcher, P. H. French translator of Herodotus, born 1726, died 1812. 

Lardner, Dr. N. divine, born 1684, died 1768. 

La Soeur, Hubert de, the statuary, died 1650. 

Latimer, bishop of Worcester, burnt at Oxford, Oct. 1555. 

Latini, Brunetto, tutor of Dante, died 1294. 

Laud, archbishop, beheaded Jan. 10, 1645, aged 71. 

Lauder, W. the slanderer of Milton, died 1771. 

Lauderdale, duke of, died Aug. 24, 1682. 

Laudohn, Field-marshal, born 1716, died 1790. 

Lavater, the physiognomist, born 1741, died at Zurich, Jan. 1801. 

Lavoisier, A. L. chemist, born 1743, beheaded 1794. 

Law, John, the bubble projector of France, born 1671, died 1729. 

Edmund, bishop of Carlisle, theological writer, born 1703, died 

1787. 

Edward, lord Ell enborough, born 1749, died 1818. 

Rev. William, divine, born 1686, died 1761. 

Lawes, Henry, musician, died 1662. 
Lawrence, Dr. T. physician, born 1711, ? died 1783. 
Layer, counsellor, hanged for treason, March 17, 1722. 
Leake, sir John, English admiral, born 1656, died 1720. 

Richard, eminent seaman, born 1629, died 1686. 

Stephen Martin, heraldic writer, born 1702, died 1773. 

Lecchi, J. A. mathematician, born 1702, died 1776. 

Le Dran, H. F. French surgeon, born 1685, died 1770. 

Ledyard, John, traveller, died 1788. 

Lee, archbishop of York, died 1544, aged 62. 

Nathaniel, dramatist, died 1692, aged 33. 

Rev. Mr. who inventedthe stocking frame, resided at Cambridge 

1589. 6 
Leibnitz, born at Leipsic 1646, died 1716. 
Leicester, Dudley, earl of, born 1532, died 158S. 
Leigh, Edward, born 1603, died 1671. 

John, English dramatic writer, died 1726. 

Leighton, Alexander, divine, born 1568, died 1644. 

Robert, archbishop of Glasgow, born 1613, died 1684. 



274 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Leland, John, the antiquary, died 1552, aged 45. 
Dr. died Jan. 1766, aged 73. 

Thomas, Dr. divine and historian, born 1722, died 1186. 

VS illiam, of Ireland, died Jan. 1732-3, aged 139. 

Lemery, Nicholas, chemist, born 1645, died 1715. 
Lenfant, James, historian, born 1661, died 1728. 
Iienglet, du Fresuoy, N. ciironologist, born 1674, died 1755. 
Lenox, earl of, reg ent of Scotland, murdered 1571. 
Lennox, Mrs. author of the Female Quixote, &c. born 1720, died Jan . 
4, 1804. 

Leo I. emperor, ordered 200,000 books to be burnt, 476. 
IX. the first pope that kept an army, 1054. 

X. the pope who conferred the title of Defender of the Faith cm 

Henry VIII. of England, died 1521. 
Leofric, the first bishop of Exeter, died 1073. 
Lesley, bishop of Ross, born 15^7, died 1596. 
Leslie, C. theological writer, died April 13, 1722. 
Lessing, G. E. poet and dramatist, born 1727, died 1781. 
Lestock, admiral, tried and acquitted, June, 1746. 
L'Estrange, sir Roger, born 1616, died Dec. 11, 1704. 
L'Enclos^ Ninon de, died 1706, aged 80. 
Leti, G historian, born 1630, died 1701. 

Lettsom, John Coakley, M. D. born 1744, died Nov. I, 1815. 
Leuwenhock, Ant. nat. philosopher, born 1632, died 1723. 
Lever, sir Ashton, collector of the Museum, died Jan* 30, 178S. 
Levesque, P. C. historian, born 1736, died 1812. 
Lewis, William 'I homas, comedian, died Jan. 2, 1811. 

- Rev. Mr. the historian and antiquary, died January It?, 1146, 

aged 73. 

M. G. poet, dramatist, and novelist, born 1773, died 1818. 

Leyden, Dr. poet and miscellaneous writer, born 1775, died 1811. 
Lightfoot, Rev. Dr John, born 1602, died 1675. 

— John, botanist, born 1735, died 17SS. 

Ligne, prince de, died Dec. 13, 1S14. 

Lilburne, John, born 1618, whipped Feb. 19, 1638, died Aug. 1657. 
Lilio, Aloys, inventor of the Gregorian calendar, 1570. 
Lillo, George, born 1693, died Sept. 3, 1739. 
Lilly, John, flourished 1595. 

William, the astrologer, born 1602, died 1681. 

Lilye, William, the grammarian, died 1523, aged 5&. 
Limborch, P. divine, born 1633, died 1712. 

Linacre, Thomas, English physician and philosopher, born about 1460. 
died 1524. 

Lindsay, Sir David, poet, born 1490, died 1567. 
Lindsey, Theophilus, Rev. born 1723, died IS0S. 
Linguet, S. N. H. French writer, born 1736, died 179*. 
Linnaeus, Dr. the botanist, died at Upsal, in Sweden, Jan. 10, 1 ITS 
aged 71. 

Mr. Charles, born 1741, died Nov. 1, 1783. 

Lipsius, Justus, critic, born 1547, died 1606. 

Lisle, Lady, beheaded at Winchester, Sept. 2, 1685. 

— W illiam de, eminent geographer, born 1675., died 1726. 

J. N. geographer and astronomer, born 1683, died 1768. 

Lister, Dr. M. natural philosopher, born about 1638, died 1712. 
Littlebury, Isaac, born 1657, died 1710. 
Littleton, Rev. Adam, born 1627, died 1694. 

Thomas, lawyer, died 1481. 

Edward, lord keeper, born 1589, died 1645. 

Livius, Titus, born 58 before Christ, died in 17. 
Llewellin, last prince of the Welsh, defeated 1284. 
Martin, died 1682, aged 65. 

Lloyd, Nich. eminent divine and writer, born 1634, died 1680. 

David, biographer, born 1625, died 1691. 

Robert, the poet, born 1733, died 1764. 

W. bishop, born 1627, died 1717. 

Llwyd, Edward, English antiquary, died 1709. 

Lobb, Theophilus, English physician and author, born 167S, died 176*. 
Locke, John, miscellaneous writer, born 1632, died 1704. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



^75 



JLodge, Thomas, died 1625. 
Logan, John, poet, born 1748, died 1188. * 
Lollard propagated his opinions 1315, burnt 1351. 
Lombard, Peter, died 116*. 

Lombe, sir Thomas, introduced the silk mill, died 1739. 
Lomonozoff, Russian poet and historian, born 1711, died 1765. 
Londonderry, marquis of, born 1768, killed himself 1822. 
Long-, Dr. Roger, of Cambridge, died 1771, aged 91. 
Longbeard, William Fitz Osbert, a notorious ruffian, hanged at Ty- 
burn, 1197. 

Longepierre, H. B de, critic, born 1659, died 1721. 

Longinus, the orator, put to death, 273. 

Longomontanus, astronomer, born 1652. 

Longuerue, L. D. de, French writer, born 1652, died 1733. 

Longus, Greek sophist, flourished in the 5th century, 

Louis XV. of France, narrowly escaped being burnt, July 1, 1747; 

stabbed by Damien, January 5, 1757; died May 10, 1774, aged 64, 

reigned 59 years. 
XVI. deposed Aug. 10, 1792 ; beheaded Jan. 21, 1793, and his 

queen beheaded October 16, following. 
Lovat^ lord, beheaded on Tower-hill, 1746. 
Love, Rev. Christ, beheaded Aug. 22, 1858, aged 33. 

James, English actor and dramatic wri ter, died 1774. 

Mr. John, of Weymouth, died Oct. 1793, aged 41, and weighed 

364 pounds, or 20 stone, of 14 pounds each. 
Lovelace, Richard, soldier and poet, born 1618, died 1658. 
Lovibond, Edward, poet, died 1737. 

Lowtb, Dr. Robert, bishop of London, learned writer, born 1710, died 
' 1787. 

Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Jesuits, born 1491, died 1556. 
Luc, William Antony de, born 1727, died 1812 

Lucan, born at Corduba, in Spain, Nov. 11, 37; condemned and bled 

to death in a bath, April 30, 65. 
Lucas, Rev. Dr. Richard, born 1648, died blind vfis. 
Dr. of Dublin, died Nov. 5, 1771. 

JLucian, Greek writer, born in the reign of Trajan, died 214. 
Lucilius, Roman poet, died about 108 B. C. 

Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, reigned 77 years, founded 
the first church in London, at St. Peter's Cornhill, which was made 
the see of an archbishop, till removed to Canterbury, 179. 

Lucretius born at Rome, 95, put an end to his life in a raging fit, 52 
before Christ. 

Ludlow, Edm. the republican general and writer, born 1620, died 1693. 
Ludwig, C. T. botanist, born 1709, died 1773. 
Luke, St. died about 70, aged 80. 

Luther, Martin, born 1483, began the reformation 1518, died 1546. 
Luttrell, colonel Henry, shot by an assassin in his chair, in the streets 

of Dublin, October 22, 1717. 
Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, born 926, established his laws 884, 

died in Crete 872 before Christ. 
Lydgate, John, poet, born about 1375, died about 1461. 
Lydiat, Thomas, English divine and philosopher, born 1572, died 1646. 
Lye, Edward, lexicographer, born 1704, died 1747. 
Lyons, Israel, jun. the mathematician of Cambridge, died May 1, 

1775, aged 32. 

Lysias, Greek orator, born about 459 B.C. died aged 81. 
Lysimachus died 281 before Christ, aged 80. 
Lysons, Daniel, physician, died 1800. 

Samuel, antiquary, born 1763, died 1819. 

Lytelton, Thomas, died 1481, aged 79. 

Liyttelton, bishop of Carlisle, the antiquary, died 1768. 

— - lord, born 1709; married 1742; created a peer 1757; died 

Aug. 22, 1773. 

Mabillon, J. diplomatic writer and biographer, born 1632, died 1707. 
Mably, abb6 de, political writer, born 1709, died 1785. 
Macartney, earl, born 1737, died 1806. 

Macaulay Graham, Mrs. the historian, born 1733, died June 23, 1791. 
Macfiadlay, esq, of Tipperary, died June 1773, aged 143. 

M 6 



276 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Macbiavel born 1469, died 1530. 

Mackenzie, Sir George, born 1636, died 1691. 

Macklin, Mr. Charles, the comedian, died July 11, 1797, aged 97. 
Maclaine, Dr. Archibald, died Nov. 24, 1S04, aged 82. 
Maclaurin, Colin, the mathematician, born 1698, died 174C. 
Macmahone, lord, hanged for treason, Nov. 1, 1644. 
Macpherson, James, poet and historian, born 173S, died 1796. 
Macquer, J. chemist, born 1718, died 1754. 
Macquire, lord, hanged at Tyburn, Feb. 20, 1645. 
Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurel. Theod, died about 413. 
Madan, M. author of Thelypthora, born 1726, died 17S0. 
Madox, Isaac, English controversial writer, born 1697, died 1759. 
Magellan, Feru. the navigator, died 1521. 
Magliabechi, the librarian, died 1714, aged 81. 

Mahomet born at Mecca, May 5, 570; began his errors 612; the sect 

commenced 622 ; died June IS, 631. 
Maillet, B. de, author of Telliamed, born 1659, died 1738. 
Maimbourg. Louis, historian, bora 1610, died 16S6. 
Maintenon, Madame de, died 1719, aged 84. 

Mairan, J. J. D'Ortous de, natural philosopher, born 1678, died 17 71. 
Maire, James le, Dutch navigator, died 1617. 
Maitland, Sir Richard, poet, born 1496, died 1586. 

Lord, poet and statesman, born about 1537, died 1595. 

William, the historian, born about 1693, died 1757. 

Maittaire, Michael, learned writer, born 166S, died 1747. 
Malachi flourished 397 before Christ. 

Malcomb, Sarah, executed in Fleet-street, March 7, 1738. 
Malcolm, J. P. artist and anthor, died 1S15. 
Malebranche, N. bora at Paris, 163S, died 1715. 

Malesherbes, C. W. counsel for Louis XVI. bora 1721, guiJlotined 
1794. 

Malherbe, Francis, French writer, bora 1555, died 1628. 

Mallet, David, poet and dramatic author, bora about 1700, died 1765. 

P. H. historian, born 1730, died 1807. 

Malmesbury, William of, died in 1143. 
Malone, Edmund, bora Oct. 4, 1741, died May 25, 1812. 
Malpighi, philosopher, bora in Italy, 1625, died 1694. 
Malus, S. mathematician, born 1775, died 1SI2. 
Manasseh chosen high-priest 253 before Christ. 
Mandeville, Bernard, of Holland, died 1733, aged 65. 

— — — — Sir John, the traveller, died 1372. 

Manes, founder of a sect, put to death A. D. 27S. 

Manfredi, Eustacio, astronomer, born 1674, died 1739. 

Manlius, M. thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, 484 before Christ. 

Manning, Cromwell's spy, executed abroad, 1655. 

Mansfield, earl of, died March 15, 1793, aged S9. 

Manutius, Aldus, printer, born about 1447, died 1515. 

Paul, printer, bora 1512, died 1572. 

Aldus, printer and author, bora 1547, died 1592. 

Maracci, Louis, oriental scholar, born 1612, died 1700. 
Marana, J. P. author of the Turkish spy, bom 1642, died 1693. 
Marchetti, Alex, mathematician and translator of Lucretius, born 
1633, died 1714. 

Margaret, countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of king Henry 

VII. died June 29, 1509. 
countess of Salisbury, daughter of the duke of Clarence, 

brother of Edward IV. beheaded May 27, 1541, aged 70. 
Mariana, Juan, historian of Spain, died 1624, aged 87. 
Marini, J. B. Italian poet, born 1569, died 1625. 
Mariotte, E. philosopher, born at Dijon, died 1684. 
Marise, William, a nobleman's son, drawn, hanged, and quartered 

for piracy, 1241. 
Marivaux, P. C. novelist and dramatist, bora 1688, died 1763. 
Mark, St. died in 6S. 

Markland, Jeremiah, born Aug. 1693, died July 7, 1776. 
Marlborough, John, duke of, died June 16, 1722, aged 72. 

Sarah, duchess of, died Oct. 18, 1744. 

Marloe, Christopher, born about 1562, killed by his rival, 1593. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



277 



Marmion, Shakerley, dramatic writer, born about 1602, died 1639, 
Marmontel, J. F. celebrated French writer, born 1723, died 1129. 
Marot, Clement, French poet, born 1495, died 1544. 
Marshall, Thomas, English divine and writer, died 1685. 
Marsham, Sir John, born 1602, died 1685. 
Marsigli, count Li. F. born 1658, died 1730. 
Marston, John, dramatic author, died about 1614. 
Martial, bom at Bilboa, 34, died 109. 
Martin, St. died about 402. 

Thomas, English antiquary, born 1697, died 1771. 

r- Benjamin, English mathematician, born 1701, died 1782. 

Martiniere, Bruzeu de la, geographer, born 1684, died 1749* 

Martyn, John, the botanist, born 1699, died 1768. 

Martyr,' Peter, born 1500, died at Zurich, Nov. 12, 1562. 

Marvel, Andrew, the j3atriot, born 1620, died 167S. 

Mary de Medicis, queen mother of France, visited England, 1638. 

mother of Christ, died in 45, aged 60. 

queen of Scots, fled to England, May 16, 1568, beheaded Feb. 

8, 1589, aged 44. 

Maskelyne, Dr. Nevil, astronomer royal, born Oct. 6, 1732, died 9, 
Feb. 1811. 

Mason, Rev. William, poet, born 1725, died 1797. 

Massena, Andrew, marshal of France, born May 8, 1758, died April 4 S 
1S17. 

Massillon, bishop, divine and writer, born 1663, died 1742. 
Massinger, Philip, dramatic writer, died 1640, aged 55. 
Matthew, St. died in 65. 

of Westminster, English historian, died 1379. 

Matthews, Admiral, discarded the navy service, Oct, 22, 1744. 
Matthias was high-priest six years before Christ. 
Maty, Dr. Matthew, born 1718, died Aug-. 2, 1776. 

Henry, critical author, born 1745, died 1787. 

Maupertuis, P* L. mathematician, born 1698, died 1759. 
Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange, died 1625. 

■■ Rev. T. poet and historian, died 1824, aged 70. 

Mauritius, alias O'Fihealy, archbishop of Tuam, died 1513. 
Maury, Cardinal, born 1746, died 1817. 

Maximilian, the emperor, enlisted as a captain and subject under 

Henry VIII. when he invaded France, 1513. 
May, Thomas, dramatic poet and historian, born 1594, died 1652. 
Mayer, Tobias, the astronomer, born 1723, died 1762. 
Mayersbach, the celebrated water doctor, died Jan. 1798. 
Maynard, F. French poet, born 15S2, died 1646. 

Sir John, lawyer, born about 1602, died 1690. 

Mayne, Rev. Dr. Jasper, born 1G04, died 1672. 
Maynwaring*, Arthur, born 1668, died 1712. 
Mayow, John, chemist, born 1645, died 1679. 
Mazarine, Cardinal, died 1661, aged 59. 
Mead, Dr. Richard, born 1673, died 1754. 

Mechain, M. French astronomer, born Aug. 16, 1744, died Sept. 4, 
1805. 

Mede, Joseph, English divine, born 1586, died 1638. 
Medici, Cosmo de, called the father of his country, born 1389, died 
1454. 

«— Laurence de, called the father of learning, born 1448, died 

1492. 

Mela, Pomponius, a Spanish geographer, died 45, 
Melancthon, Philip, born 1497, died 1560, aged 63. 
Meleager, Greek poet, born B. C. 96. 

Melmoth, William, miscellaneous writer, born 1710, died 1799. 
Melvil, Sir James, Scotch historian, born 1530, died 1606. 
Melville, Viscount, died May 27, 1811. 

Menage, Giles, French writer, born at Angers, 1613, died 1692. 

Menander, Greek poet, born B. C. 342, died B. C. 293. 

Mendelsohn, Moses, born 1729, died 1785. 

Mendez, Moses, poet, died 1758. 

Meninski, F. oriental scholar, born 1623, died 169S. 

Menzini, B. Italian poet, bom 1646, died 1704. 



278 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Mercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, born 1519, died 1594. 

Nich of Holstein, astronomer, born 1640, died 1694. 

Merlin, the prophet, lived 477. 

Merrick, James, divine and poet, born 1720, died 1769. 

Mersennus, French writer, born 1588, died 1648. 

Mertou, Walter de, founder of Merton College, died 1277. 

Mervin, Lord Audley, hanged, May 13, 1631. 

Messier, C. astronomer, born 1730, died 1817. 

Metastasio, the Italian poet, born 1698, died 1782, aged 84. 

Methuselah died 1656 of the world, aged 969. 

Metius, James, of Antwerp, inventor of telescopes, died 1612.. 

Meton, inventor of ihe Metonic Cycle, 430 before Christ. 

Meursius, John, critic, born 1579, died 1639. 

Mezeray, the French historian, born 1610, died 1683. 

Micah, the prophet, flourished 754 before Christ. 

Michaelis, John David, theologian and orientalist, born 1717, died 
1791. 

Mickle, W. J. poet, born 1735, died 1788. 

Middleton, Sir Hugh, who brought the New-river water to London, 
died 1631. 

Dr. Conyers, born 1683, died 1750. 

Mildmay, sir Walter, founder of Emanuel College, Cambridge, died 
15S9. 

Mill, Rev. Dr. John, born about 1645, died 1707. 

Henry, learned in hydraulics, died 1770. 

Millar, John, professor and writer, born 1735. died 1801. 
Miller, Rev. James, born 1703, died 1743. 

Phil, died Dec. 18, 1771, aged 80. * 

Milles, Jeremiah, English divine and antiquary, bom 1714, died 17S4. 

Milne, Colin, botanist, died 1815. 

Milner. Joseph, divine, born 1744, died 1797. 

Isaac, divine and mathematician, died 1820. 

Milton, John, born 1608, died blind 1674. 

Minos, the lawgiver, reigned at Crete, 1432 B. C. 

Mirabeau, the French statesman, born 1749, died 1791 

Mist, the printer, imprisoned June, 1721. 

Mitchell. Joseph, born 1684, died 1738. 

Molesworth, Robert, viscount, born 1656, died 1725. 

Moleville, marquis Bertrand de, born 1744, died 1819. 

Moliere, John Baptiste, French comedian, born 1620, died 1673. 

Moll, Herm. English geographer, died 1732. 

Molyneux, William, astronomer, born 1656, died 1698. 

Mongault, Nicholas Hubert, French writer, born 1674, died 1746. 

Monk, General, born 1608; arbiter of England's fate, 1659; made 

duke of Albemarle, July 13, 1660; died January 4, 1669-70. 
Monmouth, Jeffery of, wrote in 1152. 

duke of, beheaded 1685, aged 35. 

Monnier, P. C. le, astronomer, boru 1715, died 1799. 
Monro, Dr. John, died D^c. 27, 1791, aged 77. 
— i Alex anatomist, born 1697, died 1767. 

Dr. Alexander, anatomist and physician, born 1732, died IS 17 . 

Dr. Donald, physician and medical writer, died 1802. 

Montaigne, Michael de, died 1502, aged 59. 

Montague, Lady Mary Wortley, elegant writer, born about 1690 
died 1762. 

■ E. W. son of lady Mary, born 1713, died 1776. 

Mrs. Elizabeth, born 1720, died 1800. 

Montalembert, marquis, general, and engineer, born 1714, died 1802 
Montecuculi, general, born 1608, died 1680. 
Montesquieu, Charles Secondat, Baron, born 1689, died 1755. 
Montezuma, king of Mexico, died 1520. 

Montfaucon, French antiquary, born 1655, died 1741, aged 86. 

Montgolfier, discoverer of aerostation, died 1799. 

Montrose, marquis of, executed at Edinburgh 1650, aged 37. 

Montucla, J. S. mathematician, born 1725, died 1799. 

Moore, Edward, poet, essayist, and dramatist, born 1712, died 1757. 

. Dr. John, miscellaneous writer, born 1730, died 1802; 

— ~t Sir John, born 1761, killed at Corunna, Jan. 16, 18W. 
■ Sir Jonas, mathematician, boru 1617, died 1679* 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 27 ( J 

Morant, Philip, English historian, born 1700, died 1770. 
Mordaunt, earl of Peterborough, general, born 1658, died 1735. 
More, Sir Thomas, born 14S0, beheaded July 6, 15*5, aged 55. 

Henry, poet and divine, bora 1614, died 1687. 

Morell, Dr. Thomas, learned divine, died 1784, aged 88. 

Moreau, French general, wounded by a cannon ball while talking t<» 

the emperor of Russia before Dresden, August 28, and died Sept. 

4, 1813. 

Moreri, Lewis, historian, born in France, 1643, died 1680. 
Mores, Edward Rowe, English antiquary, born 1730, died 1778. 
Morgagni, J. B. anatomist, born 1682, died 1771. 

Morland, Sir Samuel, statesman and mechanician, born 1625, died 
about 1696. 

Morley, lord, tried at Westminster-hall for murder, 1666. 

Mornay, P. du Plessis, French statesman, born 1549, died 1623. 

Mortimer, Roger, earl of March, hanged Nov. 29, 1330. 

John, English writer on husbandry, died 1736. 

Morton, bishop of Durham, born 1564, died 1659. 

_ Dr. Charles, died Feb. 10. 1799, aged 83. 

Moschus and Bion, Greek poets, flourished about 200 years B. C 

Mosely, Dr. B. physician, born in Essex, died 1819. 

Moses born 1571 ; called down the ten plagues of Egypt, 1492 ; re- 
ceived the tables of stone on Mount Sinai, May 4, 1491 ; died 1451 
before Christ. 

Mosheim, John Laurence, German writer, born 1695, died 1755. 
Moss, Rev. Dr. Robert, born about 1667, died 1729. 
Mothe de la Vayer, French writer, born 1588, died 16T2. 
Motte, A. H. de la, French poet, born 1672, died 1731. 
Mouat, Mr. a surgeon at Dumfries, in Scotland, died Feb. 21, 1776, 
aged 136. 

Moulin, Cha. du, French writer, born 1500, died 1566. 

Mount, Mr. John, of Langholm, Dumfries, Scotland* died in March, 

1776, aged 136. 
Mountfort, William, born 1659, murdered 1692, aged 32. 
Mountain, Mr. the mathematician, died May 5, 1719. 
Mozart, Wolfang Amadeus, musical composer, bom Jan. 27, 1756, 

died Dec. 5, 1^93. 
Mudge, Thomas, watch maker, born 1715, died 1794. 

major general, died 1820. 

Muller, John, mathematician, born 1436, died 1476. 

Munoz, J. B. Spanish historian, born 1745, died 1799. 

Muutzer, Thomas, founder of the sect of Anabaptists, put to death 

1526. 

Muratori, L. A. the Italian Montfaucon, bora 1672, died 1750. 

Muretus, Mark Anthony, critic, born 1526, died 1585. 

Murphy, Arthur, died June 18, 1805, aged 77. 

Murray, earl of, regent of Scotland, killed Jan. 23, 1570. 

Musgrave, Dr. William, physician and antiquary, born 1657, died 1721. 

Sir Richard, historical romance writer, born about 175H. 

died 1818. 

Musschenbroek, P. de, mathematician, born 1692, died 1761. 

Nahum, the prophet, flourished 758 before Christ. 

Nalson, John, divine and historian, born about 1638, died 1686. 

Nani, J. B. Venetian historian, born 1616, died 1678. 

Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, born 1550, died 1617. 

Napoleon I. ex-emperor of France, born 1769, died 1821. 

Nares, Dr. musk al composer, born 1715, died 1783. 

Nash, Thomas, satirist and dramatist, born about 1564, died 1601. 

Richard, esq. of Bath, died Feb. 12, 1761. 

Dr. T. R. topographer, died in 1811, aged 87. 

Naud6, Gabriel, French writer, born 1600, died 1653, 

Philip, mathematician, born 1654, died 1729. 

Naunton, Sir R. statesman, died soon after 1633. 

Nayler,the Quaker, born 1616; whipped &c. December 8, 1656, died 
166Q. 

Neal, Daniel, minister and biographer, born 1678, died 17i3. 
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Assyria, 606 before Christ. 
Necker, M. James, statesman, born 1732, died 1804. 



280 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Needham, J. T. natural philosopher, born 1713, died I7S1. 

— Marchmont, political writer, born 1620, died 1678. 

Nehemiah, the prophet, flourished 450 before Christ. 
Nelson, Robert, born 1656, died 1715. 

Nelson, Adm. Lord Viscount, duke of Bronte, born 1758, killed in 
battle in the glorious victory off Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805; buried 
at the public expense in St. Paul's cathedral, with a splendor never 
before witnessed in these king-doms, Jan. 10, 1806. 

Nemesianus, Latin poet, lived about A. D. 281. 

Nennius, British historian, abbot in the 7th century. 

Nepos, Cornelius, died in the reign of Augustus. 

Nero murdered his mother 55, died 66, aged 32. 

Nesbit, Dr. English physician, died 1761. 

Alex, heraldic writer, born 1672, died 1725. 

Nestorius, founder of a sect, died 439 

Newcomb, Thomas, divine and poet, born 1675, died about 1766. 
Newcome, W. bishop, born 1729, died 1800. 
Newhoff, Theodore, king of Corsica, died in London, 1757. 
Newman, Thomas, of Brislington, near Bristol, died 1542, aged 152. 
Newton. Sir Isaac, born Dec. 25, 1642; knighted by Queen Anne, 1705, 

died March 20, 1726-7. 
Newton, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Bristol, eminent writer, born 1704, 

died 1782. 

Niceron, J. P. biographer, born 1665, died 1738. 

Nicholson, William, archbishop of Cashell, antiquary, born 1655, died 
1727. 

Nicholson. William, author of many literary and scientific works, born 

1753, died May 21, 1815. 
Nicole, Peter, born in France 1625, died 1695. 

Nicomedes, the mathematician, inventor of the geometrical curve 

called conchoides, flourished 220. 
Nicot, J. introducer of tobacco into France, died 1600. 
Nivelle de la Chaussee, dramatist, born 1692, died 1754. 
Nivernois, duke de, born 1716, died 1798. 

Noah directed to build the ark, 1536 of the world, 120 before the 

flood; died 1998 before Christ, aged 950. 
Nollet, Abbe, learned philosopher, born 1700, died 1770. 
Nonius, Spanish physician and mathematician, inventor of the angles 

of 45 degrees in every meridian, born 1497, died 1577. 
Norden, Frederick, designer and traveller, born 1708, died 1742. 

John, topographer, born about 1548, died about 1626. 

Norfolk, duke of, beheaded on Tower-hill, May 8, 1575. 

Norman, John, the first lord mayor of London, that went by water to 

Westminster to be sworn, 1453. 
Norris, Rev. John : born 1657, died 1711. 

Sir John, English admiral, died 1749. 

North, Francis, lord Guildford, born about 1640, died 1685. 

Roger, attorney general, died 1733. 

Frederic, lord, prime minister, born 1732, died 1792. 

Northumberland, Dudley, beheaded for attempting to put Lady Jane 

Grey on the English throne, 1553. 
— Earl of, beheaded at York, 1572. 

Norton, Thomas, one of the translators of the Psalms, died about 1584. 
Norwood, Richard, measured a degree in England, 1632, which was 

the first accurate measure. 
Nostradamus, Michael, physician and astrologer, born 1503, died 1566. 
Nowell, Alexander, divine, born about 1507, died 1601-2. 
Noy, William, lawyer, born 1577, died 1634. 
Nugent, (Robert Craggs, earl) poet, died 1788. 

Thomas, LL.D miscellaneous writer, died May 27, 1772. 

Oates, Titus, the infamous, born about 1619, died 1705. 
Obadiah prophesied 587 before Christ. 

O'Beirne, Dr. bishop of Meath, born about 1748, died 1822. 
Occam, William, died 1347. 

Occleve, Thomas, poet, and successor to Chaucer, flourished 1420. 
Ockley, Simon, historian and orientalist, born 1678, died 1720. 
O'Conner, Roderic, last Irish monarch, died 1198, very old. 
Odell, Thomas, dramatic writer, died 1749. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



281 



Oecolampadius, the reformer, died 1531, aged 49. 

Oedipus, king of Thebes, 1266 before Christ. 

Ogden, Samuel, divine and writer, born 1116, died 1778. 

Ogilby, John, the geographer, born 1600, died 1676. 

Ogilvie, Dr. John, poet, born 1733, died 181*. 

Ogle, John, English poet, the modernizer of Chaucer, died 1746. 

Sir Chaloner, brave English admiral, died 1750. 

Oglethorpe, General, born 1698, died 1785. 
O'Hara, Kene, Irish dramatic writer, died 1784. 

Oldcastle, Sir John, hanged and burnt without Temple-bar, 1117; the 

first protestant martyr. 
Oldfield, Mrs. Ann, celebrated actress, born 1683, died 1730. 
Oldham, John, poet, born 1653, died 1683. 
Oldmixon, John, historian, born 1679, died 1740. 
Oldys, William, antiquary and writer, born 1696, died 1761. 
O'Leary, Dr. Arthur, eminent Catholic priest, died Jan. 8, 1802. 
Oppian, Greek poet, flourished about the year 200.; 
Orange, William I prince of. assassinated June 30, 1584. 
Origen, died 254, aged 69. 

Orleans, du ke of, assassinated at Paris, Nov. 23, 1407, by order of the 
duke of Burgundy. 

duke of, regent of France, died Nov. 22, 1723. 

the infamous duke of (or Egalite) guillotined Nov. 5, 1793. 

Peter, J. d', historian, born 1644, died 

Orme, Robert, historian, born 1728, died 1801. 

Ormond, duke of, impeached June 21, 1715; retired to France August 
following; 10,000/. reward offered by Ireland for taking him, Jan. 
19, 1718-19; 5000/. offered by the English, March, 1718-19; died 
in France, and was brought to England and buried at Westminster, 
May 22, 1749. 

Orpheus, the poet, flourished 576 before Christ. 

Orsato, Sertorio, the antiquary, poet, and historian, was born 1617, 
died 1678. 

Orsato, John Baptist, physician, born 1674, died 1720. 

Ortelius, Abraham, the geographer, born 1527, died 1598. 

Orville, James Philip d', critic, born 1G96, died 1751. 

Osborn and his wife murdered at Tring, Hertfordshire, for supposed 

witchcraft, April 22, 1751. 
Osborne, Francis, historian, born 1590, died 1659. 
Ossat, cardinal d% born 1526, died 1604. 
Ossian flourished as a poet in 300. 

Ostervald, John Frederick, the divine, born 1663, died 1747. 
Otho, emperor of Germany, visited England 1207. 
Ottoman, first emperor of the Turks, 1323. 
Otway, Thomas, English poet, born 1652, died 1685. 
Oughtred, Rev. William, mathematician, born 1573, died 1660. 
Overbury, Sir Thomas, born 1581, poisoned in the Tower, Septem- 
ber 17, 1613, aged 32. 
Ovid born at Sulmo 43 before Christ, died 17 after Christ. 
Owen, Rev. Dr. John, died 1683, aged 66. 

Henry, Rev. born 1716, died 1795, 

John, epigrammatist, died 1662. 

Rev. John, divine, one of the founders of the Bible Society, 

died 1823. 

Owen Glendower,born 1348, died 1415. 

Oxenstiern, Axel, Swedish statesman, born 1583, died 1654. 
Ozanam, James, an eminent mathematician, born 1640, died 1717. 
Ozell, John, translator and writer, died Oct. 1743. 
Pace, Richard, dean of St. Paul's, died 1532, aged 50. 
Pacurius, Marcus, Roman poet, flourished about 15t B. C. 
Paesiello, John, musician, born May 9, 1740, died June 5, 1816. 
Pagan, count, mathematician, born 1604 died 1665. 
Paine, Thomas, born at Thetford, Norfolk, 1737, died at New York, 

N. America, June 8, 1809. 
Pagi, Anthony, the critic, born 1624, died 1694. 

Paley, Dr. Win. archdeacon of Carlisle, born 1743, died May 25, 1S05. 
Palladio, the architect, born 1518, died 1580. 



282 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Patlas, Peter Simon, M. D. born 1741, died Sept. 8, 1811. 
Pallavicino,Ferrante, Italian satirist, born about 1616, beheaded 1643* 
Palliser, Sir Hugh, died March 19, 1796, aged 75. 
Palsgrave, John, English dramatic writer, died 1554. 
Pantaleon, Sa, the Spanish ambassador's brother, executed for mur- 
der, July 6, 1654. 
Paoli, Pascal, general, born 1726, died 1807. 
Papin, Denys, physician and philosopher, F. R. S. in 1680. 
Papinian, Roman lawyer, born 175, died 212. 
Pappus, mathematician, flourished in the 4th century. 
Par, Robert, died at Kinver, Salop, aged 124, Sept. 21, 1757. 
Paracelsus, born 1493, died 1541. 

Parcieux, AntLony, mathematician, bern 1703, died 1T68. 
Pare, Ambrose, French surgeon, born 1509, died 1590. 
Parent, Anthony, mathematician, born 1686, died 1716. 
Paris, Matthew, the historian, died 1259. 

Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1504, died 1575. 
Parkhurst, bishop, born 1511, died 1574. 

Rev. John, lexicographer, born 1728, died 1797. 

Parkinson, John, the botanist, born 1567, died about 1641. 
Parnell, Thomas, English divine and poet, born 1679, died 1717. 
Parr, Thomas, died 1635, aged 152. He lived in 10 reigns. 
Queen Catherine, died 1543. 

Parry, Dr. executed for a plot against Elizabeth, 1585. 
Parsons, Robert, the Jesuit, born 1546, died 1610. 
Partridge, John, the astrologer, born 1644, died 1715. 
Paruta, Paul, Venetian historian, born 1540, died 1598. 
Pascal, Blaise, born in Auvergne 1623, died 1662. 
Paterculus, Veil, flourished about 30. 

Paterson, Samuel, bibliographer, born in 1728, died 1802. 
Patrick, St. first bishop in Ireland, died 491, aged 122. 

Simon, bishop of Ely, eminent writer, bora 1626, died 1707. 

Patru, Oliver, French writer, born 1604, died 1681. 

Patten, Margaret, died near Paisley, in Scotland in 1739, aged 138. 

Pattison, William, poet, boru 1706, died 1727. 

Paul, St. converted, 33; caught into the third heaven, 44; visited 
Athens and Corinth, 50; died June 29, 67. 

Paul de Vincent, St. born 1576, died 1660. 

Pausanias, Greek writer flourished in the 2nd century. 

Pauw, Cornelius, writer, born 1739, died 1799. 

Pearce, Dr. Zach. bishop of Ro hester, died 1774, aged 84. 

Pearson, John, bishop, born 1612, died 1636. 

Peck, Francis, English antiquary, born 1692, died 1743. 

Peckham, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, the first writer on per- 
spective, 1279. 

Peeie, George, dramatic poet, died about 1698. 

Peiresc, Nicholas, antiquary, born 15S0, died 1637. 

Pelagius, opponent of St Augustine, flourished early in the 5th cen- 
tury. 

Pelham, Henry, English statesman, died 1754, aged 60. 
Pell, Rev. Dr. John, mathematician, born 1610, died 1685. 
Peliisson, Fontanier Paul, French writer, born 1624, died 1693. 
Pelloutier, Simon, historian, born 1694. died 1757. 
Pelopidas, Theban general, killed B. C. 364. 

Pemberton, Dr. Henry, English physician and philosopher, born 1694. 
died 1771. 

Penn, Sir William, brave English admiral, born 1621, died 1670. 

William, settler of Pennsylvania, born 1644, died 1718. 

Pennant, Thomas, the tourist died Dec. 16, 1798, aged 73. 
Pennington, Isaac, eminent quaker writer, born about 1617, died 
1879. 

Penny, Mr., of Clement's-inn, murdered by his servant, May IS. 
1741. 

Penrose, Thomas, poet, born 1743, died 1779. 

Pepusch, J. Christopher, English musician, born about 1667, died 1752. 
Pepys, Samuel, naval historian, died 1703. 

Perceval, Spencer, prime minister of England, assassinated May 11, 
1812. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



283 



Percival, Dr. Thomas, physician and writer, born 1740, died 1804. 
Percy, bishop Thomas, poet and writer, born 1728, died 1811. 
Perefixe, archbishop, historian, died in 1770. 
Pericles, Athenian general, died 429 before Christ, aged 70. 
Perouse, J. F. de la, navigator, born 1741, supposed to have been 

shipwrecked 1788. 
Perrault, Claude, architect, born 1613, died 1688. 

Charles, French writer, born 1628, died 1688. 

Perreau, Robert and Daniel, were executed for forgery, Jan. 17, 

1775. 

Perron, Anquetil du, French orientalist, born 1731, died Oct. 30, 1805. 

cardinal, du, born 1556, died 1618. 

Perrot, Sir John, statesman, born about 1527, died 1592. 
Perrott, d'Ablancourt, writer, born 1606, died 1664. 

Mr. a bankrupt, hanged for embezzling his effects, Oct. 6, 

1761. 

Perry, John, engineer, born in Gloucestershire, died 1733. 
Persius, A. Flaccus, born A. D. 34, died aged 30. 
Pertinax, died 193, aged 66. 

Petau, Dennis, or Petavius, French writer, born 1583, died 1652. 
Peter, St., baptized Cornelius, and established a bishop at Antioch, 

37; established the see of Rome, 41 ; died 76. 
I. of Russia, born 1672, visited England, 1697 ; disinherited h\4 

eldest son, Feb. 1716; condemned him to death, June 21, 1717; 

took the title of emperor, Oct. 1721, died 1725. 
II. married his prime minister's daughter, Nov. 30, 1729; died of 

the small-pox, Jan. 19, 1730. 

III. deposed and murdered, July 16, 1762. 

Peters, Hugh, M. A. ie 1622, executed 1660. 

Petit de la Croix, French writer, born 1654, died 1713. 

— Peter, mathematician, born 1518, died 1667. 

Petiver, James, botanist, died 1718. 

Petrarch, Francis, born at Arezzo 1304, died 1374. 

Petronius, Arbiter, Roman satirist, put to death A. D. 66> 

Pettus, Sir John, projector, died about 1690. 

Petty, Sir W. statesman, born 1623, died 1687. 

Marquis of Lansdown, born 1737, died 1805. 

Phaedrus born 47 before Christ died 31 after. 
Phalaris, the tyrant of Crete, died 563 before Christ. 
Pharamond, first French monarch, died 428. 

Pharaoh ordered all the male children of the Hebrews to be destroy- 
ed, 1573; drowned, with his army, Monday, May 11, 1491 before 
Christ. 

Phidias, the statuary, died 432 before Christ. 
Philetus, of Cos, grammarian, flourished 280 before Christ. 
Philidor, Andrew, musician and chess player, born 1726, died 1795. 
Philip, king of Macedon, murdered by Pausanius, B. C. 336. 

of Castile, driven by a storm to England, 1505. 

Pliilips, Ambrose, dramatic poet, died 1749. 

Catherine; the celebrated Orinda, born 1631, died 164i. 

John, English poet, died 1708, aged 30. 

Philostratus, the Greek sophist, lived about 200. 

Philpot, John, an alderman of London, stabbed Wat Tyler in Smith- 
field, 1381. 

Phocion, Athenian general, put to death B.C. 318. 

Picard, John, the mathematician and astronomer, died 1683. 

Piccini, Nicholas, musical composer, died 1800. 

Pichegru, General, found dead in his prison, born 1761, supposed to be 
be privately murdered by order of Buonaparte, April 5, 1804. 

Picus, prince of Mirandola, memorable for his extraordinary genius 
and memory in language, born 1463, died 1494. 

Pierce, Alice, concubine to Edward 111. 1375. 

Pilate made governor of Judea, 27 ; killed himself, 40. 

Piles, Roger de, divine and critic on painting, born 1635, died 1709. 

Pilkington, Letitia, born 1712, died Aug. 20, 1750. 

Pilpay, oriental fabulist, flourished 2000 B C. 

Pindar, the poet, died 435 before Christ, aged 80. 



284 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Pingre, A. G. astronomer, lfll, died 1796. 
Piozzi, Mrs born 1<37, died 1821. 

Piron, Alexis, poet and dramatist, born 1689, died 1773. 
Pitcairne, Dr. Archibald, born 1652, died 1713. 
Pithou, Peter, French writer, born 1539, died 1596. 
Pitiscus, Samuel, critic, bom 1637, died 1727. 
Pitot, Henry, mathematician, born 1695, died 1771. 
Pits, John, biographer, born 1560. died 1616. 

Pitt, Thomas, governor of Madras, possessor of the great diamond, 
father of the earl of Chatham, died 1726. 

William, earl of Chatham, died May 11, 1778, aged 70, and bu- 
ried at the public expense in Westminster abbey, June 9, following. 

William, son of the foregoing, born May 28, 1759, and prime mi- 
nister of England, died Jan, 23, 1806. 

Rev. Christopher, English poet, born 1699. died 171S. 

Pittacus, Grecian sage, born about 650 B. C. died 519 B. C. 

Pizarro, Admiral Francis, died 1541, aged 63. 

Platina, the historian, died 1181, aged 60. 

Plato, born B. C. 430, died 317 before Christ. 

Plautus died 181 before Christ. 

Playfair, John, geologist and mathematician, born 1719, died 1S19. 
Playford, John, English musician and composer, born 1613, died 1693. 
Pliny, the elder, died in 79, aged 56. 
• the younger, born 62, died 116. 

Plot, Dr. Robert, antiquary and naturalist, born 1611, died 1696. 

Pluche, Anthony le. French writer, born 16S8, died 1761. 

Plunket, Oliver, titular archbishop of Dublin, hanged at Tyburn with 

Edward Fitzharris, July 1, 1681. 
Plutarch died 119, aged 69. 

Pocock, Rev. Dr. Edward, bora 1601, died 1691. 

Pococke, Dr. R bishop of Meath, the traveller, born 1701, died 1765. 
Pogs-io, the reviver of Greek and Latin literature, born 13S0, [died 
1159. 

Pole, Cardinal, died Nov. 18, 1558, aged 58. 

Polignac, Cardinal, born 1661, died 1711. 

Politian, Angelus, eminent scholar, born 1454, died 1494. . 

Pollio, a Roman orator and poet, who occasioned the first library 

being opened at Rome for public use, died in 42. 
Polybius born at Megalopolis 203 before Christ, died aged 82. 
Pombal, marquis de, statesman, born 1699, died 1782. 
Pomfret, Rev. Mr. the poet, died young, 1709. 
Pompadour, Marchioness, died 1^64, aged 44. 
Poinpey killed in Egypt 49 before Christ, aged 59. 
Pomponius Mela, the geographer, died in 45. 

Poniatowski, prince, drowned in the Lister after the battle of Leip- 

sic, Oct. 19, 1813. 
Ponsonby. George, died June 8, 1817. 

Pool, Matthew, English divine and writer, born 1624, died 1669. 
Pope, Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity-college, Oxford, born 1508, died 
1559. 

, Alexander, the poet, died 1714, aged 56. 

' , Pius VI. expelled Rome by the French, and fled in exile, Feb, 4, 

179S; died 1799. 

Popham, Sir Home, born 1762, died 1820. 

John, judge, born 1531, died 1607. 

Popple, William, English dramatic author, died 1764. 

Porson, Richard, Greek scholar, born 1759, died 1608. 

Porta, John Baptist, mathematician, born 1115, died 1515. 

Porteus, Beilby, bishop of London, born 1731, died 1S08. 

Porteus, Capt. attending an execution at Edinburgh, apprehending a 
rescue, ordered the soldiers to fire, April 11, 1736; accused of mur- 
der and convicted, but respited by queen Caroline, June 22, 1736; 
put to death by the mob at Edinburgh, Sept. 7, 1736. 

Portuguese ambassador's brother beheaded for murder, 1654. 

Postel, William, French writer, born 1510, died 1581. 

Postlethwaiie, Malachi, English writer, born about 1707, died 1767. 

Pott, Percival, surgeon, born 1713, died 1787. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



285 



Potter, Archbishop, died 1747, aged 73. 
Robert, poet, born 1721, died 1801. 

Poupart, Francis, physician and anatomist, died at Paris, in 1808. 
Powell, George, English actor and dramatic writer, died 1714;. 
Sir John, judge, died in 1713. 

Pownall, Governor, author of a treatise on Antiquities, &c. born 1722, 

died Feb. 25. 1805, aged 84. 
Pratt, S. J. writer in prose and verse, born 1749, died Oct. 4, 1814. 

(Charles, earl Camden,) born 1713, died 1794. 

Pretender, the old, born June 10, 1688, died 1776. 

the young, his son, born Nov. 31, 1720, died Jan. 31, 1788, 

without male issue. His natural daughter assumed the title of 
duchess of Albany, and was born in 1763, and died 1789. His brother 
the cardinal was born March 6, 1725. 

Prevot d'Exiles, French writer, born 1697, died 1763. 

Price, Mr. glass-stainer, died 1765. 

Dr. Richard, divine and politician, born 1723, died 1791. 

Prichard, Mrs. celebrated actress, died 1769. 

Prideaux, Humphrey, historian and critic, born 1648, died 1724. 

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, born 1733, died Feb. 6, 1S04. 

Priugle, Sir John, physician, born 1707, died 1782. 

Prior, Matthew, died Sept. 18, 1721, aged 56. 

Priscianus, grammarian, flourished about A. D. 525. 

Proclus, Platonic philosopher, born 110, died 485. 

Procopius, historian, died about 560. 

Proper this, Roman poet, died B. C. 10. 

Provinzale, eminent in mosaic, born 1535, died 1579. 

Prynne, William, born 1600 ; tried by the star-chamber, 1633 ; stood 
in the pillory, May, 1634; again, 1637; took his seat in the long par- 
liament, Nov. 28, 1640 ; died Oct. 24, 1669. 

Psalmanazar, George, the pretended Japanese, died 1763, aged 
about 84. 

Ptolemy, Claudius, born about A. D. 70. 
PufFendorf, Samuel, died 1694, aged 63. 
Pnlci, Luigi, poet, born 1431, died about 1490. 

Pulteney, William, born 1682, struck out of the list of privy-counsel- 
lors, July 1, 1731, died earl of Bath, 1764. 

Richard, physician and botanist, born 1730, died 1801. 

Purcell, Henry, the celebrated musician, born 1658, died 1695, 

Purchas, Samuel, author of 44 Pilgrimages," born 1577, died 1628. 

Pye, Henry James, poet laureat, born 1745, died Aug. 11, 1813. 

Pyle, Thomas, divine, born 1674, died 1756. 

Pym, John, lawyer, born 1584, died 1644. 

Pynson, Richard, printer, died about 1529. 

Pyrrho, founder of the sceptics, born B. C. 340, died 288. 

Pyrrhus began to reign at Epirus 295 ; lost 20,000 men in battle with 
the Romans to their 5000 ; killed by a woman's throwing a tile at 
him, 272 before Christ. 

Pythagoras died 506 before Christ, aged 80. 

Quarles, Francis, English poet and writer, bom 1592, died 1644. 

Quesne, Abraham, du, French admiral, born 1610, died 1688. 

Quevedo, Francis de, Spanish writer, born 1570, died 1647. 

Quiu, James, the comedian, born 1693, died 1766, aged 73. 

Quinault, Phil. French writer, born 1636, died 1688. 

Quincy, Dr. John, eminent English physician, died 1723. 

le Marq. French engineer and military author, died 1720. 

Quhitilian, born about A. 1). 42, died about 94. 

Quirini, Cardinal, the learned traveller, born 16S0, died 1755. 

Rabelais, Francis, French writer, born 1183, died 1553. 

Rabutin, Count de Bussy, born 1618, died 1693. 

Racan, Marquis de.poet born 1589, died 1670. 

Racine, John, dramatist, born 1639. died 1699. 

Louis, poet, died 1763, aged 71. 

Mrs. novelist, died 1823, aged 62. 

Radcliffe,Dr. John, born 1650, died and left 40,0001. to the University 
of Oxford, Nov. 1, 1714. His statue erected Dec. 21, 1723 ; library 
began May 12, 1737. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Raike9, R. planner of Sunday Schools, born 1735, died 1811. 

Raine, Matthew, D-D. master of the Charter-house school, bom 1769 , 

died Oct. 1810. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, beheaded Oct. 29, 1618, aged 65. 
Ralph, James, English historian and poet, died 1762. 
Rameau, J. P. musical composer, born 1683, died 1767. 
Ramsden, Jesse, optician, born 1735, died 1800. 
Ramsey, Allen, Scotch poet, born 1685, died 1743. 

Chevalier, born 16S6, died 1743. 

Ramus, Peter, French writer, born 1515, died 1573. 
Randolph, Tho- English historian, born 1605, died 1634. 
Rapin, Rene, died 1G87, aged 71. 

— de Thoyras, English historian, died May 16, 1<25, aged 64. 

Rawlinson, Dr. Richard, antiquary, died 1755. 

Ray, Rev. John, the naturalist, bora 1628, died 1705. 

Raymond, lord, judge, died 1732. 

Raynal, Abbe, the historian, died March 1796, aged 84. 

Read, an alderman of London, sent as a common soldier, for refusing 

the king an arbitrary benevolence, 1544. 
Reaumur, M. de, the French philosopher, born 1683, died 1756. 
Recorde, Robert, first English writer on algebra, died 1558. 
Reed, Isaac, commentator, born 1742, died 1807. 
Reeve, Clara, English writer, died Jan. 1808, aged 70. 

Regiomontanus, John Muller, astronomer, poisoned at Rome, 1476. 

Regnard, J. F. dramatist, born 1641, died 1709. 

Regnier, Mathur, French writer, born 1573, died 1613. 

Rennie, James, engineer, died 1821, aged 64. 

Repton, Humphry, landscape gardener, born 1752, died 1818. 

Retz, cardinal, born 1613, died 1679 

Rhees, the last king of South Wales, killed 1094. 

Rhunken, David, critic, born 1723, died 1798. 

Ricardo, David, political economist, died 1823, aged 56. 

Ricaut, St. Paul, English writer and critic, died 1700. 

Riccati, Vincent, mathematician, born 1707, died 1775. 

Ricci, Lawrence, the last general of the society of Jesuits, bom Aug. 
2, 1703; made general of the order, May 21, 17 58; imprisoned at 
Rome, Sept. 22, 1773; died Nov. 24, 1776, aged 72. 

Riccoboni. madam, novelist, died 1792. 

Richard of Cirencester, historian, died 1401. 

Richardson, Samuel, moral writer, died 1761, aged 72. 

Jonathan, painter and author, born about 1665, died 1745- 

Joseph, poet and dramatist, died 1803. 

William, poet and writer, died 1814. 

Richelet, C. P. lexicographer, born 1631, died 16S8. 

Richelieu, Cardinal, died 1642, aged 57. 

Ridley, bishop of London, burnt at Oxford, Oct. 16, 1555. 

— Gloster, divine and poet, born 1702, died 1774. 

James, author of Tales of the Genii, died 1765. 

Rienzi, Nicholas, Roman reformer, put to death 1354. 

Ripperda, duke of politician, died in 1737. 

Ritson, Joseph, antiquary, born 1752, died 1803. 

Rivarol, Anthony de, French writer, born 1757, died 1803. 

Rivinus, botanist, born 1652, died 1723. 

Rizzio, David, an Italian musician, killed March 9, 1566. 

Rodney, Admiral Lord, born 1717, died May 24, 1792. 

Robert,, duke of Normandy, died in prison 1107. 

Robertson, of Hopetoun-hall, near Edinburgh, died 1793, aged 137. 

Joseph, divine and grammarian, bora 1726, died 18G2. 

William, historian, born 1721, died 1793. 

Robespierre, Max. French revolutionist, born 1759, guillotined 1796. 

Robin Hood died 1247. 

Robins, Benjamin, English mathematician and engineer, died 1751. 
Robinson, Mary, poet and novelist, born 1758, died 1800. 

Robert, divine, born 1735, died 1790. 

Robison, John, mathematician, born 1739, died 1S05. 
Rochefoucault, duke of, died 1680, aged 68. 
Rochester, William, earl of, died 1680, aged 32. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



287 



Roe, Sir Thomas, statesman, born about 1580, died 1644. 
Roebuck, Dr. John, celebrated projector, born 1718, died 1794. 
Roemer, Olaus, astronomer, born 1644, died 1710. 
Roger de Hoveden, the historian, flourished 1192. 
Rogers, Captain Woods, English navigator, died 1732. 
Rohan, Henry, duke of, born 1572, died 1639. 
Rohault, James, philosopher, born 1620, died 1675, 
Rollin, Charles, died 1741, aged 80. 

Rollo, first duke of Normandy, conquered that country from the 

crown of France, 876. 
Romana, marquis de la, died Jan. 23, 1811. 
Romaine, William divine, born 1714, died 1795. 
Rome, de l'Isle. mineralogist, born 1736, died 1790. 
Romilly, Sir Samuel, lawyer and statesman, born 1757, died 1818. 
Ronsard, Peter, poet, born 1524, died 1585. 
Rooke, Admiral Sir George, died 1708, aged 47. 
Rosamond, born 1162; shut up at Woodstock, H77. 
Roscius flourished 60 before Christ. 

Roscommon, earl of, English poet, born about 1638, died 1684. 
Rose, George, statesman, born 1744, died 1818. 
Rosenmuller, John George, critic, born 1736, died 1815. 
Roubiliac, the sculptor, died Jan. 11, 1762. 

Rousseau, John James, French poet, died July 2, InS, aged 72. 

— John Baptist, poet, born 1659, died 1741. 

Rowe, Nicholas, made poet laureat August 11, 1715; died Dee. 

1718, aged 44. 
Rowe, Eliz. died Feb. 20, 1737, aged 63. 
Rowley, William, contemporary with Shakspeare. 

eminent English mathematician, died 1728. 

Rowning, John mathematician, born 1699, died 1771. 
Roxburgh, William, botanist, born 1759, died 1815. 
Roy, le, Julian, French mathematician, died 1759. 

Julian David, French writer, died 1803. 

Rozier, Francis, agricultural writer, born 1734, died 1793. 
Rudbeck, Olaus, Swedish writer, born 1630, died 1702. 
Ruddiman, Thomas, grammarian, born 1674, died 1770. 
Ruding, Rogers, antiquary, horn 1751, died 1820. 
I RufFhead, Owen, eminent English lawyer, died 1769. 
I Rumford, Benjamin Count, born 17 53. died August 19, 1814. 
Rundle, Thomas, bishop, born 1686, died 1743. 
Runnington, Charles, lawyer, born 1751, died 1821. 
Rupert, prince, died Nov. 29. 1681, aged 62. 
Rush, Benjamin, physician, born 1745, died 1813. 
Rushworth, John, born 1601, died 1690. 

Russel, Lord William, born about 1641, beheaded July 21, 1GS3° 

Admiral, died 1727, aged "5. 

— Alexander, Dr. died 1770. 

— Patrick, Dr. born 1726, died 1805. 

-~ William, historian, born 1746, died 1794. 

Rust, archbishop of Dromore, died 1670. 
Paitherford, Dr. Thomas, died 1771, age l 66. 
Ruysch, Frederic, anatomist, born 1638, died 1731. 
Ruyter, Dutch admiral, died 1676, aged 69. 
Ryan, Lacy, eminent actor and dramatic writer, died 1760. 
Ryer, Peter du, French writer, born 1605, died 1658. 
Rymer, Thomas, English antiquarian and historian, died 1713. 
Rysbrac. Joh. the sculptor, died 1770, aged 76. 
Sacheverel, Rev. Dr. silenced March 23, 1710, died 1724. 
Sackville, Thos. (earl of Dorset), statesman and poet, born 1527, died 
160S. 

— Charles, — , born 1637, died 1608. 

Lord Viscount, born 1716, died 1785. 

Sadi, Persian poet, born 1175, is said to have lived to the age of 120. 
Sadler, sir Ralph, eminent English statesman, died 1587. 
Sage, Alain Ren6 le, French writer, born 1688, died 1747. 
Saint Foix, G. F. de. French writer, born 1703, died 1778. 
— John ? Viscount Bolingbroke, born 1678, died 1751. 



288 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Saint, Lambert, C. F. de, French poet, born 1717, died 1S05. 

Palaye, antiquary, born 1697, died 1781. 

Pierre, Charles, politician, born 1658, died 1743. 

James Bernardin, French writer, born 1737, died 1814. 

Real, Caesar, writer, born at Chamberi, died 169-2. 

Vincent, earl, admiral, born 1735, died 1823. 

Sale, George, translator of the Koran, died 3736. 
Salisbury, Sally, died in Newgate, Feb. 25, 1724. 
Sallo, Dennis de, French writer, born 1626, died 1669. 
Sallust, born S6 B. C. died 35 before Christ. 

Salmasius, Claude, classical scholar, born about 1593, died 1653. 

Salmon, Nathaniel, English divine and historian, died 1740. 

William, English miscellaneous writer, died about 1700. 

Thomas, historian, died about 1750. 

Salvini, A. M. critic, born 1654, died 1729. 

Sancho, Ignatius, the African, born 1629, died 17S0. 

Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1616; committed to the To- 
wer, tried, and acquitted, IgSS ; deprived 16S9; died November 20, 
1693, aged 77. 

Sanadon. N. S. translator of Horace, born 1676, died 1733. 
Sanchez, P. A. Spanish divine, born 1710, died 1806. 

Roderigo, statesman and historian, born 1406, died 1470. 

Sanctorius, physician, born 1561, died 1636. 

Sandeman, Robert, founder of a sect, born 1723, died 1771. 

Sanderson, bishop Robert, divine, born 1587, died 1662-3. 

Robert, antiquary, born 1660, died 1741. 

Sandys, Sir Edwin, born about 1561, died 1629. 

George, the traveller, born 1577, died 1643, 

Edwin, bishop, born 1519, died 1588. 

Sannazarius, Giacomo, poet, born 1458, died 1530. 

Sanquir, Lord, hanged for killing a fencing-master, 1612. 

Sanson, Nich. eminent French geographer, born 1600, died 1667. 

Santry, Lord, condemned for murder in Ireland, April 27, 1739. 

Sappho lived 603 before Christ. 

Sarpi, Father Paul, born 1552, died 1622. 

Sarrasin, John, French writer, born about 1604, died 1054. 

Sarti, Signor, musical composer, born 1720, died July 28, 1802. 

Saunders, Sir Edmund, judge, died 1682. 

J. Cunningham, surgeon, born 1773, died 1810. 

William, physician, born 1743, died 1817. 

Saunderson, Dr. N. the mathematician, died 1739, aged 57. 

Saurin, James, French divine, born 1677, died 1730. 

Saussure, H. B. de, naturalist, born 1740, died 1799. 

Sauvages, F. B. de, botanist, born 1706, died 1767. 

Savage, Richard, born 1698; condemned for murder, 1727; pardoned 

1728; died 1743. 
Savary, Nicholas, traveller, died 17SS. 
Savile, Sir Henry, born 1540, died 1622. 

George, (marquis of Halifax,) statesman, born 1630, died 1695. 

Saxe, Count died 1?50, aged 54. 

Saxo Grammaticus, historian, died 1208. 

Scasvola, Mutius, burnt his right hand before Porsenna, for killing the 
secretary, when he intended to have slain Porsenna himself, 508 be- 
fore Christ. 

Scales, Lord, murdered by a ferryman, Aug. 19, 1460. 
Scaliger, Julius Caesar, died 1558, aged 75. 

Jos. French writer, born 1609, died aged 69. 

Scanderbeg died 1467, aged 68. 

Scapula. John, lexicographer, lived late in the 16th century, 

Scarborough, Sir Chas. English anatomist, born about 1616, died 1702. 

Scheele, Charles William, chemist, born 1742, died 1786. 

Scheffer, John, writer, born 1621, died 1679. 

Schenchzer, John James, writer, bora 1672, died 1737. 

Schiller, Fred. German poet, born Nov. 10,1759, died May 9, 1805. 

Schomberg, Dr. Isaac, English physician, died 1780. 

-> Alexander, writer, born 1756, died 1792. 

Duke of, born I60S, landed in Ireland, Aug. 13, 1689; 

killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



289 



Schrevelius, Cornelius, lexicographer, died 1667. 
Schulteus, Albert, orientalist, died 1150. 

Henry Albert, orientalist, born 1749, died 1793. 

Schurman, Anna Maria, learned lady, born 1607, died 1678. 
Schwartz, Berth, discoverer of gunpowder, died 1340. 
Scipio, P. Cornelius, diedB. C. 189. 
Scott, G. Lewis, mathematician, died 17S0. 

Mrs. (wife of Lewis,) novelist, died 1795. 

John, poet, born 1730, died 1783. 

Michael, flourished in the 13th century. 

— - — Reginald, eminent English writer, died 1599. 
Scotus, John, died 8S3. 

Marianus, the historian, flourished 10S6. 

Scrimer, Henry, learned Scotchman, died 1561. 

Scrimshaw. Mrs. diedin Rosemary-lane workhouse, Tower-hill, aged 

127, Dec' 6, 1711. 
Scudery, George, French writer, born 1603, died 1667. 

Magdalen de, French writer, born 1607, died 1701. 

Season, Dr. Henry, died 1775. 

Seaton, Rev. Thomas, who instituted the prize poems at Cambridge. 

born about 1884, died 1750. 
Seeker, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1693, died 176S. 
Sedley, Sir Charles, born about 1639, died about 1701. 
Seed, Jeremiah, divine, died in 1747. 
Segar, Sir William, English heraldic writer, died 1633. 
Segrais, J. R. de, French poet, born 1624, died 1701. 
Sejanus put to death 31. 
Selden, John, born 1584, died Oct. 30, 1654. 
Semiramis, queen of Assyria, died 1665 before Christ. 
Seneca, born at Corduba in 1, B. C. died 64. 
Servetus, burnt at Geneva, born 1509, Oct. 27, 1553. 
Settle, Elkanah, born 1648, died 1724. 
Severus, died 211, aged 56. 

Sevigne, Marchioness de, born 1626, died 1696. 
Seward, Anna, poet, born 1747, died 1809. 

— William, biographer, born 1747, died 1799. 

Sewell, Dr. George, poet and physician, .died Feb. 8 1727. 

Seymour, Lord, married the widow of Henry VIII. March, 1548; who 

died in child-bed Sept. following; he was beheaded on Tower 

hill, March 20, 1551. 
Shad well, Thomas, born 1640, died Nov. 20, 1692. 
Shaftesbury, Earl of, born 1671, died 1713. 
Shakspeare, born 1564, died April 3, 1616. 

Sharp, archb. of St. Andrew's, born 1618, shot in his coach, May 3, 1679. 
Sharp, Granville, one of the first who set on foot the enquiry into the 
African slave trade, born 17S5, died July 8, 1813. 

Abraham, mathematician, born 1651, died 1742, 

Samuel, surgeon, died 1778. 

archbishop of York, born 1644, died 1714. 

Sharpe, Gregory, divine, born 1713, died 1771. 
Shaw, Dr. Thomas, English traveller, died 1751. 

Georg e, M. D. keeper of natural history in the British Museum 

born 1751, died July 23, 1813. 

Cuthbert, English poet, born about 1738, died 1771. 

Stebbing, Rev. topographer, born 1762, died 1S02. 

Shebbeare, Dr. pilloried in Charing-cross, Dec. 5, 175S; died August 

1788, aged 79 

Sheffield, John, (duke of Buckingham,) statesman and poet, born 
1649, died 1729. 

, earl of, writer on commerce, born about 1735, died 1821. 

Sheldon, archbishop, died Nov. 9, 1677. 
Shelley, P. B. poet, born 1792, drowned 1822. 

Shenstone, William, Engiish poet and miscellaneous writer, born 
1714, died 1763. 

Sherard, William, founder of the botanic professorship at Oxford,born 
1659, died 1728. 

Sherburne, Sir Edward, born 1618, killed in a mutiny at Oxford, Jui^ 
12, 1616. 

N 



290 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Sheridan, Rev. Dr. Thomas, born 1685, died 173S. 

Thomas, English actor and writer, born 1721, died 172S. 

Frances, novelist and dramatist, born about 1721, died 

17G7. 

Richard Brinsley, son of the preceding", born Oct. 1751. 

died July 7, 1816. 
Sherlock, Dr. Thomas, bishop of London, born 1678, died 1761. 

■ William, divine, born about 1641, died 1707. 

Shirley, James, dramatist, born 1594, died 1666. 

Anthony, traveller, born 1565, died about 1630. 

Shore, Jane, mistress of Edward IV. did penance, 1483; her husband 

executed for coining-, 1496 
Short, Dr. Thomas, physician, died 1685. 

James, eminent optician, born 170S, died 1768. 

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, lost on the rocks of Scilly, Oct. 22, 1707, aged 56. 

Shower, Sir Bartholomew, lawyer, died 1701. 

Shuckford, Samuel, divine, died 1754. 

Shuter, Edward, the comedian, died Nov. 17, 1776. 

Sibthorpe, John, botanist, born 1753, died 1796. 

Sicard, the abbe, born 1742, died 1822. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, born 1554, killed in battle Sept. 22, 1586. 

Algernon, bom about 1620, beheaded Dec. 7, 1683. 

Sigebert, the historian, died 1113. 

Sigismund, the emperor, visited England 1419, died 1438. 
Silius Italicus, Latin poet, born A. D. 15, died aged 75. 
Silvester II. Pope, died 1003. 

Simmons, Dr. Samuel Foart, physician to St. Luke's hospital, born 

March 17, 1750, died June 1813. 
Simnel, Lambert, crowned king in Ireland, 1487. 
Simon, Richard, French divine and writer, born 163S, died 1712. 

Magus, the first heretic, came to Rome 41. 

Simonides, the poet, born 558 before Christ, died aged 92. 
Simpson, Thomas, English mathematician, born 1710, died 1761. 
Simson, Dr. Robert, mathematician, born 1687, died 1768. 
Siri, Vittorio, annalist, born 1613, died 1683. 
Sirmond, James, the French writer, born 1559, died 1631. 
Sisj phus, first king of Corinth, 1504 before Christ. 
Sixtus V. Pope, bom 1521, made pope 1585, died 1590. 
Skelton, Rev. John, the poet, died 1529. 
Philip, divine, born 1707, died 1787. 

Skinner, Stephen, English physician and antiquary, born about 1622, 
died 1667. 

Alderman, born Jan. 14, 1737, died Jan. 30, 1806. 

Sleidan, John, historian, born 1506, died 1556. 

Slingsby, Sir Henry, governor of Hull, and Dr. Hewit, beheaded on 

Tower-hill, June 8, 1658. 
Sloane, Sir Hans, born 1660, died Jan. 11, 1752-53. 
Smalbroke, R. English prelate, born 1672, died 1649. 
Smalridge, Dr. George, bishop of Bristol, writer, bom 1663, died 1719, 
Smart, Christopher, poet, born 1792, died 1770. 
Smeaton, John, engineer, born 1724, died 1792. 
Smellie, Dr. William, eminent anatomist, died 1763. 

William, naturalist, bora 1740, died 1795. 

Smith, Dr. Adam, political economist, born 1723, died 1790. 

Charlotte, poet and novelist, born 1749. died 1806. 

Edmund, dramatist, born 1668, died 1710. 

Elizabeth, learned lady, born 1776, died 1S06. 

Sir John, statesman, died about 1600. 

John, celebrated adventurer, died 1631. 

Miles, Bp. and a translator of the Bible, died 1624. 

Robert, divine and mathematician, born 16S9, died 1768. 

Sir Thomas, statesman, born 1514, died 1577. 

Thomas, divine, born 1638, died 1710. 

William, divine and translator, born 1711, died 1737. 

Smollett, Dr. Tobias, the historian, died Sept. 17, 1771. 
Snape, Rev. Dr. bom 1672, died 1742. 

Snefi, Hannah, the female soldier, had a pension settled on her, June 
1730. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



29 L 



Snelling, Thomas, writer on coins, died 1773. 

Sobieski, John, king of Poland, died 1696. 

Socinus, Laelius, born 1525, died 1604. 

Socrates put to death 396 before Christ, aged 70. 

Solander, Dr. naturalist, born 1736, died May 13, 1782. 

Solis, Anthony de, Spanish historian, born 1610, died 16S6. 

Soion, the lawgiver, born 549 before Christ, died aged SO. 

Somers, John, lord, statesman, born 1650, died 1716. 

Soinerville, William, English poet, born 1692, died 1743. 

Somner, Wm. the antiquary, bora 1598, died 1669. 

Sophocles died 406 before Christ, aged 90. 

Sorbiere, Samuel, physician, born 1615, died 1670. 

Sorbonne, Robert de, founder of the college, born 1201, died 1274. 

South, Rev. Dr. Robert, born 1633, died 1716. 

Southcott, Joanna, pretended prophetess, who had many followers, 
died Dec. 27, 1814. 

Southern, Thomas, dramatist, born 1659, died May 26, 1748. 

Southgate, Richard, divine, born 1729, died 1795. 

Southwell, Robert, poet, born 1560, executed 1595. 

Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian, flourished in the 5th century. 

Spallanzani, Lazarus, naturalist, born 1729, died 1798. 

Spanheim, Ezek.born at Geneva 1629, died 1710. 

Fred, born at ditto 1632, died 1701. 

Speed, John, the historian, died July 1629, aged 78. 

Spelman, Sir Henry, the antiquary, died 1641, aged 80. 

Spence, Joseph, divine and critic, born 1698, died 1768. 

Thomas, political enthusiast, who devised and published a 

plan by which human kind could be provided with sustenance with- 
out pauperism, died Oct. 1814. 

Spencer, John, dean of Ely, died 1695, aged 62. 

Spencers, father, son, and grandson; the father was hanged at Bris- 
tol, aged 90, in October, 1320; the son was hanged at Hereford, 
November 24 following ; the grandson was beheaded at Bristol in 
1400. 

Spenser, Edmund, the poet, born about 1553, died 1598. 

Spigelius, Adrian, anatomist, born 1578, died 1625. 

Spinckes, Rev. Nathaniel, born 1653, died 1727. 

Spinola, Ambrose, general, born 1560, died 1630. 

Spinoza, Benedict, born at the Hague 1633, died 1677. 

Spon, James, antiquary, born 1647, died 1686. 

Spondanus, John, critic, born 1557, died 1595. 

Henry, brother of John, divine, born 1563, died 1643. 

Spooner, Mr. at Tamworth, Warwickshire, died aged 57, who weigh- 
ed 40 stone 9lb. and measured 4 feet 3 inches across the shoulders, 
April 30, 1775. 

Spotswood, archbishop of St. Andrew's, born 1565, died 16391 
Sprat, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Rochester, historian, born 1635, died 1713. 
Squire, Samuel, bishop, miscellaneous writer, born 1714, died 1766. 
Stackhouse, Thomas, English divine and historian, died 1752. 
Stael, Madame de, died June 1817, in the 51st year of her age. 
Stahl, George Ernest, chemist, born 1660 died 1734. 
Stanhope, Charles Stanhope, Earl, died Dec. 15, 1816. 

Philip, earl of Chesterfield, born 1694, died 1773. 

— — Dr. George, born 1660, died 1728. 

Stanislaus, the abdicated king of Poland, burnt by accident, February 
6, 176S, aged 89. 

Poniatowsky, the last king of Poland, who was deprived of 

his kingdom, 1795, died February 11, 1798, aged 65, at Petersburg. 

Stanley, Thomas, the philosophic historian, born 1625, died 1678. 

George, of Hamington, near Salisbury, died 1719, aged 151. 

Mr. John, musician, born 1713, died 1786. 

Stapelton, Walter, bishop of Exeter, murdered in London ,in an in- 
surrection, 1326. 

Sir Robert, poet and translator, died 1669. 

Statius, born about 41, died A. D. 96. 

Staunton, Sir George, died 1801. 

Stebbing, Henry, divine, died 1763. 

Stedman, captain John, historian, born 1745, died 1797. 

N 2 



292 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Steele, Sir Richard, died September 1, 1729. aged 53. 
Sleevens, George, commentator, born 1736. died 1S00. 
Stephen, the martyr, died September 26, 33. 
Stephens, Henry, printer, born 1470, died 1520. 

Robert, printer, born 1503, died 1559. 

Henry, printer and lexicographer, bom 1528, died 1598. 

Stepney, George, dramatist and statesman, born 1663, died 1707. 

Sterne, Rev. Laurence, born 1713, died 1768. 

Ster ahold, Thomas, the poet, died 1549. 

Stevens, George Alexander, dramatic poet, died 1784. 

Capt. John, lexicographer, died 1726. 

Stevinus, Simon, mathematician, died 1633. 

Stewart Denham, Sir James, political economist, born 1713. died 
1780. 

Stiilingfleet, Edward, bishop of Worcester, born 1635, died 1699. 

— Benjamin, naturalist, born 1702, died 1771. 

Stilpo, the philosopher , died about 294 before Christ. 

Stockdale, Percival, miscellaneous writer, born 1736, died 1811. 

Stone, Edward, mathematician, died about 1767. 

Stow, John, the historian, died April 5, 1605, aged SO. 

Strabo flourished about 30 before Christ. 

Strada, F. historian, bom 1572, died 1649. 

Strafford, lord, beheaded May 12, 1642. 

Straight, John, English divine and poet, died 1740. 

Struensee and Brandt, counts.beheaded at Copenhagen, April 28, 1772. 

Strype, John, born 1643, died December 1737. 

Stuart, Dr. Gilbert, the historian, born 1742, died August 13, 1786. 
Stukely. Dr. the antiquary, born 1687, died 1765. 
Suard, J. B. writer and translator, born 1733, died 1817. 
Suckling, sir John, dramatic writer, born 1609, died 1641. 
Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury^ beheaded by the rebels on Tow- 
er-hill, June 14, 1381. 
Suetonius, ihe historian, flourished 110, died 118. 
Suidas, the learned lexicographer, lived between 9*5 and 1025. 
Sully, duke de, died 1641, aged 82. 
Suipicius, the historian, died 420. 
Suizer. J. George, writer, born 1750, died 1779. 

Sutton, Thomas, founder of the Charter-house, born 1532, died 1611. 

Suwarrow, Marshal, born about 1730, died 1800. 

Swammerdam. John, naturalist, born 1637, died 1680. 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, born at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1689, died in Lou- 
don, March 29, 1772. 

Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, died October, 1745, aged 78. 

Swieten, Baron Van, died June 1772. 

Swinburne, Henry, traveller, died 1S03. 

Swiney, Mac Owen, dramatic author, died 1754. 

Swinton, John, historian and antiquary, born 1703, died 1777. 

Sydenham, Dr. Thomas, died December 29, 1689, aged 65. 

— ■ Floyer, transistor, born 1710, died 1787. 

Sylvester, Joshua, poet and translator, born 1563, died 1608. 

Synesius, philosopher and bishop, flourished early in the 5th century. 

Synge, archbishop of Tuam. born 1659, died July 14, 1741. 

Sysigambis, mother of Darius, on hearing the death of Alexander, 
starved herself, 324 before Christ. 

Tacitus born about 56. 

Talbot, John, Eord, warrior, born 1373, died 1453. 

Catherine, writer, born 1720, died 1770. 

Taliacotius, anatomist, born 1546, died 1599. 

Tallard, Marshal, taken prisoner by the English 1704, died 1728. 

Tamerlane, conqueror of Asia, born 1335, died 1405. 

Tanner, Thomas, bishop of St. Asaph, antiquary, born 1676, died 1735. 

Tansillo, Liuigi, poet, born 1520, died 1570. 

Tassie, James. gem and wax modeller, died 1799. 

Tasso, Bernardo, poet, died 1575. 

Torquato, poet, born. 1544, died 1595. 

Tassoni. Alexander, Italian poet, born 1565, died 1635. 
Tate, Francis, lawyer and antiquary, born 1530, died 1616. 
« Nahum, poet iaureat, died 1716. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



293 



Taverner, William, dramatic writer, died 1731. 

Tavernier, John Bapt. famous French traveller, bom 1605, died 16S9, 
Taylor, Brook, mathematician, born 1685. died 1731. 

Jeremy, bishop of Downe, born 1613, died August 13, 1667, 

John, the water poet, died 1651, aged 74. 

divine and civilian, born 1704, died 1766. 

Tell, William, shot Grisler, the Austrian governor, 1307. 
Temple, sir William, died January 1700, aged 69. 
Tern pieman, Dr. Peter, physician and philosopher, born 1711, died 
1769. 

Tenison, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1636, died 1715. 
Tennant, Smitbson, chemical professor, died by a fall from his horse at 

Boulogne, Feb. 22, 1815. 
Terence, born 1S6 B. C. died 159 B. C. 
Terpander, the musician, lived about 706 before Christ. 
Terrasscn, Andrew, divine, died 1723. 

John, writer and translator, born 1670, died 1750. 

Tertullian, a father of the church, died 96, aged 85. 
Testi, Fulvio, poet, died 16i6. 

Thales, the philosopher, born 610, died 572 before Christ. 
Themistocles, the Athenian general, died about 165 before Christ. 
Theobald, Lewis, English dramatic writer, died 1741. 
Theocritus flourished 285 before Christ. 

Theodore, king of Corsica, abdicated his kingdom, 1737; died in an 

obscure lodging in Soho, London, 1756. 
Thespis, the poet, flourished about 539 before Christ. 
Thevenot, Melchisedec, the French traveller, born 1621, died 1692. 

John, traveller, died 1667. 

Thomas, A. L. French writer, born 1732, died 1785. 

William, antiquary, born 16 TO, died 1738. 

Thompson, Edward poet, born 1738, died 1786. 

William, poet, died about 1766. 

, Mrs. near Dublin, died aged 135, Oct. 1796. 

Thomson, James, died Aug 27, 1748, aged 4S. 

Dr. William, miscellaneous writer, born 1716, died 1817, 

Thoresby, Ralph, born 1658, died Oct. 16, 1725. 

Thornton, Bonnel, born 1724, died 1768. 

Thorp, murdered by the mob, 1640. 

Thorpe, John, antiquary, died Aug, 2, 1792, aged 78. 

Thou, J. A. de, statesman and historian, born 1553, died 1617. 

Thucydides, Greek historian, bom B. C. 469, died about B. C. 400. 

Thurloe, John, statesman, bom 1616, died 1668. 

Thurlow, lord, died Sept. 12, 1806, aged 74. 

Thynne, Thomas, shot in Pall-Mall, February 12, 1682. 

Tice, Mr. died at Hag-ley, Worcestershire, Feb, 26,1774, aged 125. 

Ticho Brahe, of Denmark, born 1546, died 1601. 

Tickell, Thomas, English poet, born 1686, died 1740. 

Richard, wit and poet, killed himself 1793. 

Tillemout, Lewis, ecclesiastical writer, born 1637, died 1G98. 

Tiliotsou, archbishop of Canterbury, died 1694, aged 63. 

Tilly, count, warrior, killed 1632. 

Timoleon, of Syracuse, died 337 before Christ. 

Tindal, Dr. Matthew, born 1657, died 1733. 

, R.ev. Nicholas, bora 1687, died June 26, 1774. 

Tiraboschi, Jerome, Italian writer, born 1731, died 1794. 
Tobin, John, dramatist, born 1770, died 1&04. 
Tofts, Mary, the rabbit-woman, imposed upon the public 1726. 
Tolaud, John, born 1669, c'ied 1722. 

Tompion, Thomas, eminent English watchmaker, died 1669. 
Tooke, And. English divine and writer, born 1673, died 1731. 

John Home, born 1736, died March 18, 1812. 

William, historian, born 1744, died 1S20. 

Torquatus, M. caused his own son to be put to death for having 

contrary to his orders, 310 before Christ. 
Torrieelli, E. mathematician, born 160S, died 1617, 
Touimin, Joshua, divine, born 1742, died lsl5. 
Toup, Jonathan, crilic, born 1713, died 1785. 
Touruefort, Joseph, botanist, bora 1653, died 1708. 

N 3 



\ 



294 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Towers, Joseph, miscellaneous writer, born 1737, died 1799. 
Townley, Charles, connossieur, born 1737, died 1S05. 

— John, translator of Hudibras into French, born 1697, died 

17 82. 

James, divine and dramatist, born 1715, died 1778. 

Townsend, Joseph, divine and writer, died 1816. 

Tradescant, John, botanist, died 1632. 

Trapp, Rev. Dr. Jos. born 1679, died Nov. 1747. 

Travis, George, divine, died 1797. 

Trembley. Abraham, naturalist, born 1710, died 1784. 

Trenchard, John, born 1669, died 1723. 

Tressan, count de, French writer, born 1705, died 1782. 

Trimmer, Mrs. born 1740, died Feb. 1810. 

Trissino, J. George, poet, born 1178, died 1550. 

Tromp, Van, the Dutch admiral, born 1597, killed July 29, 1653. 

Tronchin, Theodore, physician, born 1709, died 1781. 

Trumbull, Sir William, statesman, born 1638, died 1716. 

Trusler, Dr. John, compiler, born 1735, died 1820. 

Tryphiodorus, poet, supposed to have lived about the 4th century. 

Tucker, Abraham, metaphysician, born 1705, died 1774. 

Joseph, divine and politician, born 1712, died 1799. 

Tuckey, J. Hingston, nautical writer, born 1776, died 1816. 
Tull, Jethro, eminent in husbandry, died 1740. 

Tunstall, Cuthbert, bishop, divine and statesman, born about 1474, 
died 1559. 

Turbeville, George, poet, born about 1530, died about 1600. 
Turenne, marshal, born 1611, killed 1675. 
Turgot, A. R. statesman, born 1727, died 1781. 
Turnebus, Adrian, critic, born 1512, died 1565. 
Turner, Dr. William, the first English botanist, died about 1568. 
Tusser, Thomas, agricultural writer, born about 1515, died about 
1550. 

Tweddel, John, classical scholar, born 1769, died 1799. 
Tyers, John, of Vauxhall, born 1726, died 1787. 
Tyler, Wat. the rebel, killed 1381. 

Tyndale, William, reformer, born 1500, put to death 1536. 
Tyrrel, James, historian, born 1642, died 1718. 
Tyrtasus, Greek poet, lived in the 7th century B. C. 
Tyrwhitt, Thomas, English writer, born 1730, died 1786. 
Tyson, Dr. Edward, eminent physician, born 1649, died 1708. 
Tytler, William, historical writer, born 1711, died 1792. 
Ulloa, Don Antonio, mathematician, born 1716, died 1795. 
Ulugh-beigh, Tartar prince, astronomer, born 1392, killed 1419, 
Ulysses flourished 1149 before Christ. 
Upton, James, English grammarian, born 1670, died 1749. 

, John, critic, born 1707. died 1760. 

Urfe, Honore d', romance writer, born 1567, died 1621. 
Usher, James, miscellaneous writer, born 1720, died 1772. 

, James, archbishop of Armagh, learned writer, born 1580, died 

1656. 

Vahl, Martin, Danish naturalist and botanist, born Oct. 10, 1749, died 
1804. 

Vaillant, J. F. medallist, born 1632, died 1706. 

Sebastian, botanist, born 1669, died 1722. 

Valerius Maximus, lived in the reign of Tiberius. 

Valla, George, physician and commentator, died about 1700. 

Laurence, translator and commentator, born 1407, died 1457. 

Valmont de Bomare, J. C; naturalist, born 1731, died 1807. 
Valois, Henry de, French writer, born 1603, died 1676. 
Vanburgh, sir John, died March 26, 1726. 
Vandermonde, mathematician, born 1735, died 1796. 
Vane, Sir Henry, (tbe younger,) statesman, born 1612, beheaded 
1662. 

Vanini, burnt at Thoulouse, Feb. 19, 1619, aged 33. 

Van Swieten, the physician, born 1700, died 1772. 

Varillas, Ant. historian, born 1624, died 1696. 

Varro, Terentius, born 28 before Christ, died aged 90. 

Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese, discoverer of the East ladies, 1524. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



295 



Vattel, Emer de, jurist, born ITU, died 1767. 

Vauban, Seb. Marshal, engineer, died 1707, aged 74. 

Vaugelas, Claud, French grammarian, born 1585, died 1650. 

Vauviiliers, J. F. Greek scholar, born about 1736, died 1800. 

Vaux, lord, poet, born 1510, died in the reign pf Mary. 

Vega, Lopez de la, Spanish poet and dramatist, born 1562, died 1635. 

Velli, Paul Francis, historian, born 1711, died 1759. # 

Vendome, duke de, warrior, born 1654, died 1712., 

Venn, Henry, divine, born 1725, died 1797. 

Vere, Sir Francis, warrior, born 1554, died 1608. 

Horace, warrior, born 1565, died 1635. 

Vergennes, count de, statesman, born 1719, died 1787. 
Vernon, Admiral, died 1757, aged 73. 

Verstegan, Richard, the English antiquary, died about 1635. 
Vertot, French historical writer, born 1655, died 1735. 
Vesalius, Andrew, anatomist, born 1514, shipwrecked 1564. 
Vespucius, Americus, a Florentine, discoverer of the West Indies, 

born 1451, died 1516. 
Vicq-d'Azir, Felix, physician, born 1748, died 1794. 
Vida, M. H. modern Latin poet, born about 1480, died 1566. 
Vieta, eminent French mathematician, born 1540, died 1603. 
Villars, Marshal, French general, died 1734, aged 79. 
Villiers, George, duke of Buckingham, born 1592, murdered 1628. 
— ' r—. — second duke of Buckingham, dramatic writer, bom 

1627, died 1688. 
Villoison, J. B. de, critic, born 1750. died 1805. 
Vince, Rev. S. astronomer, died 1822. 

Vincent, William, D. D. head master of Westminster school, born 

1739, died Dec. 21, 1811. 
Viner, Charles, law writer, died 1756. 

Virgil, born at Andes, near Mantua, in B. C. 70 ; died at Brundusmm, 

in Italy, 18 before Christ. 
Virgil, Polydore, died 1555* aged 80. 

Virginius slew his daughter, that she might not fall a sacrifice to the 

lust of Appius Claudius, 446 before Christ. 
Visconti,E. Q. antiquary, born 1753, died 1818. 
Vitalis, Ordericus, historian, born 1075, died about 1143. 
Vitringa, Campegius, commentator, born 1659, died 1722. 
Vitruvius, the architect, flourished 135 before Christ. 
Voiture, Vincent, writer, born 1598, died 1648. 
Volney, count de, writer, born 1757, died 1820. 
Voltaire died 1778, aged 85. 

Vossius, Gerard John, historian, born 1577, died 1649. 

Isaac, Greek scholar, born 1618, died 1688. 

Wade, Marshal, died 1748, aged 75. 

Wager, Admiral, died 1748, aged 77. 

Wagstaffe, the Rev. Thomas, born 1645, died 1712. 

William, writer, bora 1685, died 1725. 

Wake, archbishop, born 1657, died 1737. 

Wakefield, Gilbert, divine and critic, born 1756, died 1801. 

Wakeley, William, of Shiffnal, died 1714, aged 124. 

Wales, William, mathematician, born about 1734, died 1798. 

Walker, the Rev, George, defended Londonderry, 16S9 ; slain at the 

battle of the Boyne, 1690. 
Walker, Adam, philosophical lecturer, died 1821, aged 90. 
• ~ ■ Clement, historian, died in the Tower, 1651. 

! Sir Edward, historian and herald, died 1677. 

George, mathematician, born about 1735, died 1807. 

John, philologist, born 17 32, died 1807. 

William, grammarian, died in 16S4. 

Wall, William, divine, born 1646, died 1728. 

Wallace. Sir William, eminent Scotch general, born 1276, killed !3u5 . 
W aller, Edmund, English poet, died 1687, aged 81. 

, Sir William, general, born 1597, died 1668. 

Wailis, John, mathematician and divine, born 1616, died 1703. 
Walmesiey, Charles, mathematician, born 1721, died 1797. 
Walpole, Sir Robert, earl of Orford, born 1676; committed to the 

Tower, 1712; took his seat in the house of peers, Feb, 11, 1741-^- 

died 1745. N 5 



296 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Walpole, Horace, miscellaneous writer, born 1718, died 1197. 
Walsh, English poet, born 1663, died 1703. 
Walsingham, Thomas, the historian, lived in 1454. 

, Sir Francis, statesman born 1536, died 1590. 

Walstein, duke of Friedland, warrior and statesman, born 1584, as 
sassinated 1634. 

Walton, Brian, bishop of Chester, editor of the Polyglott Bible, born 

1600, died 1661. 
Sir George, admiral, died in 1740. 

* Izaak, biographer and piscatory writer, born 1593, died 1683. 

Walworth, lord mayor of London, knocked down Wat Tyler with the 

city mace, 1381. 
Wanley, Humphrey, antiquary, born 1672, died 1726. 
Warbeckj Perkin, executed November 1499. 
Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, born 1698, died June 7, 1779. 
W ard, Dr. Seth, born 1618, died 1689. 

Ware, Sir James, eminent Irish historian, born 1594, died 1666. 
War ham, William, archbishop of Canterbury, died 1532. 
Waring-, Edward, mathematician, born 1734, died 1798. 
Warner, Ferdinand©, divine and historian, born 1703, died 1768. 

John, bishop of Rochester, born 1585, died 1666. 

— Richard, botanist and translator, born 1711, died 1775. 

— William, poet, born about 1558, died 1669. 

Warton, Dr. Joseph, poet and prose writer, born 1722, died 1803. 

Thomas, poet and critic, born 1728, died 1090. 

Warren, sir Peter, English admiral, died 1752. 

, Sir J. B. admiral, died 1822. 

— Charles, engraver, died 1823. 

Warwick, Earl of, the king-maker, defeated and slain at the battle 

of Barnet, April 14, 1461. 
Washington, general, died Dec. 15, 1799, aged 67. 
Waterland, Daniel, English divine and writer, born 16S3, died 1740. 
Watson, John, English divine and historian, died 1783. 

, Richard, bishop of Llandaff, born 1737, died July 4, 1816. 

, colonel Henry, mathematician and engineer, born about 

1738, died 17£6. 

Robert, historian, born 1730, died 1780. 

Sir William, physician, born 1715, died 1787. 

Watts, Dr. Isaac, born 1674, died 1748. 

Watt, James, celebrated engineer, born 1736, died 1319. 

Waynflete, William, prelate and statesman, died 1486. 

Wedderburn, Alex, earl of Rosslyn, born 1733, died 1805. 

W edgewood, Josiah, the celebrated potter, born 1730, died Jan. 3 f 

1795. 

Wells, Dr. Edward, biblical writer, died 1727. 

W. C. physiciau and philosopher, born 1753, died 1817. 

Wentworth, Thomas, (earl of Strafford,) bora 1593, beheaded 1641. 
Werner, Abraham G. mineralogist, born 1750, died 1817. 
Wesley, Rev. John, died March 28, 1791, aged 88. 
West, Mr. Gilbert, poet, died 1755. 

James, the antiquary, died July 2, 1772. 

Benjamin, artist, born 1738, died 1820. 

Westminster, Matthew of, died about 1380. 
Wetstein, John James, biblical critic, born 1693, died 1754. 
Wharton, Philip, duke of, born about 1699, declared a traitor, April 3. 
1729, died May 31, 1731. 

, Henry, English divine and historian, born 1664, died 1691. 

Whiston, William, the astronomer, born 1667, died 1752. 
Whi taker, John, antiquary, born 1735, died 1808. 

Whitbread, Samuel, born 1758, died by his own hand, when in a state 

of mental derangement, July 6, 1815. 
Whitby, Rev. Daniel, born 1638, died 1726. 
White, Gilbert, naturalist, born 1720, died 1793. 

Henry Kirke, poet, born 1785, died 1806. 

Joseph, divine and biblical critic, born 1746, died 1814. 

Sir Thomas, founder of St. John's College, Cambridge, born 

1492, died 1566. 
Thomas, founder of Sion College, died 1523. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS. 



297 



¥/hiteiiead 3 Paul, bom 1710, died Dec. 30, 1774. 

William, poet laureat, born 1713, died April 17, 1735. 

Whitefield, Rev. George, preached in the fields, 1735; excluded tne 

church, May 10, 1739; died i7?0, aged 56. 
Wbitehurst, John, mechanician, born 1713, died 1788. 
Whitelocke, Bulstrode, stateman, born 1605, died 1676. 
Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, born 1530, died 1603. 
Whit ting-ton, sir Richard, thrice lord mayor of London, 137 7. 
Whytt, Dr. Robert, English physician and writer, born 1714, died 1776. 
Wickliffe, born 1326, opposed the pope's supremacy, 1377; and 40 

years after his bones burnt for being an heretic. 
Wicquefort, Abraham de, statesman, born 1598. 

Wieland, Christopher, Martin, born 1733, died at Weimar. Jan. 21, 
1813. 

Wilkes, John, the patriot, died Dec. 26, 1797, aged 70. 
Wilkie, William, poet, born 1721, died 1772. 

Wilkins, John, bishop, divine and philosopher, born 1614, died 1612. 
Wilkins, David, English librarian at Lambeth, born 1685, died 1745. 
Willan, Robert, physician, bom 1757, died 1812. 

William, prince, son of Henry I. lost in his passage from Normandy, 
1120. 

William of Malmesbury, English historian, nourished 1140. 
Williams, David, author of various publications and founder of the 

literary fund, bom in 1738, died July 1816. 
— John, Archbishop of York, prelate and statesman, born 1582, 

died 1650. 

Williams, sir Charles Hanbury, English historian and poet, born 
1709, died 1759. 

Williamson, Sir Joseph, statesman, born about 1630, died 1701. 
Willis, Dr. Thomas, eminent English physician, &c. born 1621, died 
1675. 

Dr. Browne, born 16S2, died Feb. 1760. 

Willughby, Francis, English natural historian, bom 1635, died 1672. 
Wilmot, John, earl of Rochester, born 1647, died 1680. 
Wilson, Arthur, the historian, born 1596, died 1652. 

— Samuel, of London, bequeathed 20,000?. to be lent out in 

small sums to industrious tradesmen, 1771. 

Thomas, bishop of Sodor and Man, born 1663, died 1755. 

Winchelsea, Ann Kingsmill, countess of, English poetess, died 1720. 
Windham, WiUiam, statesman, born May 14, 1750, died June 4, 1810. 

Joseph, antiquary, born 1739, died 1810. 

Wingate, Edmond, died December 16, 1656, aged 62. 
Winkelman, Abbe, born 1718, murdered at Trieste, 1768. 
Winslow, James, anatomist, born 1669, died 1760. 
Winwood. Sir Ralph, statesman, born 1565, died 1617. 
Wishart, George, martyr, died 1546. 
Wither, George, poet, born 1588, died 1667. 

Withering, George, physician and botanist, born 1741, died 17S9* 
Wit, John de, murdered at the Hague, Aug. 10, 1672. 
Wodhull, Michael, poet and translator, born 1740, died 1S16. 
Woffington, Margaret, eminent actress, died 1761. 
Wolcot, John, poet, born 1738, died 1819. 

Wolfe, general, killed before Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759, aged 33. 
Wollaston, Rev. William, born 1659, died 1724. 

Wolsey, born 1471, minister to Henry VIII. 1513, abp. of York, 1514, 
cardinal, 1515, chancellor Dec. 24, following, legate, 1518, resigned 
the seals Oct. 18, 1529, stripped of all his possessions, and died Nov. 
18, 1530, aged 59. 

Wood, Anthony, born 1632, died 1695. 

— Robert, statesman and scholar, born 1716, died 1771. 

Woodfall, William, printer, died Aug. 1, 1S03. 
Woodward, Dr. John, bom 1665, died 1728. 

, Henry, English comedian, died 1777. 

Woolsey, sir William, drowned in his coach, July 4, 1728. 
Woolston, Thomas, born 1669, died 1732. 
Worde,, Winkin de, the printer, died 1534. 
Wotton, Rev. Dr. Wdliam, died 1726, aged 60. 

sir Henry, born 156S. died 1639. 

N 5 



'298 



CHRONOLOT. Y. 



Wray, Daniel, English antiquary, bom 1701, died 1783. 

Wren, sir Christopher, died 1125, aged 91. 

Wyat, sir Thomas, the poet, died 1541, aged 37. 

Wyatt, James, architect, born about 1743, died Oct. 1813. 

Wycheriy, William, born 1640, died Jan. 1, 1715-16. 

Wykeham, William of, eminent English prelate, bishop of Winches- 
ter, born 1334, died 1404. 

Wyndham, W. Penruddock, antiquary and writer, born 1736, died 
1817. 

— Sir William, statesman, born 1687, died 1740. 

Xavier, St. Francis, born 1506, died 1552. 
Xenophon died at Corinth 359 before Christ, aged 90. 
Ximenes, Cardinal de, died 1517, aged SO. 

Yalden, Thomas, English divine and poet, born 1671, died 1736. 
Yates, Mrs. Mary, of Shiffnal, died Aug. 1776, aged 128. 
Yorke, Philip, earl of Hard wick, born 1690, died 1764. 
2nd earl of Hard wick, author of Athenian Letters, born 

1729, died 1790. 
Young, Dr. Edward, died 1765, aged 81. 

Arthur, agricultural writer, born 1741, died 1S20. 

Patrick, classical scholar, born 1584, died 1652. 

sir William, miscellaneous writer, born 1750, died 1S15. 

Yriarte, Don Juau, Spanish writer, born 1702, died 1771. 
Zeno died 264 before Christ, aged 98. 

Apostolo, Italian poet, born 1669, died 1750. 

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, died about 300. 
Zenodatus, librarian at Alexandria, 287 before Christ. 
Zephaniah, the prophet, flourished 641 before Christ, 
Zimmerman, J. G. physician and writer, born 1728, died 1795. 

E. A. W. miscellaneous writer, born 1743, died 1815. 

Zinzendorff, count Nicholas Lewis, founder of the Hern-hutters, or 

Moravians, born 1700, died 1760. 
Zisca, John, Bohemian reformer, died 1424. 
Zollikoffer, G. J. divine, born 1730, died 1788. 
Zonaris flourished 1118. 

Zoroaster flourished in the time of Darius Hystaspts. 
Zouch, Thomas, divine, born 1737, died 1816. 
Zuinglius, born 1487, killed in the Swiss war 1531. 



SECT. XX. 

LORD LIEUTENANTS', HEADS OF COLLEGES, 
LORD MAYORS OF LONDON, &c. 



LORD LIEUTENANTS of IRELAND since the Accession of 
GEORGE III. 

DUNK, earl of Halifax, Oct. 1761. 
Hugh, earl of Northumberland, Sept. 22, 1763. 
Lord Viscount Weymouth, June 5, 1765. 
Francis earl of Hertford, Oct. 11, 1765. 
Augustus, earl of Bristol, Oct. 6, 1766. 
George, viscount Townshend, Aug, 19, 1767. 



HEADS OF COLLEGES, 299 

Simon, Earl Harcourt, Oct. 1772. 

John, earl of Buckinghamshire, Nov. 30, 1776. 

Frederick, earl of Carlisle, Oct. 13, 1780. 

William Henry, duke of Portland, April 10, 1782. 

George Nugent Grenville, earl Temple, July 31, l?8i. 

Robert, earl of Northington, April SO, 1783. 

Charles, duke of Rutland, Feb. 14, 1784. 

George, marquis of Buckingham, Dec. 16, 1787, 

John, earl of Westmoreland, Dec. 1789. 

Earl Fitzwilliam, Dec. 10, 1794. 

Earl Camden, March 11, 1795. 

Marquis Cornwallis, June 20, 1798. 

Earl of Hardwicke, Feb. 23, 1801. 

Duke of Bedford, Feb. 12, 1806. 

Duke of Rutland. 

Duke of Richmoud, April, 1807. 

Viscount, Whitworth, June, 1813. 

Earl Talbot, September, 1817. 

Marquis Wellesley, December, 1821. ' 



LORD CHANCELLORS since the Accession of 
GEORGE III. 



Lord Henley, afterwards earl of Northington, Jan. 1761. 
Charles Pratt, lord Camden, July, 1766. 
Charles Yorke, lord Hardwicke, Jan. 1770. 

In Commission, viz. — Sir Sidney Stafford Smith, Knt. — Hon. Henry 

Ashhurst, and sir R. Aston, Knt. Jan. 1770. 
Henrv Bathurst, earl Bathurst, Jan. 1771. 
Thurlow, lord Thurlow, of Ashfield, June 2, 1778. 
In commission, viz. — Lord Loughborough, sir William Ashhurst, and 

sir William Beaumont Hotham, April 3, 1783. 
Lord Thurlow again, Dec. 23, 1783. 

In commission, viz.— Sir James Eyre, sir William Henry Ashkurst 

sir John Wilson, June 15, 1792. 
Lord Loughborough, Jan. 27, 1793. _ 
Lord Eldon, April 15, 1801. 
Lord Erskine, Feb. 7, 1806. 
Lord Eldon again, March 25, 1807. 
Lord Lyndhurst, 1827. 
Lord Brougham, 1831. 



CHANCELLORS of CAMBRIDGE since the Revolution 

Charles Seymonr, duke of Somerset, installed 1688. 
Thomas Holies Pelham,duke of Newcastle, 1748. 
Augustus Fitzroy, duke of Grafton, 1768. 
William Henry, duke of Gloucester, 1811. 



CHANCELLORS of OXFORD since the Revolution. 

James, duke of Ormond, installed 1688. 

Earl of Arran, 1715. 

John, earl of Westmoreland, 1759. 

George Henry, earl of Litchfield, 1762. 

Frederick, lord North, late earl of Guildford, 1772. 

^illiam Henry, duke of Portland, 1792. 

William Windham Grenville, earl Grenville, 1809. 



300 



CHRONOLOGY. 



LORD MAYORS OF LONDON, from the Year 17G8 to 
the Year 1831. 

Rt. Hon. Thomas Harley . 176S Harvey Coombe, Esq. . 1S0O 

Samuel Turner . . . 1769 Sir William Staines , . 1S01 

Wm. Beckford, Esq. ) Sir John Earner, Knt. . . 1802 

Bar. Trecothick J • w<0 Charles Price, Esq. . . 1803 

Brass Crosby Esq. . . 1771 John Perring-, Esq. . . 1804: 

"William Nash, Esq. . . 1772 Peter Perchard, Esq. . . 1S05 

James Townshend, Esq. . 1773 Sir James Shaw . . . 1S06 

Frederick Bull, Esq. . . 1774 Sir William Leig-hton . . 1S07 

John Wilkes, Esq. . . 1775 John Ansley .... 1S0S 

John Sawbridge, Esq. . . 1776 Sir Charles Flower • . 1S09 

Sir Thomas Halifax . . 1777 Thomas Smith, Esq. . . 1810 

Sir James Esdaile • . 1778 Joshua Jonathan Smith, esq. 1811 

Samuel Plumbe, Esq. . . 1779 Sir Claudius S. Hunter . 1812 

Brackley Kennett, Esq. . 1780 George Scholey, Esq. . ♦ 1813 

Sir Watkin Lewis, Knt. . 1781 Sir William Domville = 1814: 

Sir William Plomer, Knt. . 1782 Samuel Birch, Esq. . . 1S15 

Ts T ath. Kewnham, Esq. . 1783 Matthew Wood, Esq. . . 1816 

liobert Peckham, Esq. . 1784 . 1817 

Richard Clark, Esq. . . 1785 Christopher Smith, Esq. . 1818 

Thomas Wright, Esq. . .1786 John Atkins, Esq. . . . 1S19 

Thomas Sainsburgh, Esq. . 1787 George Bridges, Esq. . . 1820 

John Burnell, Esq. . . 17SS John Thomas Thorpe, Esq. 1821 

William Gill, Esq. . . 1789 Christopher Magnay, Esq. . 1822 

William Pickett, Esq. . 17S0 William Hcygate, Esq. . 1823 

John Boy dell, Esq. . . 1791 Robert Waithman, Esq. . 1824: 

John Hopkins, Esq. . . 1792 John Garrett, Esq. • . 1825 

Sir Jomes Saunderson . 1793 William Venables, Esq. • 1826 

Paul le Mesurier, Esq, , 1794 Anthony Brown, Esq. . . 1827 

Thomas Skinner, Esq. . 1795 Matthias Prime Lucas, Esq. 1828 

William Curtis, Esq. . . 1796 William Thompson, Esq. . 1829 

Brook Watson, Esq. . . 1797 John Crowder, Esq. . . 1830 

John W.Anderson, Esq. . 1798 John Key, Esq. . . . 18SI 

Sir Rich. Carr Glyn, Bart. . 1199 



LIST of the PRESIDENTS of the COURT of SESSION, 
in Scotland, from the Institution of the College of Justice 
in the Year 1532, to 1830. 

NAME. TITLE. 

1 532 Alexander Milne Abbot of Cambuskenuetli 



1605 James Elphingstone Lord Balmerino 

1609 John Preston Fenton Barns 

1616 Thomas Hamilton Lord Binning 

1626 Sir James Skene Curriehill 

1633 Sir Robert Spottiswood NewAbbay 

1661 Sir John Gilmour Craiginiller 

1671 5>ir James Dalrymple Sair 

1681 Sir George Gordon Haddo 

1682 Sir David Falconer Newton 
1685 Sir George Lockhart Carnwath 
1689 Sir James Dalrymple Sair 

1698 Mr. Hew Dalrymple North Berwick 

1737 Mr. Duncan Forbes Culloden 

1748 Mr. Robert Dundas Arniston 

1754 Mr. Robert Craigie Glendoick 

176G Mr. Robert Dundas Arniston 

1788 Sir Thomas Miller Glenlee 

1789 Mr. Hay Campbell Succoth 
1808 Mr. Robert Blair Avontoun 
ISU Mr. Charles Hope 



BARONS OF THE EXCHEQUER, &C. 



301 



LIST of BARONS of the EXCHEQUER, of SCOTLAND 
since the Union. 

Dates 
of 

Com. Lord Chief Barons. Succeeded 

1708 James Earl of Seafield 

1709 John Smith 
1726 Matthew Lant 
1741 John Idle 
1755 Robert Orel 
1775 James Montgomery 
1801 Robert Dundas 
1819 Sir Samuel Shepherd. 



Earl of Seafield 
John Smith 
Matthew Lant 
John Idle 
Robert Ord 

James Montgomery, resigned 



1708 



1709 
1721 
1724 
1726 
1730 
1745 
1748 
1754 
1755 
1761 
1761 
1776 
1776 
1777 
1781 
1790 
1790 
1801 
1809 
1814 



Barons. 
John Smith 
John Scrope 
Alexander Maitland 
John Clerk 
George Dairy m pie 
Thomas Kennedy 
Matthew Lant 
Edmund Miller 
Edward Edlin 
Laurence Cragie 
John Maule 
James Erskine 
John Grant 
William Muir 
George Winn 
Fletcher Norton 
Sir John Dalrymple 
Cosmo Gordon 
Da. Steward Moncrieff 
Archibal Cockburn 
Geo. Buch. Hepburn 
Robert Dundas. 
James Clerk 
William Adam, 



John Smith 
Alexander Maitland 
John Scrope 
Matthew Lant 
Edmund Miller 
George Dalrymple 
Laurence Cragie 
Thomas Kennedy 
Sir John Clerk, Bart. 
James Erskine resigned 
Edward Edlin 
George Winn, resigned 
William Muir 
John Grant 
John Maule 

David Stewart Moncrieff 
Cosmo Gordon 

Archibald Cockburn, resigned 
Geo. B. Hepburn, resigned. 



JURY COURT. 

Lord Chief Commissioner. 
1815 William Adam. 



PRINCIPALS of the UNIVERSITY of St. ANDREW 'S. 



St. Salvator's College. 

John Athilmare or Aldmaire 
1540 John Mair 
1546 Martin Balfour 
1551 William Cranstown 
1561 John Rutherford 
1577 James Martine 



St. Leonard's College. 

1551 John Call 
1563 John Duncanson 
1566 George Buchanan 
1572 James Wilkie 
1589 Robert Wilkie 
1611 Peter Bruce 



302 



CHRONOLOGY. 



St. Salvator's College. 

1623 George Martine 
1668 George Weemyss 
1677 William Pattullo 
16S0 Alexander Skene 
1696 Alexander Monroe 
1700 Robert Ramsay 
1733 William Young 



St. Leonards' College. 

1632 Andrew Bruce 
1656 George Weemyss 
1667 James Wemyss 
1692 William Tullideph 
1696 George Hamilton 
1698 John Anderson 
1708 Joseph Drew 
1740 Thomas Tullideph 



St. Mary's College. 

1540 JohnNormand 
1550 John Douglas 
1574 Robert Hamilton 
1530 Andrew Melville 
1608 Robert Howie 
1644 Samuel Rutherford 
1664 Alexander Colville- 
1671 Walter Comrie 
1688 James Lorimer 
1694 Alexander Pitcaim 
1698 Thomas Forrester 
1710 James Hadow 
1748 James Murison 
1780 James Giilespie 
1791 Dr. George Hill 
1820 Dr. Robert Haldane 



PRINCIPALS of the UNITED COLLEGE. 

1747 Thomas Tullideph 
1778 Robert Watson 
1781 Joseph M'Cormick 
1800 James Playfair 
1819 Dr. Francis Nicoll 



LIST of all the PRINCIPALS of the MARISCHAL COL- 
LEGE, ABERDEEN, founded Anno 1493. 



1 Mr. Robert Howie 1593 

2 Mr. Gilbert Gray 1593 

3 Mr. Andrew Adie 1615 

4 Mr. William Forbes 1613 

5 Mr. Patrick Dun 1621 

6 Mr. William Moir 1649 

7 Mr. James Leslie 1661 

8 Mr. Robert Paterson 1679 

9 Mr. Thomas Black well - - - - 1717 

10 Mr. John Osborn 1728 

11 Dr. Thomas Blackwell - - - - 174S 

12 Dr. Robert Pollock ----- 1757 

13 Dr. George Campbell ... - 1759 

14 Dr. William Laurence Brown - 1796 



HEADS OF COLLEGES. 



303 



LIST of all the PRINCIPALS of KING'S COLLEGE, 
OLD ABERDEEN, founded Anno 1494. 

1 Hector Boethius, author of the famous Chronicle of Scotland . 

2 Mr. William Gray, died about the year 1540. 

3 Mr. John Bisset, resigned anno 1551. 

4 Mr. Alex. Anderson, deposed at the Reformation, anno 1569. 

5 Mr. Alexander Arbuthnot, died 15S3. 

6 Mr. Walter Stewart, died 1593. 

7 Mr. David Rait, died 1632. 

S Dr. William Leslie, deposed anno 1639, for refusing- the Covenant- 
9 Dr. William Guild, deposed anno 1652, by the English. 

10 Mr. John Row, deposed at the Restoration, anno 1661. 

11 Mr. William Rait, only one year, and afterwards minister at Dun- 
dee. 

12 Mr. Alex. Middleton, entered 1663, was living 1683. 

13 Dr. G. Middleton, turned out 1717, for attachment to the pretender.. 

14 Dr. George Chalmers, died 1746. 

15 Dr. John Chalmers, died 1800. 

16 Dr. Roderick Mac Leod. 

17 William Jack, D.D. (1815.) 



PRINCIPALS of the UNIVERSITY of GLASGOW since 

the Reformation, viz. 

1574 Andrew Melville 
1580 Thomas Smeaton 
15S4 Patrick Sharp 
1615 Robert Boyd 
1622 John Cameron 
1626 John Strang, D.D. 
1650 Robert Ramsay 
1652 Patrick Gillespie 
1661 Robert Baillie 
1563 Edward Wright 
1684 James Fall 
1690 William Dunlop 
1701 John Stirling 
1728 Neil Campbell 
1761 Will. Leechman, D. D. 
1786 Arch. Davidson, D. D. 
1803 Will. Taylor, D. D. 
1824 Duncan Macfarlane. 



3 04 



ADDENDA. 



ADDENDA, 



THE DESCENT OF THE CROWN OF ENGLAND. 

T7GBERT was sole monarch of England, S00. From Egbert to 1017. 

the crown descended regularly, with very little deviation. In 
the three succeeding reigns it was suspended by force, till the Saxon 
line was restored in Edward the Confessor, who indeed was not the 
next heir, because Edmund II. had a son living, Edward, an outlaw,in 
Hungary. On Edward the Confessor's decease, Harold II. usurped 
the throne, though the right remained in Edaar Atheling, son of Ed- 
ward the outlaw, and grandson of Edmund II. 

At this time William I. duke of Normandy claimed a right, from a 
grant of Edward the Confessor, and by conquest transferred the crown 
to a new family. From him it descended to his second and third sons 
William II. and Henry I., his eldest son Robert being kept cut of pos- 
session by his brothers. Henry I was succeeded by"Stephen, grand- 
son of William I. by his daughter .Adelicia, his elder brother Theobald 
waving his claim, and Maud the daughter of Henry I. and grand- 
daughter of Edward the Outlaw, to whom the succession belonged, 
being excluded by force ; however her son, Henry II. as heir to Wil- 
liam I. succeeded Stephen; though the proper heirs in the Saxcn line 
were the sons of Malcolm king- of Sc tlaud, by Margaret the daughter 
of Edward the Outlaw. But Henry I. having married the daughterof 
Edgar Atheling, by whom he had Maud, and her son Henry II. coming 
to the crown, in some measure restored the Saxon line. 

From Henry II. the crown descended to his oldest son then living, 
Richard I. on whose death it was seized by his brother John, Henry 
lid's youugestson, in exclusion of his nephew Arthur. On the death 
of Arthur aud his sister Eleanor, w ithout issue, the crown properly 
descended to Henry III. son of John; and from Henry III. in an here* 
ditary line of six generations to Richard II. and this right of succes- 
sion was declared in parliament by the 25th of Edward III. 

Richard II. resigned the crown, and the right resulted to the issue 
of his grandfather Edward III. and should have fallen on the poste- 
rity of Lionel duke of Clarence, the first son of Edward III. but Henry 
duke of Lancaster, descended from the third son of Edward III. 
usurped it, under the title of Henry IV. pretending to be the next 
heir. Parliament, (1th Henry IV.) settled it on him and his heirs. 

Henry IV. was regularly succeeded by his son and grandson Henry 
V. and VI. Under Henry VI. the house of York descended from 
Lionel duke of Clarence, by the mother's side, began to claim rheir 
dormant right, and established it in Edward IV. by parliament. This 
king was succeeded Ly his eldest son Edward V. who was deposed 
aud succeeded by his unnatural uncle Richard III. his father's bro- 
ther, on a pretence of bastardy. During- this reign Henry VII. earl 
of Richmond, a descendant of the house of Lancaster, assumed the 
throue, and his possession was established by parliament, 1455 He 
marrying Elizabeth of York, Edward the IVth's daughter, the un- 
doubted heiress of Y\ iliiam the Conqueror, the families of York and 
Lancaster were united in Henry VIII. her eldest son, who transmitted 
the crown in successive order to his three children, confirmed by par 
liament, 25 Henry VIII. c. 12. This statute was repealed by 2S Henry 
VIII. c. 7, by which, after the king's divorce from Ann Boleyn, Mary 
and Elizabeth were bastardized. Teey were again legitimated, and 
the succession was restored by 35 Henry VIII. c. 1. Parliament now 
asserted its right of directing the succession by 13 Elizabeth, c. ]. 

On the death of Elizabeth succeeded James VI. of Scotland, our 
James L (the lineal descendant of Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. 
and his wife Elizabeth of York, the wife of James IV. of Scotland.) 



TABLE OF PRECEDENCE, 



305 



and in him were united not only the different competitors since ti e 
conquest, but likewise the right of the Saxon monarchs, he "being- the 
direct lineal heir of Malcolm, who married Margaret the grand- 
daughter of Edmund II. 

k- From James I. the crown descended to his second son Charles I. 
his eldest son Arthur being dead. After him the succession was in- 
terrupted by the usurpation of Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, 
but restored in 1669, in Charles II. eldest son of Charles T. He dying- 
without legitimate issue, it passed to his brother James II. whom par- 
liament excluded, and called in William of Orange and his wife Mary, 
the eldest daughter of James II. 1688, to the exclusion of her father 
and her brother. On the death of this William III. Anne second 
daughter of James II. reigned, and she leaving no issue, the crown 
was settled by parliament, 12 and 13 William III. on the princess 
Sophia of Hanover, the youngest daughter of Elizabeth, queen of 
Bohemia, who was the daughter of James I. and her heirs, being 
Protestants. She dying before queen Anne, her son George I. suc- 
ceeded, in which family the crown has regularly descended to the 
present king. 



TABLE OF PRECEDENCE IN ENGLAND, 



ifbarons 



HpKE king's children^and grand - 
children 

The king's brethren 

The king's uncles 

The king's nephews 

Archbishop of Canterbury 

Lord Chancellor, or Keeper, if a 
baron 

Archbishop of York 

Lord Treasurer 

Lord President of the 
Council 

Lord Privy Seal J 

Lord Great Chamberlain 

Lord High Constable 

Lord Marshal 

Lord High Admiral 

Lord Steward of the House- 
hold 

Lord Chamberlain of the 

Household 
Dukes 
Marquisses 
Dukes' eldest sons 
Earls 

Marquises' eldest sons 
Dukes younger sons 
Viscounts 
Earls' eldest sons 
Marquisses' younger sons 
Secretary of State, if a bishop 
Bishop of London 
Bishop of Durham 
Bishop of Winchester 
Bishops 



Barons 

Speaker of the House of Commons 
Lords Commissioners of the great 
Seal 

Viscounts' eldest sons 

Earls' younger sons 

Barons' eldest sons 

Knights of the Garter 

Privy Counsellors 

Chancellor of the Exchequer 

Chancellor of the Duchy 

Chief Justice of the King's Bench 

Master of the Rolls 

Chief Justice of the CommonPleas 

Chief Baron of the Exchequer 

Judges, and Barons of the Coif 

Knights' Bannerets, royal 

Viscounts' younger sons 

Barons' younger sons 

Baronets 

Knights Bannerets 
Knights of the Bath 
Knights Bacchelors 
Baronets' eldest sons 
Knight's eldest sons 
Baronets' younger- sons 
Knights' younger sons 
Colonels 

Serjeants at Law 
Doctors 
Esquires 
Gentlemen 
Yeomen 
Tradesmen 
Artificers 
Labourers 



Secretary of State, if a baron 

Married women and widows are entitled to the same rank among 1 
each other, as their husbands would respectively have borne between 
themselves, except such rank is merely professional or official ; and 
unmarried women to the same rairk as their eldest brothers would 
bear among men, during the lives of their fathers. 



306 



ADDENDA, 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE FRENCH AND 
ENGLISH CALENDERS. 



h 



French Months. 
1. Vendemiaire 



* J 2. Brumaire 
Frimaire 



j ^ 4. Nivose 
5. PluviSse 



6. Veato9e 



§5 8 
1 1 9 - ** 



Germinal 
8. Floreal 
airial 



£ J 11. 

GO V 



10. Mes; dor 
Thermidor 
Fructidor 



Szg oftheXames 
10 1 Vintage 



x | } Foggy 

M Frosty 

£ Snowy 

^| Rainy 

X J | Windy 

^ J Springing 

t J | Flowery 
Haymg 

ll] HarV6St 

ill HOt 

■si Fruit 



English Months 
( September 
{ October 

November 

{December 



{ January 
{ February 
{ March 



[April 
{.May 
{ June 

[ July 
i August 
{ September 



21 

1 
20 

1 
19 

I 

21 
1 

20 
1 

20 
1 

19 
1 

19 
1 

IB 
1 



OBSERVATIONS 

ON THE 

HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS. 

VT BOURRIT, who explored the Alps, gives the following Table ct 
lJ± ' the various elevations of places and mountains above the levei 
of the sea : — 

Etiglish Yt& - 
The lake of Geneva, at the lower passage of the 



Rhone 398 

The lake of Neufchatel ±56 

Highest point of the ISeedle of Saleve - USS 

Summit of Canigou - - - - - - s - 

Summit of Dole , the highest mountain of Jura j ^ - 

Summit of Mole - - - - - - 261% 

Valley of Chamouni - - - - - lf$l 

Ridge of Breven ------ ggi|«| 

Valley of Montanvert 1865 

Abbey of Sixt ------ -97 

Granges des Communos .... 1^9 

Highest Grange of Fondes - - - - Mffei 

Summit of Grenier ----- 2'.S2 

Summit of Grenairon - - - - - -295 s 

Plain de Lechaud ----- 2295 

Summit of Buet - • - - - - - 3315 



REMARKABLE CUSTOMS, PHRASES, &C. 3&7 



Mont Blanc - 50S1 

Mount iEtna - - 4000 

Summit of the table at the Cape of Good Hope 1153 

Summit of Snowden in Wales - 1224 

Peak Rucco in the island of Madeira - - 1689 

Peak of Teneriffe 4399 

The same, according' to Dr. Heberden - 5132 

Summit of Cotopaxi, according' to Ulloa - 6643 



Some philosophers have estimated the Peak of Teneriffe to" be 19,200 
feet in height ; Fenille reduces it to 12,248 ; and others assert, that 
the Peak and iEtna are the most elevated objects on the earth. But 
this supposition has been combated by Sir George Shuckborough, who 
measured iEtna from an observation by M. de Saussure, and found it 
to be 10,954 feet above the level of the sea. The latter gentleman 
had obtained the height of Vesuvius, and Sir George measured Mont 
Blanc ; from which it appears, that the height of Vesuvius, added to 
that of iEtna, is 14,854 feet, and that of Mont Blanc alone amounts to 
15,662 feet, whence he infers, that Mont Blanc far eclipses all other 
mountains in Europe, Asia, and Africa ; those of America, according 
to Condamine, are of vast height, and in some instances the elevation 
amounts to 19,200 feet. From some observations which have recently 
been made, there is, however, reason to believe that several of the 
lofty peaks of the Himalaya mountains, on the frontier of Hindostan* 
far surpass the Andes, in America. 



ORIGIN OF REMARKABLE CUSTOMS, 
PHRASES, &c. 
Chiefly extracted from Dr. Truster's Works. 

\ DIEU, French, from Ad deum te commendo, i. e. I commend you 
to God. Farewel — Fare ye well, a similar expression to the Jo 
Ptean of the Egyptians, the Deo gratias of the Romans, being short 
expressions to excite a reliance on God in distress. 

Adore, from Adorare, and this, from Ad os, a respectful mode of salu- 
tation, by carrying the hand to the mouth. 

Allodial, or Free Lands, is derived from Odhal, implying freeholds, 
in Norway, the first being merely a transposition of the syllables 
of the latter: hence Fee-odh, feodum, feudal, denoting stipendiary 
property, a fee being 1 a stipend. 

Argonautic expedition, 1232 B. C. 48 years before the taking* of Troy ; 
the Golden Fleece was the treasure of the king of Colchis, pillaged 
by the Argonauts, the Syriac word Gaza meaning Fleece, but it is 
more generally admitted that Argo was the name of the first ship 
that was built, (except the ark), and that it was therefore made a 
sign in the heavens. — That the fable of the Fleece originated in the 
fleeces sunk in*the river Xanthus, to collect the gold dust washed 
into that river from the adjacent mines. 

Arms, coats of, came into vogue in the reign of Richard I. and here- 
ditary in families about 1192. They took their rise from the knights 
painting their banners with different figures, to distinguish them in 
the crusades ; though some trace it higher, and say it originated in 
the common custom of the primitive people painting- their bodies 
with different figures, to distinguish them from each other. The 
lions in the English arms were originally leopards, so says a record 
of 1232. Formerly none but the nobility bore arms, but Charles V. 
of France having ennobled the Parisians 1371, he permitted them to 
bear arms. This was followed in other places. 

Asses, Feast of, in France, held in honour of Balaam's ass, when the 
clergy, at Christmas, walked in procession, dressed so as to repre- 
sent the Prophets. Suppressed early before 1445. 



308 ADDENDA. 

Basket-making", returning to the old trade of, originated we appre- 
hend from the ingenuity of the ancient Britons in making baskets, 
which they exported in large quantities, and implies sliding back 
into old habits, or returning to the more primitive occupations of 
barbarous ages. 

Bell-book and Candle. Swearing by, originated in the manner of the 
pope's blessing the world yearly, from the balcony of St. Peter's, at 
Rome. He holds a wax taper lighted, a cardinal reads a curse on 
all heretics, and no sooner is the last word uttered, than the bell 
tolls, and the pope changes the curse into a blessing, throwing 
down his taper among the people. 

Bellman first appointed in London, 1556. They were to ring their 
bells at night and cry, 44 Take care of your fire and caudle, be cha- 
ritable to the poor, and pray for the dead." 

Black-book, was a book kept by the English monasteries, in which a 
detail of the scandalous enormities pi'actised in religious houses 
were entered, for the inspection of visitors under Henry VIII. in 
order to blacken them, and hasten then* dissolution. Hence the 
vulgar phrase, 44 I'll set you down in my black-book." 

B one — 44 Give him a bone to pick," probably took its rise from a cus- 
tom at marriage feasts, among the poor in Sicily, when, after din- 
ner, the bride's father gives the bridegroom a bone, saying, 44 Pick 
this bone, for you have undertaken to pick one more difficult." 

Bray, Berks, famous in song for its vicar, who, from the reign of 
Henry to Elizabeth, changed his religion three times, and being 
called a turn coat, said he kept to his principle, that of living and 
dying Vicar of Bray. 

Bride Cake, originated in the Roman custom, called Confarreation, 
of dividing a cake of wheat and barley, as a firm alliauce between 
man and wife. 

Brothers, Sworn, probably arose from a custom in Morlachia, and other 
places, where friendship between the same sex are like marriages 
ratified at the altar. Others say from persons covenanting former- 
ly to share each others fortune, in any expedition to invade a 
country, as were Hubert de Oily and Robert de Ivery, in William 
I.'s first expedition into England. Hence the term of 44 Brethren 
in iniquity," because of their dividing plunder. 

Bugg-a-bo, or buggan-bo, originally no more than mothers frighten- 
ing their children with the bull, bo, bull, bo, which the little ones, 
not rightly pronouncing, call bug-a-bo. It is properly bogle-bo, 
bogle signifying a malevolent spirit ; the Shropshire term, buggan- 
bo, meaning the same thing. If a horse takes fright, they say, he 
spies a buggan. 

Bumper, a corruption of bon pere, Good father, i. e. the pope, whose 
health was always drank by the monks after dinner, in a full glass. 

Bushes of ever-green, such as ivy, cypress, &c. were anciently signs 
where wine was sold, hence the proverb, "Good wine needs no 
bush." 

Candle — 44 Not fit to hold a candle to him," arose from an early cus- 
tom of candies being held by domestics, and not placed on the 
table. 

Carving at table, by ladies, Verstegan says, originated among our 
Saxon ancestors ; and the title of lady sprung from this office, as 
laf'Ord or loaf-giver, (now lord), was so called from his maintaining 
a number of dependents ; so leo.f-dian or loaf- dian,\. e. loaf-server, 
is the origin of lady, she serving it to the guests. 

Commend me to such a friend, i. e. tell him I am his humble servant, 
originated in the word Commendatus. in Doomsday-book, meaning 
one who lived under the patronage of a great man. 

Coward, a feudal expression, implying cow herd, for which office a 
man void of courage was deemed only fit for. 

Diamonds, Nine of, called the Curse of Scotland, from a Scotch mem- 
ber of parliament, part of whose family arms is the nine of dia- 
monds, voting for the introduction" of the malt tax into Scotland. 

44 Drank as a Lord," the old proverb was 44 Drunk as a Beggar," but 
this vice prevailing among the great of late years, it has been al- 
tered. 



REMARKABLE CUSTOMS, PHRASES, &C. 309 

Grace at meat. The table was considered by the ancient Greeks as 
the altar of friendship, and held sacred; and they would not par- 

. take of any meat till they had offered part of it, as the first fruits, 
to their gods. The ancient Jews offered up prayers always before 
meat, and from their example the primitive Christians did the 
same. 

Grog-, the sea term for rum and water, arose from admiral Vernon, 
who first introduced it on board a ship. He was called Old Grog, 
from wearing- a grogram coat in bad weather. 

Gun, Son of a, most probably from Gong, an old word for the temple 
of Cloacina, of course it implies bastard, or born in a necessary. 

Hand-fisting, an ancient custom at Langholme, as a substitute for 
mai riage, by joining of bands, which lasted for a year ; when, if the 
parties were agreeable, it was renewed. The children were kept 
by the inconstant. 

Health, the custom of drinking them, in fashion so early as 1134 B. C. 
Some say they arose from Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, drink- 
ing prince Vortigern's health, in a gold cup, at an entertainment, 
about 460, in conformity to the Scripture compliment, — " O, king 
live for ever !" 

Hobson's choice, (i This or none," is derived from one Hobson, who 
let out horses at Cambridge, and obliged such as wanted one, to 
take that next the stable door, being the one which had had most 
rest. 

Hocus Focus derived from hoc est corpus, the form of consecrating the 
sacramental bread in the Romish church. 

Howl, the Irish, at funerals, originated from the Roman outcry at the 
decease of their friends, they hoping thus to awaken the soul, which 
they supposed might lie inactive. The prejicice of the ancients-. 

Humphrey, Dining with duke, is said of those who walked in St. Paul's 
church during dinner time. Humphrey duke of Gloucester being a 
man of great hospitality, and supposed to have been buried in St. 
Paul's. 

Hurly-burly, is said to owe its origin to Hurleigh and Burleigh, two 
neighbouring families, that filled the country around them with con- 
test and violence. 

Kissing the pope's foot, took its rise from the custom of kneeling to 
sovereigns, introduced by Dioclesian Thence also the custom of 
a vassal's kneeling to his lord, in homage. Kissing the hands of 
great men, was a Grecian custom. 

Knave was anciently a regular addition, as esquire is now, to a gen- 
tleman, &c. With us, a Knavish action is a feudal term, implying 
fit only for the meanest servants. 

Lie, the grea t affront of giving the, arose from the word " Thou liest," 
in the oath taken by the defendant in judicial combats before en- 
gaging, when charged with any crime by the plaintiff ; and Francis 
I. of France, to make current his giving the lie to the emperor, first 
stamped it with infamy, by saying in a solemn assembly that " he 
was no honest man that would bear the lie." 

Liveries originated in our British ancestors cloathing their vassals in 
uniform, to distinguish families ; as they painted arms and symbols 
on their clothes and armour for the same purpose. 

"Lord — The nick-name of " My lord," given to deformed men, is from 
the Greek word lordus, crooked. During the feudal times the lower 
class, by way of humour, called a man that was half an idiot or de- 
formed, " my lord," by way of ridiculing their superiors. 

Lullaby, or L'Elaby, from a supposed fairy called Elaby Gathon, 
whom nurses invited to watch the sleeping babes, that they might 
not be changed for others. Hence changeling, or infant changed. 

Montem — The triennial custom of the Eton scholars parading to Saty- 
hill, and distributing salt, originated in the early days of Monkish 
superstition, when the friars used to sell their consecrated salt for 
medical purposes. 

Pay, to, a ship's side, from pioc, pitch, distorted into poix, and pro^ 
nounced pay ; hence the expression, " here's the devil to pay, and 
no pitch hot," i. e. here's plenty of help, and nothing ready. We 



310 



ADDENDA. 



use the former part of the expression, leaving out the remainder, 
as being- well understood. 

Poltron,from Pollex truncatus; the inhabitants of France in former 
days cut oif their thumbs to avoid serving- in the army, hence the 
French used poltron, for coward. 

Ran is a very old word in the laws of Canute, signifying robbery or 
rapine, hencethe expression, 44 he snatches all he can rap and ran.'" 

4; Rose, under the," the rose being a symbol of silence, was worn in 
the hat at public entertainments at Rome, implying that what there 
passed was to go no farther. 

Saiuting- the ladies by their relations, was introduced by the early 
Romaus, not out of respect, but to find by their breath whether they 
had been drinking wine, this being death for women to do, in order 
to prevent adultery. 

Sneezing*. — The custom of saying 44 God bless you," to the sneezer, 
eng-mated, according to Strada, among the ancients, who, through 
an ojrinion of the danger attending it, after sneezing, made a short 
prayer to the Gods, as 4 * Jupiter help me." Polydore Virgil says 
it took its rise in the plague of 594, in which the infected fell down 
dead sneezing, though seemingly in good health, This custom is 
practised among the Jews, and among the Abyssinians. When the 
king of Monomotapa sneezes, those that are near him loudly wish 
him happiness, this is catched by those farther off, and it is echoed 
through the whole city. 

Twelfth day, custom of drawing king and queen on, was borrowed 
from the Greeks and Romans, who, on the tabernacle, or Christmas 
festivals, drew lots for kings, by putting a piece of money in the 
middle of a cake, which whoever found, was saluted as king. 

Waits, at Christmas, are derived from those choirs of angels that at- 
tended the birth of Christ ; in imitation of these, shepherds in an- 
cient times used to usher in Christmas with music and carols ; the 
pastorali^ or rural music, performed by the Calabrian shepherds, 
on bag--pipes, are of this nature. 

Wakes, or vigils, were instituted as festivals, on the days of dedica- 
tion of the churches, or on those saints' days to whom the building 
were devoted, and commenced on the evenings preceding those 
days. They are of early origin (See John x. 22, 23). The first in- 
stitution was religious, but now is degenerated into a day of festi- 
vity. 

Whig and Tory, the epoch of, 16S0. The first was a name of reproach 
g-iven by the court party to their antagonists for resembling the 
principles of the Whigs, or fanatical conventiclers in Scotland ; and 
the other was given by the country party to that of the court, com- 
paring- them to the Tories, or Popish robbers in Ireland. They for- 
merly were called Whigs from IVhiggarnors, a name given to the 
Scots in the South West, who, for want of corn in that quarter, used 
annually to repair to Leith, to buy stores that came from the North, 
and all that drove were called Whiggamors or JVhiggs, from the 
term Whiggara, which they used in driving their horses. Now in 
the year J 633, the presbyterian ministers incited an insurrection 
against the court, and marched with the people to Edinburgh ; this 
was called 44 the Whiggamor' 's inroad," and after this all tha t op- 
posed administration in Scotland were called Whiggs, and from 
hence the term was adopted in England. 



VULGAR ERRORS &C. 311 



VULGAR HISTORICAL ERRORS, IN WHICH THERE 
IS NO TRUTH. 

1. n^HAT surgeons and butchers maybe challenged as jurors, onae- 

A count of the barbarity of their professions. 

2. That the old statutes have prohibited the planting- of vineyards, 
and the use of saw-mills. 

3. That it is forbidden to marry in Lent. 

4. That it is penal to open a coal-mine, or to kill a crow within five 
miles of London, or to shoot with a wind gun, or carry a dark lant* 

horn, 

5. That the king signs the death warrant (as it is called) for the exe- 
cution of a criminal. 

6. That there is a statute to oblige the owners of asses to crop their 
ears, lest the length of them should frighten the horses upon the 

road. 

7. That a woman's marrying a man under the gallows, will save him 
from execution. 

S. That such as are born at sea, belong to Stepney parish, London. 

9. That any one may be put into the Crown-office for the most trifling 
injury. 

10. That a man's taking his wife from the hands of the priest, cloath- 
ed only in her shift, when the marriage ceremony is performing, 
exempts him from being liable to her engagements. 

11. That there was no land-tax before William III. 

12. That a negro, being baptised, becomes immediately free. 

13. That the dead body of a person murdered will bleed in the pre- 
sence, or on the touch of the murderer. 

14. That first cousins may marry, but second cousins cannot. The 
civil law prevents first cousins, but the canon law prohibits both. 

15. That men have one rib less than women. 

16. That the body of a debtor may be taken in execution after his 
death. 



VULGAR ERRORS IN NATURAL HISTORY 
CORRECTED. 

1. '^nPHAT the scorpion does not sting itself when surrounded by fire, 

* and that its sting is not even venomous.— Keysler's Travels, 
Maupertuis, Hughes's Barbadoes, Hamilton's Letter in thePhiloso- 
pbical Transactions. 

2, That the Tarantula is not poisonous, and that music has no parti- 
cular effect on persons bitten by it, more than those stung by a 
wasp. — De la Lande's Travels, Naples: Abbe Richard's ditto, Ex- 
periments of the Prince of San Severo. 



312 



ADDENDA. 



3. That the lizard is not friendly to man in particular, much less does 
it awaken him on the approach of a serpent. Hughes' Barbadoes, 
Brooke's Natural History. 

4. That the reraora has no snch power as to retard the sailing of a 
ship by sticking- itself to its bottom. — De la JLande, alii passim. 

5. That the stroke of the cramp-fish is not occasioned by a muscle. — 
Bancroft's Guiana, concerning 1 the torporific eel. 

<i. That the salamander does not live in fire, nor isit capable of bear- 
ing more heat than other animals. — Sir T. Brown suspected it, 
Keysler has clearly proved it. 

7. That the bite of the spidpr is not venomous — Reaumur. — That it is 
found in Ireland too plentifully ; that it has no antipathy to the 
toad, — Barring-ton's Letter, Philosophical Transactions, &c. Swam- 
merdam. 

8. It is an error to suppose that a fly only has a microscopic eye. 
Dragon-flies, &c. bees, wasps, flesh-flies, &c. will turn off andavoid 
an object in the way on the swiftest wing, which shews a very 
swift and commanding sight. It is probable, that the sight of all 
animals is. in quickness and extent, proportioned to their speed. 

J. The porcupine does not shoot out his quills for annoying his enemy ; 
he only sheds them annually, as feathered animals do. He has 
a muscular skin, and can shake the loose ones off at the time of 
moulting. — Hughes, alii passim. 

20. The jack-all, commonly called the lion's provider, has no connec- 
tion at all with the lion. He is a sort of fox, and is hunted in the 
east as the fox is with us. — Shaw, Sandys. 

11. The fable of the fox and grapes is taught us from our childhood, 
without our ever reflecting that the foxes we are acquainted with 
do not eat grapes. This fable came from the east ; the fox of Pa- 
lestine is a great destroyer of grapes. — V. Hasselquist, Shaw. 

12. The eye of birds is not more agile than that of other animals, 
though their sight is more quick. On the contrary, their eye is 
quite immoveable, as is that of most animals and insects of the 
quickest sight.— British Zoology, &c. 

13. The tyger. instead of being the swiftest of beasts, is a remarkably 
sluggish and slow animal. Owen's Dictionary in verba. — Experi- 
ment at Windsor-lodg-e. 

11. Sir Thomas Bi\,wn, who wrote against Vulgar Errors, maintains 
that apes and elephants may be taught to speak. 



FINIS. 



Pluminer iad Brewis, Printers, Love Laut, Edatditap* 



SUPPLEMENT. 



1825. 

JAN. 9, The British gevernment at length determined virtually to 
acknowledge the independence of Mexico, Columbia, and Buenos 
Ayres, by sending- out commissioners to those states, charged with 
full powers to conclude treaties of commerce between them and this 
country, founded on that recognition. 

17, The steam vessel, enterprise, 800 tons burden, destined for the 

passage between this country and Calcutta, was launched. 

In 1402, the salary of tbe Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench was 
40/. per annum. In 1405, the Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 
had 55 marks per annum. In 1549, the Chief Justice of the King's 
Bench had an addition of 30/. to his salary, and each justice of the 
same bench and Common Pleas 20/. At the period in question, a 
felony under the value of twelve pence, was not a capital offence ; 
and twelve pence then was equal to sixty shillings at the present 
day. 

It may not be generally known, that 1160 stage coaches pass through 

the Borough daily. 
Feb. 6, At a lime feast held in Modbury, about a fortnight since, there 

were sixty-four persons present, most of whom were farmers; and • 

after dinner the party drank, in the course of the evening, 58 crown. 

bowls of punch, 243 glasses of grog, besides liberal potations of beer 

and porter. 

11, A gentleman of the name of Owen, a violin player, went into 

Mr. Bett's music-shop, at the back of the Royal Exchange, and 
asked leave to go up stairs, when he immediately put a period to 
his existence, by shooting himself through the head with a pistol. 

23, Probert was committed to Newgate, on a charge of horse- 
stealing. 

The increase of the value of land at Brighton would hardly be credited. 
The father of Mr. Kemp originally purchased the whole of bis estate 
in Brighton and the neighbourhood, at little more than 20,000/. and 
from that very estate, upwards of two millions sterling has already 
been realized. The ground on which Rock Gardens now stand, was 
purchased within a few years for S00/. and ground rents alone of the 
houses built upon the spot, produce 6,000/. annually. As a more stri- 
king proof of the surprising increase in the value of land at that 
place, it is mentioned that a piece of ground upon which two houses, 
near the market, are now built, produces 45/. a year ground rent, 
although it was offered about forty years ago by the proprietor to a 
barber, upon the condition of his being shaved gratuitously for the 
remainder of his existence, which could not have been long, as he 
was then more than 50. This offer was at the time refused by the 
knight of the razor. 

Feb. 28, The Honourable E. Ashley Cooper, son of the Earl of Shaftes- 
bury, was unfortunately killed in a pugilistic contest, at Eton Semi- 
nary, by the son of Colonel Wood. 

The official accounts from Hanover gave the most afflicting details of 
the inundations in that kingdom. In one part the water covered 
nearly 1200 square miles of country, and appeared as part of the 
ocean. Houses, cattle, and human beings were swept away; and in 
a village of 24 houses, no less than 70 persons were drowned. It is 
supposed that 30,000 persons had lost all their property, and 100,000 
acres of the finest laud had been laid waste, and rendered useless 
for years to come. 



314 



CHRONOLOGY. 



The actual receipt at the treasury of Covent-Garden Theatre on the 
first night of Miss Foote's appearance, was 900/. 16*., the largest 
sum ever received. Kean's recent first appearance at Drury-Lanc 
produced 7002. 

The consumption of Coals has been rapidly increased within three 
years. According to a return made to the Court of Common Council, 
it amounted in 1822, to 1,199,511 chaldrons; in 1823, to 1,437,251 ; and 
in 1824, to 1,524,807. 

April 7, Probert was found guilty of horse-stealing. 

Oh the 1st of October last, a suttee took place at fcantipore. A Brah- 
min having died that day, the usual permission was asked of the 
magistrates to allow three of his wives to be burnt with him. One 
was 27 years of age, another 21, and the third only 15 years old. 

Of lale years there had not been such a magnificent and expensive 
display of courtly state and diplomatic greatness, as what was about 
to be made at Paris and Rheims, by the Duke of Northumberland. 
The plate which his grace took with him, was insured as being of 
the value of 120,000/., and the jewels reckoned at the same amount. 
A box was sent containing the duchess's jewels, which was insured 
at 60,000/. value. The duke was to be absent about six weeks, and 
at the most moderate calculation it was thought he would expend 
50,000/. The Parisians were in admiration of his splendour, and 
wondered at his disinterestedness in paying all the costs out of his 
own pocket. 

May 24, The extensive premises at Cumberland-gardens were totally 
consumed by a conflagration. 

27. A message was received by the House of Commons, requesting 

that 6000/. per annum might be voted to Princess Victoria, and the 
like sum to the infant son of the Duke of Cumberland, when the for- 
mer was agreed to willingly, and the latter after a violent resistance 
on the part of the opposition members. 

— — 30, Charles the Tenth was crowned at Rheims, on which occasion 
the Duke of Northumberland attended as representative of the King 
of England, when the splendour of his retinue excited universal ad- 
miration. 

By the late earthquake iu the neighbourhood of Algiers 2500 Jews 
perished, and above 14,000 natives. 

An old bachelor, named William Gait, died lately in Virginia, leaving 
property, according to his own estimate, amounting to 1 50,000 dollars, 
(150,000*. sterling.) He emigrated from Scotland in 1775, and com- 
menced trading with a pedlar's pack. At that time he did not own 
an acre of soil; but in 1825, he could ride fifteen miles in a straight 
line on his own ground. 

June 20, William Probert, who had been concerned with Thurtell in 
the affair of the murder of Mr. Weare, was executed at the Old 
Bailey, for horse-stealing. 

21, It was remarkable that the temperature of the air on the 

longest night of last winter, was eight degrees higher than on the 
shortest night of this summer; the thermometer, on the night of the 
Slst of December last, being at 48 ; and on the night of the 21st of 
June at 40. 

— 22, This day being appointed for laying the first stone of the new 
Bridge, the city in consequence presented a very gay and bustling 

spectacle. 

From the 5th of April to the 1st of July, 9,834 ,000/. in gold and silver had 
been exported from this country, as made up from the custom-house, 
books ;— viz. in the month of April, 1,050,000/. ; May, 360,000/. ; June' 
1,424,000/. ; or at the rate of nearly one million per month. 

No less a sum than 2,500,000/. per annum was discovered to be misap- 
plied, or misappropriated (genteel terms for robbery) in charitable 
or other funds, destined by the grantors for the relief of charities 
and the poor. 

A new three-wheel carriage was invented at Bristol, which would 

travel at the rate of eight miles per hour, and was to be propelled 

by manual labour from within the vehicle. 
The average population of Ireland is 365 to the square mile, while 

that of England and Wales is but 210, and Scotland of 86 ; or taking 

the whole island, less than 170. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



315 



Aug. 5, In tire midst of the woods and mountains of Hartswald, in Bohe- 
mia, a savage creature of the humaa specie was found, who, it is to - 
be supposed, strayed and was lost there in his infancy. He appeared 
to be about 30 years old, but could not articulate a syllable. He makes 
a curious sound, like an ox, or rather barks with the voice of a dog ; 
to which of the two animals mentioned his tones may be more pro- 
perly compared, though the distinction is by no means clear. He 
runs on all fours, and as soon as he perceives any human creature 
climbs a tree like a monkey, and leaps from branch to branch with 
incredible activity. When he sees a bird, or any other game, he 
pursues, and seldom fails in catching it. He has been taken to 
Prague, where every effort was made to civilize him, but without 
effect hitherto, as he appears totally incapable of being habituated 
to the mode of living adopted by any other human being. 

Sept. 14, At Portsmouth, on launching the Princess Charlotte, 15 perspftt 
were drowned, by the giving way of the deck gates. 

Few persons attain the age of Mr. George Harding, who died some 

Sears ago at Winchester, where he was buried. He was, at the 
jc period of his death, 116 years of age, and survived five wive*, 
two of whom he had married after he was 100 years old. 
Not. 6, Divine service was performed at St Katharine's Church, 
Tower, for the last time previous to its being pulled down to make 
room for the new docks. 
Dec. 16, The sums daily issued by the Banks last week, almost exceed 
belief. It is confidently affirmed, that they had paid in claims of 
one kind or another, on this day, gold and paper to the amount of 
five miliioRS sterling; the sovereigns were all new, but the Mint was 
sot able nearly to supply the demand. It is reported that Rothschild 
paid a large sum in gold into the Bank this day, which was variously 
stated at from 150 to 300,00G£ 

18, Such a week of anxiety and misery as the last, we believe, 
never had been experienced by the mercantile portion of a people 
in any country since the commencement of civilization and commerce 
So unprecedented was the pecuniary distress in the city, and m 
appalling its consequences, that they furnished a lesson which, even 
In eur times, we tiust will not be without its salutary effects; but 
which to posterity will form a beacon, warning bankers, merchants , 
and traders, of the inevitable dangers which attend that rage for 
speculation; which, in its infuriate gr*sp after wealth, overlooks 
the only secure way of obtaining it. 
The oldest merchants in London never recollected such difficulties in 
obtaining money, as were experiencod on 'Change all last week. 
They say the memorable epochs of 1797 and 1815, were as nothing' 
to it. 

The single circumstance of six London Bankers, all of high credit and 
respectability, being within as many days compelled to close their 
doors, rendered the week which had just passed, among the most 
memorable in the commercial history of this country. 

— — 21, The lofty tower of Fonthill Abbey fell in, destroying the hall, 
the octagon, and great part of the galleries, north and south, toge- 
ther with the first crimson room, having quietly descended into the 
fountain court, leaving the grand entrance standing, with the organ 
statu quo, and the statue of the late Alderman Beckford in its niche, 
as if it remained to point to the ruin of his son's ambition. 

The following distinguished characters departed this life in the year 
1825:— 

At Taganrog, on the borders of Tartary and Persia, the Emperor 
Alexander, after a few days illness.— Mr. D. Corri, well known as a 
eomposer and teacher of eminence for the last fifty years, aged 88- — 
In Upper Seymour-street, the Right Honourable Sir Robert Dallas, 
knight, late lord chief justice of the Common Pleas. — At his houne, 
in Artillery-place, Finsbury.square, in the 82nd year «f his age, the 
Reverend Abraham Rees, D. D., F. R.S. editor of the Cyclopaedia, 
fyc. $*c. — Dr. Tiiioch, who had long been distinguished for his literary 
and scientific acquirements. — Henry Fuseli, Esq, aged 87. — Mr. We- 
witszer, the famous comedian. — At Brussels, Monsieur David, the 
iieiebrated historical and portrait painter. 

0 2 



316 



CHRONOLOGY. 



1826. 

Jan, 5, The patent shot-manufactory of Messrs. Walker and Parker, 
on the south side of the Thames, opposite Surrey-street, was des- 
troyed by fire, 

The ground on which the dust heap ftood, at the end of Gray's-inn- 
lane, sold for 15,0004 It is to be built upon. The dust and cinders 
were transferred to the Thames, thence to be shipped for Moscow, 
to aid in the rebuilding of that celebrated city. 

Feb. 4, Died Mr. Incledon, who possessed at once the most powerful 
and most melodious voice of modern times. 

A Dutch Jew, named Samuel Bondey, died at Amsterdam, leaving 
funds to build and equip six ships of the line, of 74 guns each : there 
were found in his house, 44 casks full of coins, of all the princes in 
in the world. A month was occupied in taking- out and arranging 
those coins, and eight days in counting them. This man had for a 
long time followed the armies of France, visited all Europe, Afriea, 
and America, and some of the establishments of Asia. He was 96 
years of age. 

Feb. 20, Died Mr. Edward Knight, Comedian, of Drury-lane Theatre. 

A watchmaker of Bayreuth manufactured a cage filled with birds to 
the number of 60, representing parrots, swallows. &c. each of which 
had the peculiar note given to it by nature. The cage was made of 
brass, and the wheels which cause them to move and produce the 
sounds are of silver, and the plumage real. A person of distinction 
offered the watchmaker 32,000 florins for his cage, but he would not 
take less than 60,000. 

March 25, Died Shute Barrington, Bishop of Durham. 

The quantity of blood taken into the heart, and expelled therefr&ra 
into the arteries, by successive pulsations, in the course of 24 hourv 
has been lately estimated by Dr. Kidd, at 24§ hogsheads iu a ordi- 
nary man, and 8000 hogsheads in a large 'whale. Sd that the whole 
mass of blood in such a man, reckoning at 55 pints, passes 288 times 
through his heart daily, or once in five minutes, by 375 pulsation*, 
each expelling about l£ ounce of bleod, or about three table spoons - 
full a minute. 

May 24, a dreadful accident occurred at Mr.Maudsley's steam-engine 
Manufactory, owing to the falling in of an iron roof erecting on the 
premises, on and about which from eighty to one hundred workmen 
were employed, a number of whom were killed, or dreadfully 
mangled. 

June 25, Died Mrs Mattocks, the distinguished Actress. 

Aug. 22, a Chancery Suit ended with the consent of both parties, in 
the Vice-Chancellor's court, which had lasted only fifty years! ! ! 

Oct. 24, Captain T. Young was tried at the Admiralty Sessions for sel- 
ling four African girls as slaves, and acquitted. This was the first 
offence tried under the new act for preventing slave dealing, and 
which renders the crime felony without benefit of clergy. 

Nov. 3, Mr. John Wilks, M. P. for Sudbury, was committed to the 
Poultry Compter, by the Lord Mayor, on a charge of forgery. 

Nov. 28, Died at Naples, the Marquis of Hastings. 

Dec. 9, Died Flaxman, the celebrated Sculptor. 

It appeared by a topographical survey, taken in the years 1769 and 
1770, that the tetal quantity of land appropriated to husbandry in 
England, was at that time thirty-two millioa acres, viz :— 

Tillage 13,518,716 J Woods 2,395,721 

Grass 15,736,185 I Ponds, lanes, yards, &c. 349,387 

Which 32,000,000 acres were let in 570,040 farms, producing an annual 
rental of 22,400,000*., an average of 14s. per acre per annum, aRd 
stocked with — 

Draught Cattle • • • 684,491 i Fattening beasts • • • 583,369 

Sheep 22,188,948 Young cattle 912,656 

Cow 741,532 I Pigs 1,711,200 

Various kinds of Poultry • . . . 2,161,300. 
The whole amounting, per estimate, to 39,686,237/. The value of the 
soil, estimated at 31 1 years' purchase, was seven hundred and five 
millions six hundred thousand pounds. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



317 



from a statistical essay on the periodical press throughout the world, 
4 recently published in Paris, by M. Adriea Balbi, we extract the fol- 
lowing curious results. 

No, of 

Population, Journal. 

Anglo American Confederation, or United States 



of North America « • • 11,600,000 800 

British Dominions • • • • • • 142,180,000 578 

Total of States having an English origin * • • • 153,780,000 1,378 

Total of all the other States in the World • • • 583,220,000 1,?90 

GENERAL SUMMARY, 

Europe 227,700,000 2,142 

America 39,300,000 987 

Asia , 390,000,000 27 I 

Africa 60,000,000 12 

Islands • 20,000,000 9 

Total for the Globe • • 737,000,000 3,168 



The population given, is that which existed at the end of 1826, in the 
the principal states of the different parts of the globe; and espe- 
cially in Europe and America. Some of the data, however, on 
which the estimates were founded, go back to the years 1817, ISIS, 
1819, 1S20, and 1821. 

1827. 

Jan. 5, Died Frederick, Duke of York, second son of George III. 
March 29, Died Charles Dignum, the singer. 

April 12, The Duke of Wellington, the Earl of Eldon, Mr. Peel, the 
Earl of Westmoreland, Earl Bathurst, Lord Melville, and Lord Bex- 
ley, gave in their resignations, and retired from the administration 
of government. 

21, Died Thomas Rowlandson, the artist. 

—29, His Majesty presented Lord Eldon with a magnificent silver 

cup and cover, with this inscription, " The gift of His Majesty King 
George the Fourth, to his highly valued friend, John, Earl of Eldon, 
Lord High Chancellor of England, upon his retiring from his official 
duties, in the year, 1827." 

— — 30, The foundation stone of the London University was laid by 
His Hoyal Highness the Duke of Sussex, attended by the Committee 
and Stewards. 

May 1, The first foundation brick for St. Katharine's Dock was laid. 

• 18, The water broke into the Thames Tunnel with dreadful vio- 
lence, between six and seven o'clock in the evening. The men 
escaped with difficulty. 

June 5, Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Princess Royal of England, and 
Queen of Wirtemberg, landed safely at Greenwich, after an absence 
of nearly 30 years. 

27, Another accident happened at the Thames Tunnel, by which 

one person lost his life. 

July 5, The Bank of England issued notice, that bills having no more 
than 95 days to run, would be discounted at 4 per cent. 

July 29 and 30, One of the most tremendous thunder storms ever re- 
membered, occurred in various parts of the country. At Kettering 
the lightning consumed three houses. 

Sept. 12,Talacre Hall, Flintshire, destroyed by fire; ^70,000 had been 
recently spent in its erection. 

— 22, The George the Fourth, of 120 guns, was launched in the 

presence of H. R,TH., and the Duchess of Clarence, who christened 
it. This is the largest ship ever launched in England. 

• 27, Accounts from Stockholm announced the news of a most des- 
tructive fire at Abo, which lasted 24 hours; the cathedral was totally 
destroyed, as well as the university (the observatory excepted) ; 
the academy, with its valuable collections, and library of 40,000 
volumes, the cabinet of medals, the town-hall, and above 900 houses. 
100 souls perished in the flames. 

Oct 6, The new suspension bridge over the Thames at Hammersmith, 
was opened, without any formal ceremony. 

O 8 



318 



CHRONOLOGY. 



There are 103 canals in Great Baitain, the tstal extent of them 96S2| 
miles, about the length from the east to the west of the whole conti- 
nent of Europe ; 30 million sterling being" the valuation of cost. In 
the various canals there are 48 subterraneous passages, 40 of which 
have an extent of 32 miles. None of those works, important as they 
are, were projected prior to 1755. 

Oct. 6, Captain Parry and Franklin arrived at the Admiralty, within 
an hour of each other, from their unsuccessful expeditions, by se« 
and land, to reach the North Pole. ' 

7, Her Majesty the Queen of Wurtemburg embarked on board 

the Royal Sovereign Yacht at Deptford, for Antwerp. 

Nov. 8, Died the Right Rev. George Tomline, D. D. Bishop of Win- 
chester. 

11, An extraordinary London Gazette published, containing an 

account of the engagement which the British fleet sustained, in 
unison with the French and Russians, against the Turkish and Egyp- 
tian fleets, in the port of Navarin, who were conveying troops into 
the Morea against the Greeks, under Ibrahim Bey. The result was, 
1 Turkish line of battle ship burnt; 2 driven on shore wrecks; 
1 double frigate sunk; 1 on shore a wreck ; 2 burnt; 15 frigates 
burnt and sunk ; 3 on shore, wrecks ; 1 on shore, mast standing ; 15 
corvettes burnt and sunk; 4 on shore, wrecks ; 9 brigs burnt and 
sunk; 1 on shore, mast standing ; 6 fire ships destroyed, and 3 trans- 
ports. The loss of men must have been immense, as 1,500 were 
killed in two ships only. 

17, Died William Belsham, the Historian, and Political Writer. 

Dec. 12, Miss Macauley applied to the Bench of Middlesex Justices for 
a license to give religious lectures on Sundays and other days, which 
was not granted. 

26, Intelligence arrived of the Ambassadors of England, France, 

and Russia, having taken their departure, unmolested, from Con- 
stantinople, on the 4th and 8th of December, 1827. 

28, The Marquis of Wellesley arrived from Ireland, having re- 
signed the Lord Lieutenancy of that country. 

30, His Royal Highness the Infant Don Miguel of Portugal landed 

at Greenwich Hospital, from His Majesty's Yacht, which had con- 
veyed H. R. H. from Calais. 

1828. 

Jan. 12, The water of the Thames again forced its way into the Tun 
nel, and rose through it to the height of high- water. Six unfortunate 
persons belonging to the works lost their lives. 

— 16, A French Theatre opened at the English Opera House in the 
Strand, regularly licensed by the King's Lord Chamberlain. 
28, Died Lady Caroline Lamb. 

Feb. 8, The Rev. Robert Taylor, pursuant to the sentence delivered 
the previous day in the Court of King's Bench, removed to Oakham 
Gaol, in Rutlandshire, for one year's imprisonment for blasphemy. 

8, Died in Paris, Helen Maria Williams, celebratedly pre-emi- 
nent amongst the female partisans of the French Revolution. 

— — 13, The Twelve Judges summoned to Guildhall for not paying the 
poor rates for their apartments in Serjeant's-inn, when their Soli- 
citor attended, and paid the amount claimed ! ! ! 

28, The New Brunswick Theatre, (formerly the Royalty) situate 

in Wells-street, Well-close-square, fell to the ground; in a single 
instant the awful crash took place; the roofs, galleries, boxes, 
scenes, stage properties, and 12 helpless human beings, were all 
commingled in the "prodigious ruin." 

29, The sessions terminated at the Old Bailey, when 23 prisoners 

received sentence of death; 150 were transported, amoug them 
were 20 females; more than 100 were ordered for imprisonment fur 
various periods ; the calendar at these sessions enumerated 41S 
culprits ! ! ! 

March 3, The long room- at the Custom-house re-opened for public 
business, it having been shut three years in consequence of the 
foundation giving way. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



319 



March 12, The Lord Mayor, attended by the Bridge-house Committee, 

&c. visited the New London Bridge, for the purpose of laying the 

foundation stone of the last arch. \ 
May 9, Corporation and Test Acts' Repeal Bill received royal assent. 
— — 10, Lord Portsmouth's marriage with Miss Hanson annulled in 

Arches Court, and costs to be paid by her. 
14, The Russian declaration of war against the Sublime Porte 

arrived in England ; it was dated Petersburg, April 26, 1828. 

— 29, The foundation stone of the Licensed Victuallers' Asylum laid 
with masonic honours, by the Duke of Sussex, in the Old Kent Road. 

29, Died the Honourable Mrs. Darner, justly esteemed for her 

taste, elegance, and accomplishments. 

- — 11, Died Sir William Congreve, inventor of the Congreve Rockets. 

11, Died DugaM Stewart, author of the Elements of the Philo- 
sophy of the Human Mind, &c. 

June 21, A numerous meeting assembled at the Freemasons'-tavern, 
for establishing a college for the education of the youth of the metro- 
polis, as inculcated by the United Church of England and Ireland ; 
the Duke of Wellington in the chair ; when a collection of nearly 
20,000/. was made. 

July lo, Petition presented to the House of Lords in favour of the Jews, 
praying for the removal of all civil and religious disabilities. 

■ The British Ambassador arrived from Lisbon. Intelligence came 

also, that all the Ambassadors from the different powers on the 
Continent, had likewise left Portugal, in consequence of the usurpa- 
tion of Don Miguel, who had caused himself to be crowned King by 
the Three Estates. 

15, The bill for the sale of game, and for improving the state of 

the game laws, was lost in the House of Lords.-— 64 were for,, and 94 
agaiust it. 

21, Died Charles Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Metropolitan 

of all England, &c. 

24, House of Lords confirmed the judgment of the Court of King's 

Bench, that lands formed by the retreating of the sea, are the pro- 
perty of the owners of the adjoining lands, and not of the crown. 

Aug. 4, Upon the Lord Chancellor's threatening to take Mr. Bruce (a 
suitor) into custody, he used the following remarkable answer. 
" There is nothing your lordship can do that I care one farthing for. 
I am in the pursuit of justice, and deliverance from the most griev- 
ous oppression and injustice inflicted upon myself and family for the 
last fifteen years, and nothing shall deter me in the continuance of 
that pursuit.' 

12, Kensington Canal opened; it runs from the Thames, near 

Battersea Bridge, to within half a mile of Kensington Palace ; is 100 
feet broad, and carries craft of 100 tons burthen ; it has cost 40,000/. 

— • 25, Report of the Committee of the House of Commons published 
relative to their inquiry into the manner of obtaining dead bodies 
for dissection. Their proposition is to follow the example of France, 
and appropriate for dissection the bodies of those who die under 
public charge, or who, when dead, are not claimed by their friends. 

27, The late Archbishop of Canterbury's Will, proved in Doc- 
tor's Commons ; personal property taken at 1S0,000L The value of 
the nomination to the Registry of the Prerogative Court, secured to 
his Grace by an Act of Parliament, only a few days before his death, 
estimated at upwards of 100,OOOZ. more. 

28, Workmen commenced pulling down Covent Garden Market, 

in order to proceed with the building of a new one immediately. 

Sept. 5, Parliamentary paper published, containing a table of the 
number of persons employed in all public offices, and the gross 
amount of their salaries in 1827 ; the number is stated to be 22,912, 
and the money paid them 2,788,9072. 

Oct. 1, One hundred pounds was voted by the subscribers at Lloyd's to 
a poor fisherman at Newfoundland, who had saved the crew of a 
vessel wrecked on a voyage from Ireland to Canada, and subsisted 
152 survivers for some time. 

6, The Queen of Portugal arrived in London, and took up her 

- residence at Grillon's Hotel, Albemarle-street. 

8, The Loudon University opened; nearly a thousand persoa* 

were present, in the theatre of anatomy. 



320 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Oct. 13, News arrived from Wurtemburg of the death of the Dowager 
Queen, Oct. 6. 

— 25, The ceremony of opening the Sr. Katharine Docks, near the 
Tower, took place. At two o'clock the dock gates were opened, 
and nine vessels, dressed in the colours of all nations, entered, whilst 
a small park of artillery discharged repeatedlyduring their entrance, 
and four bands of music contributed their aid to announce the event 
and during the ceremony. 

Nov. 18, An accident, accompanied by the loss of three lives, and the 
serious injury of several individuals, took place, in Covent-Garden 
Theatre, owing to the explosion of one of the gasometers, which 
several workmen were employed in removing. 

19, The Lord Mayor laid the key-stone to the last arch of London 

Bridge. 

Dec. 4, Died at Combe Wood, the Earl of Liverpool. 

— ■ 1 Died Mr. John Henry Johnstone, the dramatist. In the 
records of the stage perhaps no actor ever equalled him in Irish 
characters. 

1829. 

Jan. 18, Athis marine villa, at Ramsgate, die J Sir William Curtis, Bart. 

25, Died William Shield, the celebrated English composer. 

Marquis of Anglesea removed from the office of Lord Lieu- 
tenant of Ireland. 

List of Clubs in London, with the number of members.— Senior United 
Service Club, 1500; Junior United Service Club. 1500; Athenaeum, 
1000; Union, 1000; University, 1000 ; Brooke's, 500 ; Handle's, 500 ; 
White's, 500: Crockford's. 500 ; Albion, 400; Alfred, 500; Graham's, 
500; Cocoa Tree, 500; Arthur's, S00 ; Wyndham's, 400; Guards, 400; 
Colonial, 400; St. James's, 400; Traveller's, 500; Oriental, 1000: 
Stratford, 500;— total number of members, 13,000. 

The following extract from Mr. Jacob's report, will show the quantity 
of Wheat grown each year, from 1S16 to IS27, inclusive, and the es- 
timated stock on hand , before the subsequent harvest. The report 
is dated the 16th of March : — 

Quantity of Wheat grown. Estimated Stock before harvest. 



1S16 


• • 9,000,000 qrs. 




6,150,000 qrs. 


1S17 


• • 11,700,000 




3,442,000 


1818 


• • 12,000,000 




4,211,000 


1819 


• • 12,500,000 




4,093,000 


1820 


• • 16,000,000 




3,966,000 


1821 


• • 12,600,000 




7,324,000 


1S22 


• • T3.. 500,000 




6,997,000 


1S23 


• • 11,000.000 




7,327,000 


1824 


• • 11,500,000 




4 ,-944.000 


1825 


• • 12,700,000 




2,955,000 


1826 


. . 13,000,000 




2.356,000 


1827 


. . 12,530,000 




1,768.000 


1S2S 






755,264 



During this period the average annual import from ail parts of the 
world, including Ireland, was 565,000 quarters. The greatest import, 
1,738.000, took place in 1S17. Mr. Jacob estimates the stock of wheat 
in the various ports of the North of Europe, at only 361,700 quarters. 
The quantity in bond in Great Britain, 116,300 quarters. Total pos- 
sible supply before the following harvest, 538,000 quarters. 

May 21, The Lord Chancellor stated in the House of Lords, that one of 
the highest officers in the Court of Exchequer, had for many years 
lived in Yorkshire, with a salary of 5,0002. per annum, while all his 
duties were performed by a deputy, who had 500/. or 600/. a year ! 

23, Captain Ross left Woolwich in his steam-vessel, with which 

he is about once more to attempt the discovery of the North-west 
Passage, at his own expence. 

— — 25, The three days' sale of West's gallery of pictures terminated, 
producing 25,000 guineas; 15,000 persons had attended the sight of 
them on occasion of the sale. 

— - 27, The New Bazaar, Oxford-street, totally destroyed by fire. 



SUPPLEMENT; 



May SO, Died the distinguished experimental philosopher. Sir Hum- 
phrey Davy, Bart. 

June 5, The Anatomy Bill for cutting up Poor People's Bodies, thrown 
out of the House of Lords. "Parliament had a right to legislate on 
the living, but not on the dead" said Lord Harewood ; " every man 
was entitled to a christiau burial, and it was not proper to pursue 
men beyond the bounds of this world" ! ! ! 

■ 5, The Charities Inquiry Bill passed in the House of Commons, 

Mr. Brougham observing, '* that up to 1828, the commissioners had 
examined 18,000 charities, and that 20,000 more remained to be ex- 
amined ; that their exertions had already increased the available 
funds of the charities to nearly 600,000£. Four years more he hoped 
wo«ld close their labours. Respecting the state of education, it ap- 
peared, that in 500 parishes in 1818, there were 1,400 unendowed day 
schools ; and in 182S, in the same parishes, there were 3,200 schools. 
The number of children attending the schools had also greatly in- 
creased, it being in 1818, about 49,000 ; and in 1828, about 105,000.. 
The parishes had not been picked out in any particular way, and if 
the increase on the whole country should be in proportion, and there 
was no reason to think otherwise, instead of there being only 48,000 
children receiving education at the unendowed day schools, as there 
were in 1818, there would be upwards of 1,180,000 acquiring that 
blessing. 

15, The Rev. Dr» Free sentenced by the Arches' Court to depri- 
vation of the rectory of Sutton, and condemned in costs, for fornica- 
tion, for dessecration of the church-yard, and stripping off the roof 
of the chancel, &c. 

June 25, Rev. H. Price committed to Stafford gaol for the space of one 
year, for the publication of five several libels against the magistrates, 
and exciting the carpet-weavers of Kidderminster to a continuation 
of disturbances, in consequence of the men having refused to work 
at the reduced prices fixed by the masters. 

— ~— 30, First stone of a new bridge laid over the Thames at Staines. 

■ SO, By papers arrived from Van Diernan's Land, Feb. 14, it ap- 
pears that a man named Joseph Moulds had been capitally convicted 
as a bush-ranger, and that previous to execution, he confessed he 
was the wretch who had murdered the unfortunate Mrs. Donatty. 

The number of persons committed for trial to the various gaols of 
England and Wales during the seven years, ending 18-28, were 86,530 
males, and 16,758 females ; total 103,288. In 1822, 10,369 males, and 
1872 females, were committed. In 1823, 10,342 males, and 1921 fe- 
males. In 1824, 11,475 males, and 2223 females. In 1825, 11,889 males, 
and 2548 females. In 1S26, 13,672 males, and 2692 females. In 1827, 
15,151 males, and 2770 females ; and in 1828, 13,832 males, and 2732 
females. — Also, in 1822, 8209 persons were convicted. In 1823, 8204 
persons. In 1824, 9425. In 1825, 9966. In 1826, 11,107. In 1827, 
12,564 ; and in 1828, 1 1 ,753. Total number of convictions in the seven 
years, 71,196. Of these 7980 received sentence of death ; 1139 were 
sentenced to transportation for life ; 1386 for fourteen years ; 11,776 
for seven years ; 2260 to two years and eighteen months' imprison- 
ment : 8368 from six to twelve months' imprisonment ; 36,269 from 
one to six months' imprisonment. In the year 1822, 97 persons were 
executed ; in 1S23, 54 ; in 1824, 49; in 1825, 50 ; in 1826, 57 ; in 1827, 
70 ; and in 1828, 79. Total number of executions, 456; of these 93 
were for murder ; 104 for burglary and housebreaking; 72 for high- 
way robbery ; 37 for horse-stealing ; 31 for attempts to murder; 27 
for rape, &c. ; 23 for forgery; 12 for coining ; and the remainder for 
other offences. The number of executions for offences committed 
in the City of London and County of Middlesex was 125. 

Aug. 24, In the City of London expenditure, recently published, it ap- 
pears that since 1781, 60,26l£. has been given in donations to various 
charities ; 55,5562. for public improvements ; and 28,662^. for other 
public purposes ; total 145,000/. 

27, Early this morning the Empress of Brazil and suite arrived 

off Spithead, amidst a royal salute from the Brazilian squadron at 
Portsmouth. 

— — 98, Notice given in the London Gazette," of the resolution of 
government in restricting the interest of the Exchequer bills to lid. 
per day, instead 2d, as heretofore. 



322 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Prom a collation of the returns from several public Lunatic Asylums 
in this country, it appears that rather more than 40 to 100 are dis- 
charged from them cured. Returns therefore from the private 
Asylums, would doubtless furnish a much larger average. The 
average taken from a considerable aggregate of Continental Esta- 
blishments, is 34; to 100. Insanity is by no means on the increase in 
this country; and suicide, which has been considered a national 
characteristic, proves to be of less occurrence in London than in 
ether capitals. A census taken of the number of cases of self des. 
truction in one year, in Paris, Berlin, Copenhagen, and London, 
gives the following proportions ; — 

Suicides. Population. 
Copenhagen 51 84,000 
Berlin • . • 57 166,584 
Paris • • . 300 700,000 
London . • 200 1,000,00 
The proportion of suicides, therefore, in Paris, Berlin, and Copenha- 
gen, was, in relation to that of London, as 5 to 2, 5 to 3, and 3 to 1. 
On this statement it may be remarked, that the returns of the popu. 
lation are somewhat erroneous. Paris has 800,000 souls, London 
1,500,000. 

A work recently published in Paris, contains the following curioa* 
tables ; — 

revenue. fr. c. 

Great Britain, for every person 65 9 
France, ditto 30 6 

Netherlands, ditto 26 3 

Prussia, ditto 17 2 

United States, ditto 12 1 

Austria, ditto 10 9 

Russia, (without Poland) ditto 6 2 

DEBT. 

Great Britain, for every person 869 0 

Netherlands, ditto 635 0 

France, ditto 145 © 

Austria, ditto 45 6 

United States, dittov : 34 8 

Prussia, ditto 29 3 

Russia, ditto 20 8 

army. , Persons. 

Russia, one soldier to every 57 

Prussia, ditto 80 

Austria, ditto 118 

France, ditto 138 

Netherlands, ditto 142 

Great Britain, ditto 229 

United States, ditto 1977 

navy. Persons. 
Great Britain, one ship of the line, or frigate, to 82,979 
Sweden (Monarchic Suedo-Norwegienne) . . • . 154,640 
Netherlands, one ship of the line, or frigate, to • 170,556 
France ditto ditto 299,909 

United States, ditto ditto 316,000 

Russia, ditto ditto 700,000 

Austria, ditto ditto 2,909,091 

Aug. SO, Their Majesties the Empress of Brazil and the Queen of Por- 
tugal, with their respective suites, sailed from Spithead, with a fair 
wind. The Gloucester, 74 guns, sailed with thein as an escort. 
Sept. 17, The Court Martial held on Captain Dickenson terminated, 
when he was honourably acquitted of " frivolous, groundless, and 
vexatious eharges." 
— - 21, Henry Winchester, Esq. declared (by the arbitration chosen 
by the Court of King's Bench) duly elected Alderman for the ward 
of Vintry, after being in abeyance two years. 
— — 23, The business of the General Post Office transferred from Lorn- 
feard-street to the New Post Office, St. Martin's-le-Grand. 



SUPPLEMENT, 



323 



Oct. I, The Governors of Christ Hospital gave notice, that in lieu of 
the fifty Wl. blind pensioners, established by Mr. Hetherington's 
charity, they shall be entitled in future, to extend the charity to 
upwards of 500 persons, owing" to the very munificent additions mads 
to Mr. Hetherington'3 original fund. 

— - 4, News arrived of peace having- been signed between the Rus- 
sians and Turks. 

13, His Majesty presented a valuable collection of rare minerals 

,to the British Museum. 

15, The Dolphin frigate, used as hulk for the safe keeping of the 

convicts at Chatham, suddenly sprang a leak, swayed over, and wen* 
upon her broadside, at midnight. She bad upwards of 300 person* 
on board of her, only three of whom were drowned. 

Nov. 4, Died at Hampstead, the Rev. Thomas Belsham, in the 80th 
year of his age. 

16, Two of the Chancery prisoners liberated from the Fleet pri- 
son y their crime was " Rebellion and contempt of that Court," as it 
is called, and one of them (William Gray) had been confined seven 
years ; they were relieved by the instrumentality of Sir E. B. Sug- 
den, the solicitor-general. 

20, New Market opened contiguous to the late Fleet Market; it 

is called Farrington Market, and forms a quadrangle of 232 feet by 
150, and has cost upwards of 200,000J. in purchasing ground and build- 
ings which stood thereon, &c. 

Dec. 3, Smithfield market commenced opening on a Thursday, by 
order of the Lord Mayor. 

24, Exeter 'Change, the ancient bazaar of London, totally demo- 
lished, and its site added to widen that part of the Strand on which 
it formerly stood. 

J830. 

Jan. 5, By the state of the revenue published this day, it appears there 

has been a falling off of 1,165,449^. compared with that of last year; 

that ending January 5, 1829, being 48,305,3282. and that up to this 

day being 47,139,8732. 
— — 7, Died Sir Thomas Lawrence, the president of the Royal Academy^ 
25, Died the Right Hon. George Tierney, the last of the old English 

opposition. 

Feb. 5, The Argyle Rooms completely destroyed by fire. 

7, The hard frost broke up, after having continued, with more or 

less severity, for upwards of 40 days. 
16, The English Opera House, and houses contiguous, totally burnt 

to the ground, by an accidental fire which took place a little while 

after the French company's performance had ceased, about 1 o'clock 

in the morning. 

April 15, Bulletin issued by His Majesty's physicians, stating he had 
had a bilious attack, accompanied by embarrassment in breathing. 
In consequence the levee and drawing room were put off. 

20, Documents printed by order of the House of Commons, exhi. 

hibiting the declared or real value of all our exports from Great 
Britain and Ireland, from 1815 to 1830, b»th inclusive, comprehending 
both produce and manufactures. 



Years. 


Real Value. 


Years. 


Real Valne. 


1815 


43,447,373 


1823 


36,176,897 


1816 


49,653,245 


1824 


34,589,410 


1817 


40,328,940 


1825 


37,600,021 


1818 


40,349,235 


1826 


38,077,330 


1819 


45,180,150 


1827 


30,847,523 


1820 


34,252,251 


1838 


36,394,817 


1821 


35,569,077 


1829 


36,150,379 


1523 


35,823 ; 127 


1830 


35,212,873 




Total 324,603,393 


Total 285,049,255 




Decrease 


39.554,143 




324,603,398 



324 



CHRONOLOGY. 



May 3, Bill for removing- the Hay-market received royal assent. 

24, Message from His Majesty to the Houses of Lords and Com- 
mons, stating*, that owing to the illness under which His Majesty 
laboured, it was inconvenient and painful for him to sign with his own 
hand instruments requiring the sign manual ; he recommends Par- 
liament to adopt measures for giving effect to such documents during 
his indisposition. 

June 7, The punishment of Death for the crime of Forgery done away 
•with in the House of Commons, by a majority of 13 votes —151 against 
138. 

21, News arrived from Paris, stating that the French fleet anchored 

in the bay of Sidi Ferach (Algiers), June 14 ; and that the whole of 
the army had landed that day, and taken possession of the enemy's 
batteries. 

26, Death of George IV. announced. 

26, Prince William Henry, Duke of Clarence, proclaimed by the 

Lords spiritual and temporal of ibis realm, King of the United King- 
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, by the name of William IV., as- 
sisted by His late Majesty's Privy Council, and numbers of other 
principal gentlemen of quality, with the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, 
and citizens of London, assembled at St. James's Palaee. 

28, Earl Marshal's order for general mourning for George IV. 

published. 

July 3, The 37 criminals under sentence of death in Newgate, were 
informed that all their lives would be spared by the merciful cle- 
mency of King William IV. 

— — 15, The remains of his late Majesty George IV. -were interred at 
Windsor, after having laid in state on that and the preceding day. 

24, Parliament was dissolved. 

Aug. 7, The Duke of Orleans chosen by the Chambre des Paris, and 

the Chambre des Deputes, King of the French. 
17, Charles X., late King of France, arrived at Spithead, with the 

Duke and Duchess of d'Angouleme, the Duchess of Berri, and her 

children, and their suite, General Marmont, Duke of Ragusa, &c. 
25, Revolution broke out in Belgium, when some of the minister'* 

houses were broken open, robbed, and set fire to. 
Sept. 13, Extraordinary meeting of the Netherlands' States-General, 

convoked by the King at the Hague, " by the pressure of afflicting 

events." 

24, Duke of Brunswick arrived at Dover, after a narrow escape 

he had made from the metropolis of his dominions, an insurrection 
having there taken place; his palace being burnt to the ground, and 
himself obliged to run away to save his life. 

24, Prince Talleyrand, ci-devant Bishop of Autun, arrived as Am- 
bassador from the King of the French. 

29, Alderman Key elected Lord Mayor of London. 

Oct. 23, His Majesty Charles X., and the Due de Bordeaux, and suite, 
arrived at Edinburgh, and repaired to Holy rood House. 

Nov. 7, The King's visit to the Lord Mayor's dinner put off by the Duke 
of Wellington, and Sir Robert Peel, for " fear of confusion and tu- 
mult, and possibly bloodshed ! ! ! " 

i 9, Alderman Key sworn into the office of Lord Mayor at West- 
minster Hall in private. There was not the least parade ; even the 
sheriffs went together in a private carriage ; such a Lord Mayor's 
day was never before witnessed ; there was neither dinner at Guild- 
hall nor Mansion House, nor any kind of show, " for fear of endan- 
gering the properties and the lives of His Majesty's subjects ! ! ! " 

16, Duke of Wellington in the House of Lords, and Sir Robert Peel 

in the Commons, gave notice that His Majesty had accepted their 
resignation as Ministers. 



FINIS. 



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